EUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Endeligt svar på spørgsmål 186: Spm. om oversendelse den seneste kapacitetsoversigt fra FN, der indeholder generelle og specifikke behov i FN’s missionsområder, som Danmark har modtaget, til forsvarsministeren, kopi til udenrigsministeren

Europaudvalget 2021-22
EUU Alm.del
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Department of

Peace Operations

UNITED NATIONS

NATIONS UNIES

Mar 2022

Current and Emerging Uniformed Capability Requirements

for United Nations Peacekeeping

Executive Summary

The Secretariat is in the process of updating the composition of the Vanguard Brigade and the respective

Statement of Unit Requirements for all Vanguard Brigade units to be placed at the Rapid Deployment Level

(RDL) of the Peacekeeping Capability Readiness System (PCRS). This effort should be completed by end of July

2022 and the new requirements shared with all Member States so they can become effective at the start of the

2023/24 UN Peacekeeping Fiscal Year.

T/PCC support will be critical not only to elevate new pledges, but also to replenish the PCRS with pledges at

Level 2 and above. With travel restrictions being eased, more in-person strategic Assessment and Advisory Visits

(AAV) are planned to be conducted in 2022. Focus will be given to critical capabilities that were pledged and the

need to elevate them in the PCRS. As a reminder, only after a successful AAV will a unit be considered for a new

deployment selection process. We urge Member States to advance pledges so the early interaction and exchange

of information can be done, proving the Secretariat the necessary visibility over the offers and giving the Member

States specific UN peacekeeping knowledge that is crucial for the generation of qualified uniformed capabilities

in the least amount of time.

The table on page 11 shows the pledges currently available in the PCRS and their respective levels of readiness

and preparedness.

There is an increasing need and critical shortage of utility and armed/attack helicopter

units. Infantry units and Quick Reaction Forces at company level continue to be an important capability

requested by field missions and a mid-term need for Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR)

units, both ground and aerial, is foreseen. Another significant point of concern for our capabilities in 2022

remains the lack of women peacekeepers in contingents, as well as among individual uniformed personnel.

With more than 94% of personnel deployed in contingents being men, we are failing to seize opportunities related

to diverse perspectives, ideas, and experiences that women troops could bring, hence limiting our effectiveness.

As an emerging future requirement capability trend in our field missions, this edition brings a special paragraph

on counter-UAS measures that can be found on page 9.

Due to coinciding activities and some still existing COVID-19 restrictions, the Secretariat has decided to postpone

the Chiefs of Defense Conference (CHODs) and the UN Chiefs of Police Summit (UNCOPS). Currently,

UNCOPS is likely to take place in early September and CHOS in late October, both at UNHQ.

EUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Endeligt svar på spørgsmål 186: Spm. om oversendelse den seneste kapacitetsoversigt fra FN, der indeholder generelle og specifikke behov i FN’s missionsområder, som Danmark har modtaget, til forsvarsministeren, kopi til udenrigsministeren

I. THE EVOLVING PEACEKEEPING ENVIRONMENT

Under-Secretary-General for Peace Operations, Jean-Pierre Lacroix, in his statement to the Special Committee

on Peacekeeping Operations (C34) in February 2022, highlighted as serious cause for concern the link between

regional, national and local conflicts and the escalating insecurity of the environments where many of our

missions are deployed. This is layered against transnational organized crime, links with terrorist groups, and the

ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the associated socio-economic grievances it has exacerbated. He also flagged

that out of the 12 UN Peacekeeping missions, most of them have deteriorating political and security environments

– with one, MINUSMA, that has

significantly deteriorated over the last two

years. But USG Lacroix was emphatic that,

despite all this, peacekeeping has also never

been more needed.

To address the military and police

requirements

this

operational

environment, we continue to focus our

efforts on the strategic generation of critical

capabilities, the coordination of capacity-

building through training and mentoring,

and the introduction of new technologies.

USG DPO also expressed that to best tackle

these challenges, while effectively

MINUSMA troops on patrol

implementing our mandates, there is a need

to strengthen missions’ flexibility and

responsiveness, and to that end, the Secretariat is developing and refining military doctrine and training materials

to allow T/PCCs to better support these efforts.

