Klima-, Energi- og Forsyningsudvalget 2023-24
KEF Alm.del Bilag 69
Offentligt
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Radioactive Waste Management & Risks
Prof. Thierry de Larochelambert
Energy Department
FEMTO-ST Institute (CNRS-UMR6174)
email: [email protected]
Hearings on Nuclear Energy_Danish Parliament_2023-11-16
 KEF, Alm.del - 2023-24 - Bilag 69: Materiale fra høring om atomkraft den 16/11-23
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introduction
professionnal activities
❑
Associate Professor & Researcher at
Institut FEMTO-ST, D
pt
Energie
(since 2007)
❑
Manager_Magnetocaloric Research Pole_Energy Dpt, FEMTO-ST Institute (since 2015)
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Energy systems & Energy Transition team
Expert @ Citizen Climate Convention, France (2020)
Expert @
Information & Assessment Mission _
Deep Geothermal Energy_Eurometropole Strasbourg
(2021)
Hearing @
Parliamentary Information Mission _
Closure of the Fessenheim NPP
(2021)
Hearing @
OPECST
(French parliamentary office for the evaluation of scientific and technical choices)_risks
of irradiation-induced thermal aging of nuclear steels
Scientific contributor to
SFEC
–
French Strategy for Energy and Climate
(2022-23)
main research
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Fluid mechanics and conjugate heat transfer
(1980-2023)
Turbulence, transition to turbulence
(1990-2023)
Magnetocaloric effet & devices
for cooling and heat pumping
(2008-2023)
Solar thermal energy & design of solar heating systems for buildings
(1989-2023)
Geothermal systems
(1980-2023)
Nuclear energy, nuclear safety & risks, ageing and fracture mechanics in nuclear steels
(1977 – 2023)
Assessment, modelling & optimization of complex energy systems
(1983-2023)
Modelling of energy policies & energy transitions towards sustainable energy systems
(2010-2023)
Radioactivity Waste Management & Risks
T. de Larochelambert
Hearings on Nuclear Energy_Danish Parliament
2
2023/11/16
 KEF, Alm.del - 2023-24 - Bilag 69: Materiale fra høring om atomkraft den 16/11-23
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nuclear materials in the nuclear energy industry
radioactive material and waste from French nuclear power industry
❑
historical milestones
▪
1945 – creation of the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
▪
1950-69 – CEA’s research reactors, EDF’s GCG
(*)
reactors,
nuclear fuel reprocessing facility
(La Hague, Marcoule), immersion of radioactive waste (RW) in oceans
▪
1974-99 – commissionning of 58 PWR
(900 MW – 1400 MW) + 1 FBR
(**)
▪
1979 – creation of the ANDRA (National
Radioactive Waste Agency)
from CEA
▪
1981 – creation of the « Castaing » Commission for the radioactive waste management
▪
1991 – « Bataille » law_research on radioactive waste management
→ ANDRA =
public industrial and commercial company
→ 3 axes for LLRW: *separation/transmutation *deep-geological storage *long-term surface storage
▪
2000 – construction of the Underground Research Laboratory
▪
2006 – law for
National Radioactive Materials & Waste Management Plan
(PNGMDR) / 3 yrs
▪
2019-21 - consultation on the preparation of the 5
th
edition of the PNGMDR
▪
2023 - request for authorization to create
Cigéo,
public inquiry for declaration of public interest
(*)
Small
PWR 305 MW
(**)
FBR
1240 MW
❑
nuclear power plants and installations in France
▪
▪
▪
▪
in operation: 56 PWR (1977-)
closed/decommissionned: 2 PWR (Fessenheim, 2020)
dismantling: 1 HWR, 3 GCGR, 1 PWR, 1 FBR
nuclear fuel reprocessing facility
PWR
–
Pressurized Water Reactor
HWR
–
Heavy Water Reactor
GCGR
–
Gas Cooled Graphite Reactor
FBR
–
Fast Breeder Reactor
LLRW
–
Long Life Radioactive Waste
Cigéo - Industrial Geological Storage Center
source: Andra
Radioactivity Waste Management & Risks
T. de Larochelambert
Hearings on Nuclear Energy_Danish Parliament
3
2023/11/16
 KEF, Alm.del - 2023-24 - Bilag 69: Materiale fra høring om atomkraft den 16/11-23