Optimizing

UN’s mission’s effectiveness requires the right

capabilities at the right time, in the right place and with the right mindset.

II. TRAINING

Training is a shared responsibility

between the Member States and the UN

Secretariat. It is the UN Secretariat’s

responsibility to provide policies,

standards and training materials, but

Member States are relied upon to host the

rollout and aid in the dissemination of

these new and updated materials.

Throughout 2022, DPO will deliver

training to PCCs in the new Individual

Police Officers Standard Training

Materials (STM) and three job specific

police training programmes. The aim is

UN Infantry Battalion Commander's Course – Entebbe/Uganda

to build Member State capacity to train

UN Police in accordance with the standards of the UN Police Strategic Guidance Framework. Also, in 2022,

DPO, in partnership with Member States, will deliver the new National Investigation Officer (NIO) training of

trainer programmes. A minimum of four courses are planned during the year. The aim of the NIO courses is to

build Member State capacity to train NIOs to UN standards. Effective NIO investigations are an essential element

in the United Nations and Member States' commitment to respond to allegations of serious misconduct. Member

States are strongly encouraged to ensure that their nominees for these courses are trainers who will remain in

training functions for at least 12 months after attending the DPO-led courses.

The Infantry Battalion Specialized Training Material is in final editing and will be released before June. Training

of trainers’ courses will be conducted during the year and Member States are invited to nominate participants for

the courses as the dates and locations are announced. Again, course participants should be trainers who will

remain in training functions for at least 12 months after attending the DPO-led courses.

To increase the usability

of the infantry battalion training material, we request Member States to support the translation of the new

material into the official United Nations languages.

Throughout 2022, we will develop new training material and revise existing material.

To assist us, we would

also be grateful if T/PCCs could provide pledges of one qualified subject matter expert to support the

development of training materials in the following areas: Peacekeeping-Intelligence, Surveillance and

Reconnaissance; Military Engineers; Staff Officers; Military Signals; CIMIC; Force Protection; and Core

Pre-deployment Training Materials.

OMA, ITS, UNITAR, and the Gender Unit recently launched a self-paced Military Gender Advisor online course.

This course is a critical resource for future candidates for the positions of Military Gender Advisor and/or Military

Gender Focal Point. Applicants can do the course at their own pace and have two months to complete it (from

registration to completion). The only requirement is to have access to a computer and the internet. Below are

French and English language versions of the course:

(English)

Military Gender Advisor Online Training | UNITAR

(French)

Conseiller(ère) Militaire en Matière de Genre Formation En Ligne | UNITAR

II. CAPACITY BUILDING

The Secretariat is looking for Member States to offer training and capacity-building assistance (technical,

financial, logistical (infrastructure) and equipment) to current or potential T/PCCs that can be coordinated by the

Light Coordination Mechanism (LCM). Member States looking to provide these partnerships can contact Mr.

Herbert Loret ([email protected]).

The LCM has recently released the

“Deployment Review” mobile app, a mobile

application specifically designed to make a

knowledge sharing methodology accessible to

all military and police personnel, training

centres and academies. The app is now

available in both English and French.

The

LCM is seeking partners to translate this

new tool into Arabic, Spanish, Russian and

Chinese.

For more information and to

download the Deployment Review app,

click

here.

Two virtual sessions will be organized, on

LCM Police Meeting organizers in Brindisi 2021

Tuesday 19 April 2022 (English) and Thursday

21 April 2022 (French), for all Police and Military Advisers, capacity building providers, and colleagues in

regional and national training centres to present and explain the “Deployment Review” mobile app.

Click here to

To deconflict training and capacity-building activities, we invite Member States to share, on a voluntary

basis, their 2022 police and military peacekeeping related training and capacity building calendars with

the LCM.

A specific template has been prepared and is accessible in the PCRS

here.

The Department of Operational Support’s Triangular Partnership Programme (TPP) continues to strengthen the

engineering, medical and technological capacities of uniformed peacekeepers in 2022 through the development

of new technology and remote learning initiatives, as well as continuous implementation of several in-situ courses.

The TPP Telemedicine Project launched in cooperation with DHMOSH and OICT, and continues to be piloted in

MINUSMA, MINUSCA, MONUSCO

and UNMISS. With site-specific COVID-

19 mitigation measures in place, in-situ

training on engineering has continued in

Nairobi, Kenya, in 2022; a Heavy

Engineering Equipment (HEE) course

(Basic) was successfully conducted from

January to March; a HEE course

(Intermediate) started in March. In

November 2021, UN C4ISR (Command,

Control, Communications, Computers,

Intelligence,

Surveillance

and

Reconnaissance) Academy for Peace

Operations (UNCAP) resumed in-situ

courses and launched the first Micro-UAS

Instructor’s Course at RSC-Entebbe,

UNCAP’s Micro-UAS Remote Pilot Course in Entebbe/Uganda

Uganda. More recently, UNCAP also

delivered the first Micro-UAS Remote Pilot Course and the 7th edition of the UN Peacekeeping Women’s

Outreach Course in March 2022. Moreover, between November and December 2021, the TPP successfully

launched three new pilot remote training courses: the UN Environmental Management Course; Physical Security

Infrastructure (PSI) Course; and the Construction Process Management (CPM) Course.

The TPP will continue to actively provide engineering, medical, and C4ISR training in English and French in

2022 through multiple training options (in-situ, remote, and mixed delivery) while exploring opportunities to

further address capability gaps in airfield/runway rehabilitation and to address the gender gap in UN

peacekeeping. Member States interested in training and partnership opportunities in key peacekeeping capability

areas including, but not limited to, engineering, medical, C4ISR, airfield/runway rehabilitation, and

environmental management through TPP can contact Mr. Takakazu Ito ([email protected]).

III. MISSION-SPECIFIC UNIT GAPS

Member States can directly support filling outstanding requirements through mission-specific pledges in the

PCRS and undergoing an expedited Assessment and Advisory Visit process to confirm the readiness and

preparedness of the pledge against the mission specific Statement of Unit Requirements prior to a final selection

and invitation for deployment. The list of mission-specific gaps remains dynamic and will change as T/PCCs

make pledges and they are accepted for deployment, or the missions revise their capability requirements. In most

cases, once a requirement is received from a mission, the pledges at PCRS Levels 2 and above are the ones used

to inform the selection process for deployment.

MINUSMA, MINUSCA and MONUSCO are currently the missions with gaps for which no relevant PCRS

pledges are available, or pledges available did not meet the missions’ requirements, or T/PCCs with pledges

do not wish to deploy. Member States are recommended to contact DPO’s Force Generation Service and/or

Police Division for real-time updates or for more details, and then engage the PCRS manager to register

the pledge. The below table provides the current gaps in these missions that require pledges from Member

States.

MINUSCA

MINUSMA

2 x MUH units with AMET;

1 x Armed Helicopter unit;

and

1 x Attack Helicopter unit.

1 x Attack/Armed Helicopter

unit;

1 x QRF Coy; and

5 x UAS (Class II) units.

MONUSCO

1 x MUH unit; and

1 x Armed/Attack Helicopter

unit.

NB: Gaps are only removed from this list when existing pledges are officially accepted

by DPO

IV. GENERAL CAPABILITIES

This section highlights trends and capability requirements for the preparation and generation of units and

individuals to be deployed to new or existing missions. These critical capability areas will require the sustained

engagement and contributions of Member States and should guide their future work. The unstable operational

scenario, difficult terrain, and poor host nation infrastructure in many of our missions require specific high-end

military and police capabilities with quick tactical response to threats, especially in support of the protection of

civilians

Cross-cutting requirements

•

Safety and Security

of peacekeepers and Force Protection remains a top priority in the face of malicious

attacks against UN personnel.

The following operational gaps that impact the safety of our forces have been

identified in several missions, including base defence:

➢

Day and Night-vision surveillance equipment and tactical drones with real time inter-link to maintain

detection capability, area transparency and situational awareness.

➢

Advanced IED detection systems,

including ground penetrating radar and

hand-held explosive meters, electronic

countermeasures and other alert systems

linked to area or mission-wide peacekeeping

intelligence resources.

➢

Explosive

Ordnance

Disposal

(EOD)/IED Disposal/Weapons (including

jammers), Intelligence Teams and combat

engineering.

➢

Mine-resistant vehicles are still in

demand in MINUSMA as part of the SURs

and are becoming more important in other

missions.