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inventory of nuclear materials in France
National Radioactive Materials & Waste Management
❑
production of radioactive materials and waste by the nuclear power sector in France
Equilibrium actinides radiotoxicity release NPP
years
sources: CNRS, CEA
Radioactivity Waste Management & Risks
T. de Larochelambert
Hearings on Nuclear Energy_Danish Parliament
4
2023/11/16
 KEF, Alm.del - 2023-24 - Bilag 69: Materiale fra høring om atomkraft den 16/11-23
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inventory of nuclear materials in France
National Radioactive Materials & Waste Management
(in ton)
ENU
–
Enriched Natural Uranium
ERU
–
Enriched Reprocessed Uranium
FBR
–
Fast Breeder Reactor
(primary package in m
3
)
source: Andra
Radioactivity Waste Management & Risks
T. de Larochelambert
Hearings on Nuclear Energy_Danish Parliament
5
2023/11/16
 KEF, Alm.del - 2023-24 - Bilag 69: Materiale fra høring om atomkraft den 16/11-23
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inventory of nuclear materials in France
National Radioactive Materials & Waste Management
source: Andra
energy data France 2021-22:
nuclear electricity ≡ 65-70% electricity consumption, 16% of total final energy consumption
Radioactivity Waste Management & Risks
T. de Larochelambert
Hearings on Nuclear Energy_Danish Parliament
6
2023/11/16
 KEF, Alm.del - 2023-24 - Bilag 69: Materiale fra høring om atomkraft den 16/11-23
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management of nuclear waste – facilities & projects
radioactive waste repositories in France
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Very-Low Level & Low-Level Waste
▪
surface disposal facilities
o
VLLW: CIRES (Aube dept, Champagne region)
o
LIL-SLW: CSA (Aube dept, Champagne region)
o
LIL-LLW: CSM (Manche dept, Normandie region)
→
graphite:
14
C (5730 yrs,
),
36
Cl (300000 yrs,
)
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High-Level & Intermediate-Level Long-Lived Waste
(1)
▪
CIGEO project (in Bure, Aube department, Champagne region)
•
29 km²
•
~ 350 km of concrete galleries in clayrock (argillite)
•
HL packages (vitrified) → lateral disposal cells (100 m, 70 cmØ)
•
IL-LL packages (asphalt, concrete) → lateral tunnels (500 m, 10 mØ)
•
robotic filling
•
500 m underground
•
4 vertical shafts + 1 waste transfer ramp
•
permanent ventilation 600 m
3
/s (hydrogen,
radioactivity, gases)
•
3 wagons/day HL-IL/LL waste during decades
•
reversibility during 100 yrs
source: Andra
(1)
www.andra.fr
http://cpdp.debatpublic.fr/cpdp-cigeo/_script/ntsp-document-
file_downloadda21.pdf?document_id=157&document_file_id=165
http://cpdp.debatpublic.fr/cpdp-cigeo/_script/ntsp-document-
file_download8fba.pdf?document_id=158&document_file_id=166
Radioactivity Waste Management & Risks
T. de Larochelambert
Hearings on Nuclear Energy_Danish Parliament
7
2023/11/16
 KEF, Alm.del - 2023-24 - Bilag 69: Materiale fra høring om atomkraft den 16/11-23
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management of nuclear waste in France – risk assessment
risks, uncertainties on PNGMDR & Cigéo project
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Risks, other issues
▪
thermal instability
of burried packages in cells (25 MW)
▪
degassing of dissolved
alkanes generated
in clayrocks
(2)
▪
uncontrolled
fires
(asphalt packages) →
Stocamine (chemical products in salt layer,2002), WIPP (radioactive waste in salt mine, 2014)
(3)
▪
hydrogen
explosions (water radiolysis, metal oxidation)
(3)
▪
outer flooding
of galleries (storms, rivers though shafts and ramp)
▪
inner flooding
of galleries (Gallo-Oxfordian aquifer above, Dogger aquifer below)
(4)
▪
migration of radioactive products in aquifers
(4)
▪
radioactivity release
(6000 GBq/yr
85
Kr, 300 GBq/yr
3
H, 300 GBq/yr
14
C, natural radioactivity x 2)
(4)
▪
GHG
emission (11 MtCO
2eq
/ construction & operation?)