➢

Insufficient

inadequate

accommodations that are not gender

responsive, as recommended by the gender-

responsive camp layout guidance material

MINUSCA Cambodia EOD Company PDV

developed by the Department of Operational

Support. For more information, please visit: https://www.un.org/en/delegate/engineering-enhancements-

advance-gender-parity-field. Furthermore, ill-fitting equipment for women personnel provides a safety risk

for our troops on the ground.

➢

With the evolving communications scenario in our field missions, there is a need for the generation of

qualified military and police public information officers to work in support of the UN’s efforts to increase

its strategic communications and the release of reliable information by our missions and to contribute to

counter disinformation and misinformation activities that are becoming a threat to the delivery of our

mandates.

•

Agility and flexibility

when

responding to threats related to protection of

civilians with

well trained and equipped

Rapid Deployable Units, Force Reserve

Companies, Special Forces, Quick

Reaction Forces, Recce Companies and

Rapid Response Police Units are required

for larger area domination.

These are

necessary for contributing to the provision of

a secure environment for the protection of

civilians, to facilitate humanitarian access

and to protect peacekeepers themselves and

other mission personnel. Missions such as

MINUSMA, MONUSCO and MINUSCA

are examples where larger units have been

MONUSCO Airlifted Long Range Patrol

reorganized into smaller units such as QRF Coy. Some missions have also noticed that standard armoured

personnel infantry carriers are not entirely suitable for urban areas, narrow streets and mountainous terrain.

Smaller vehicles, such as high-mobility light tactical vehicles (HMLTV) and reconnaissance vehicles, are more

suitable and, in some cases, already part of units’ SURs.

•

Peacekeeping-intelligence-led operations

have become more critical as UN missions expand into

complex environments facing multiple threats. Military and police activity must be shaped by focused,

coordinated and accurate intelligence to ensure effective operations. In the context of peacekeeping intelligence,

it is critical to collect and use gender-responsive information acquired from human sources more effectively,

which will require adequate nomination and training.

We maintain the need for trained and experienced

intelligence officers to be deployed in U2s, JMACs, but most critically, within all military and police units.

•

Technology and innovation

are key to addressing challenges related to mandate implementation and

force protection. Units with embedded operational capacity and

modern equipment such as unmanned aerial

systems (UAS) with short runway operations or vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) type, surgical mobile

and high-mobility light tactical vehicles are critical to allow troops to safely circulate in their areas of

operations to deliver mandated tasks particularly protection of civilians.

•

French-speaking troops and police.

In many missions, the UN lacks the capability to deploy sufficient

uniformed contingents that can effectively communicate with the local population, a critical element of the

protection of civilians and peacebuilding. MINUSCA, in particular, requires more francophone military officers.

Military Units

•

Aviation

is one of the most critical specialized capabilities deployed to peacekeeping. Its multiple

functions contribute to mandate delivery through operational and logistics tasks, including support to the safety

and security of peacekeepers. Well-equipped aviation assets are in high demand and short supply.

The categories

of the aviation assets deployed are: class I, II and III UAS; fixed wing and rotary wing manned ISR aircraft;

attack, armed and medium utility helicopters; and tactical airlift aircrafts.

Member States have not registered

many of these assets in the PCRS.

While

each

unit’s

technical

requirements are specific to its

respective SUR, as a general rule, due

to the particular operating conditions

and hostile environment in which we

deploy, UN aviation units are required

to be equipped and be capable to

operate with: i) night flying capability,

including night vision sensors; ii)

aviation transponder with mode S

(TCAS II) and; iii) Ground proximity

MINUSCA Tunisian Armed Helicopter Unit

avoidance systems (GPWS) and/or

terrain avoidance and warning system (TAWS). Regarding our Airborne ISR units, the UN normally requires a

capable HD day/night Electro-Optical/Infra-Red camera and optional additional sensors such as Synthetic

Aperture radar with ground moving target indicator (SAR/GMTI) and Signal Intelligence sensors (SIGINT).

•

Other military capabilities

that are needed currently in our missions or are very likely to be needed in

the near future are:

quick reaction forces at company level; recce units at company level; and EOD/EIDD

units. One new requirement is the inclusion of an Engagement Platoons in all infantry units.

The

Engagement Platoon must have a minimum 50% women.

•

Staff Officers.

There is a continuous requirement in peacekeeping for experienced and qualified officers

in the fields of, inter alia, military planning, intelligence, UAS (including operations, data exploitation and

analysis), military engineering, C-IED, aviation, logistics, GIS and Image Analysts, defence sector reform and

civil-military liaison. The UN follows defined and thorough administrative procedures prior to selection and

deployment. Hence, submitting complete nomination packages on time is critical to properly assessing

professional standards, competencies and experience for the posts. TCCs need to ensure that nominated officers

have met the stipulated professional standards as per the job description and have undergone pre-deployment

training/MILOB and Staff Officer courses.

Police units

The operational environment in which field missions operate requires specific police capabilities. PCCs should

consider pledging well-trained and equipped Formed Police Units with embedded SWAT teams; K-9 capabilities;

mini drones due to their utility in public order management as well as possibly base defense; and, finally, riverine

units or teams of experts in police maritime operations as part of Formed- and Police Guard units. Francophone

units are in particular demand.

Logistic enabling units

The importance of effective enabling units (e.g. multi-role engineers, transport, signals, aviation, and medical) to

a mission cannot be overstated. This has been a critical point for missions in regions with limited transportation

infrastructure and scarce local resources.

Transportation units with integrated force protection elements,

remote self-loading and unloading capabilities and rapidly deployable engineering construction and

combat units are required. Complex environments also require modern and capable signals elements that

facilitate secure, interoperable communications throughout the mission area.

Enabling units must be capable

of protecting themselves autonomously. With the increasing number of demanding tasks, missions are not always

able to spare infantry units or FPUs to protect military enabling units.

Women, Peace and Security

The full, equal and meaningful participation of women

at all levels in the UN’s military and police

components, both as individuals as well as part of

formed contingents, remains an operational priority. It

is anchored in the Women, Peace and Security Agenda,

the shared commitments of Member States through the

Action for Peacekeeping Plus (A4P+) Initiative and is

part of the Uniformed Gender Parity Strategy (UGPS).

At present, there is still a significant imbalance in

gender parity in the military component. Diverse teams

enhance capability and effectiveness of operations. As

such, this imbalance is considered a capability gap.

As of January 2022, TCCs had met the UGPS target of

19% for UNMEMs and Staff Officers. Unfortunately,

TCCs failed to close the gap of the troops/contingent target of 9%, with only a slow increase observable over the

course of the past months preceding January 2022. The total figure reached was 5.89% (January 2022).

In light

Indonesian woman soldier in UNIFIL

of the 2022 targets of 19% for UNMEMs and SOs and 9% for contingent members, attention and efforts

on increasing the number of women deployed in contingents in different units and functions will be

required by all contributors.

A point of concern is the disparity in the share of women deployed across missions.

While in some missions UGPS targets are achieved and even surpassed, in other missions, the share of women

deployed as Individual Uniformed Personnel is only about 10.7% and the share of women deployed as part of

contingents is as low as 4.3%. United Nations Police has almost achieved by 2021 the targets set for 2025 in the

categories of Individual Police Officers and contracted posts in field missions and HQ. The figure for Formed

Police Units is currently at 14.6%, just short of the 2025 goal of 15%. Deployments of gender-integrated units,

comprising at least 32 women across all functions, including command are desirable. Missions are meanwhile

strengthening gender-responsive infrastructures to accommodate additional women police officer personnel.

IV. COUNTER UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM (C-UAS) REQUIREMENTS

As part of the evolution of the threats faced by UN

peacekeepers, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), also known

as drones, have increasingly been used by armed groups in

peacekeeping operation theaters. This capability has quickly

become available to nonstate actors and individuals, as UAS

are cheap to acquire and easy to operate. At this stage, the UN

has only reported the use of such technology for intelligence,

surveillance, and reconnaissance against UN troops and

facilities. However, there is a possibility that the threat will

evolve toward the use of armed UAS employed against the

UN, including through the delivery of grenades or improvised

explosive devices. In this sense, the UN categorizes three

types of threats: direct threat, when the UAS itself is used to

attack personnel, vehicles or assets; indirect threat, when the

UAS is used to deliver a payload that causes damage; and

Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) threats,

Mini-drones threats to Safety and Security

when the UAS is used to conduct reconnaissance on UN forces

which can later be used to plan or coordinate an attack. Any of these can be employed using single UAS or a

swarm of UAS, i.e. multiple UAS used to attack simultaneously and overwhelm a defence.