▪
seisms,
ground movements (faults),
geothermal energy compromised
(4)
▪
ventilation
failure, power
consumption
(2) Lerouge et al.,
Dissolved CO
2
and alkane gas in clay formations,
Proc Earth Planet Sci 13 (2015) 88-91
▪
terrorist
attacks
(3) Schroeder V., Holtappels K.,
Explosion Characteristics of Hydrogen-Air and Hydrogen-Oxygen Mixtures at Elevated Pressures,
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uncertainties
(4) French Environmental Authority report, 2022,
▪
overall
cost
(35 G€ ?)
▪
thermal behavior of
asphalt packages
▪
waterproofing
of galleries, tunnels, cells
▪
long-term
mechanical behavior of argillite layer
▪
irreversibility
in case of accident, blocking, overheating, hydrogen concentration excess, etc.
→
moral responsibility towards future generations
Radioactivity Waste Management & Risks
T. de Larochelambert
Hearings on Nuclear Energy_Danish Parliament
8
International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, Paper No. 120001 (2005)
2023/11/16
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management of nuclear waste in France – alternative solutions
existing and future radioactive waste
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High-Intermediate-Level Long-Lived Waste
▪
dry, long-term storage in subsurface disposal facilities (protected horizontal reinforced concrete shed)
•
•
improvement of conditioning (vitrification, canister)
permanent monitoring & control (corrosion, heating, safety)
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Low-Level Short-Lived Waste
▪
dry, long-term storage in subsurface disposal facilities (protected horizontal reinforced concrete shed)
•
•
•
•
improvement of conditioning (vitrification, canister)
permanent monitoring & control (corrosion, heating, safety)
possible storage of LL-SL radioactive devices inside nuclear reactor buildings after decommissionning
possible volume reduction by melting (reuse?
risk of radioactive dissemination in commercial steels? electric consumption?)
future management of nuclear materials
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spent nuclear fuels
▪
continuation of reprocessing irradiated nuclear fuels
•
continous production of HIL-LL waste
•
research on
multirecycling MOX
(mix of U-Pu oxydes)
•
Gen IV subcritical reactors to use Pu & depleted U, actinides
▪
no continuation of reprocessing irradiated nuclear fuels
(5)
•
dry, long-term storage in subsurface disposal facilities (Nuhoms system Orano
(6)
, Holtec
(7)
)
→ improved earthquake & flooding resistance and safety
▪
research on
transmutation of minor actinides
(Np, Am, Cm)
→
needs research on separation of MA
•
no solution yet for transmutation of fission products (
137
Cs/
135
Cs)
(5)
https://skb.com
https://www.posiva.fi/en/
(6)
https://www.orano.group/usa/en/our-portfolio-expertise/used-
fuel-management/used-fuel-storage/nuhoms-eos-canister
(7)
https://holtecinternational.com/products-and-services/nuclear-
fuel-and-waste-management/
Radioactivity Waste Management & Risks
T. de Larochelambert
Hearings on Nuclear Energy_Danish Parliament
9
2023/11/16
 KEF, Alm.del - 2023-24 - Bilag 69: Materiale fra høring om atomkraft den 16/11-23
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Radioactive Waste Management & Risks
thank you for attention
Thierry de Larochelambert
1
1
Laboratoire
FEMTO-ST, Belfort-Besançon, France.
[email protected]
Radioactivity Waste Management & Risks
T. de Larochelambert
Hearings on Nuclear Energy_Danish Parliament
10
2023/11/16