To mitigate the risks faced by peacekeepers and UN personnel, some missions are considering solutions to counter

the threat from hostile UAS. It is likely that T/PCCs will need to eventually incorporate these solutions as part of

routine operational tasks and safety and protection of camps, bases and facilities. Some missions already have a

requirement for C-UAS specified in its units’ SUR in support of tactical operations and security of camps and

facilities. In the future, these requirements may need to be integrated with UN-owned C-UAS solutions.

In general, currently, here are two main C-UAS options that can be used individually, or combined, to mitigate

this type of threat: a soft-kill option or a hard-kill option. The soft-kill option aims for the detection, identification,

and mitigation of the UAS. By a passive or active electronic, radar, electro-optical or acoustic system it detects

the presence of UAS to give accurate situational awareness and time to react to a threat. Based on the threat

analysis by the system operator, the UAS threat is mitigated using electronic means to take over control and/or

jam the signals of the hostile UAS. The hard-kill option is used in case a UAS threat is not mitigated by a soft-

kill option, or in case UAS incident takes place suddenly and/or too close to a UN facility or troops and therefore

requires the physical removal or capture of the UAS. Some, but not all examples of hard-kill options include using

another drone to attack the hostile drone or shooting at the drone with a net or projectile or using a directed energy

weapon (DEW) or other kinetic energy solutions.

Specific mission requirements would define the necessary support from T/PCCs. This will require acquisition or

preparation of new equipment that sometimes is not available to UN T/PCCs and consequently proper training

prior to deployment to guarantee effectiveness of in-mission operations. Some T/PCCs may face challenges

developing this capability and may require support from other Member States in a capacity building function.

When possible, the Secretariat will try to identify and support partnerships between T/PCCs in this regard.

V. PCRS PLEDGES

The PCRS is the recommend and preferred entry point to commit uniformed capabilities to UN peacekeeping.

The system supports the Secretariat’s selection process for deployments. The status of pledges in the PCRS (Level

1, Level 2, Level 3 and RDL) is shown in the table below. Level 1 indicates a pledge of a formed unit that includes

all the required information. Level 2 indicates the completion of a successful AAV and that the unit assessed is

deemed available for a potential deployment. Level 3 indicates that the pledged capability has the contingent-

owned equipment and personnel in alignment with a specific or generic UN military/police statement of

requirement (SUR) and this equipment is accurately reflected in a load list. In addition, the Member State has

agreed on a specific timeframe for readiness and identified the port of embarkation. Level 3 does not mean a

T/PCC has made a final commitment to deploy. A unit at the RDL has been pledged and verified as ready for

deployment to any UN field mission within 60 days of a formal invitation from the Secretariat. A “Registered”

pledge (e.g. for Staff Officers, IPOs and training pledges) is one for which the various PCRS Levels are not

relevant. The PCRS and the RDL Guidelines are undergoing a revision process in the coming months and some

T/PCCs will be contacted to support this process. The new standards will be formally communicated to all T/PCCs

prior to its effective roll-out.

The below table presents some of the more critical capabilities and the current pledging situation.

Type of units

# of units

in PCRS

Level 1

# of units

in PCRS

Level 2

# of units # of units Deployed/

in PCRS in PCRS Deploying

Level 3 RDL

units

Infantry Battalions

Infantry Company/Platoon

Recce Company

Special Force Units/ groups

Force Protection Company

Quick Reaction Force (Coy)

ISR units

Engineer Companies/ Platoons

Demining/EOD Units

Hospitals/ Medical Teams

Utility Helicopter Units

Attack/Armed Helicopter Units

Transport Aircrafts

Unmanned Aerial Systems

MP Companies/ teams

Signal Companies/platoons

Log/Transport Companies/Units

Formed Police Units

Police Guard Units

Naval Units

Air Lift

Training Pledges

Total

128