Det Udenrigspolitiske Nævn 2021-22
UPN Alm.del Bilag 20
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NATO DEFENCE MINISTERS’
MEETING
21-22 OCTOBER 2021
Policy Brief
162 SPE 21 E | Original: English | 25 October 2021
This Policy Brief is presented for information only and does not represent
the official view of the Assembly.
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162 SPE 21 E
NATO DEFENCE MINISTERS’ MEETING, 21-22 OCTOBER 2021:
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Agenda
➢
Strengthened deterrence and defence
➢
Threats and challenges from Russia
➢
Keeping NATO’s technological edge
➢
Afghanistan
➢
NATO-EU cooperation
➢
Women, peace and security
Decisions
➢
Ministers endorsed
a new overarching plan to defend the Alliance in crisis and
conflict
➢
Ministers agreed NATO’s
new capability targets
➢
17 Allied countries agreed to take the lead on
the development of NATO’s first
multinational Innovation Fund
➢
Ministers agreed on
NATO’s first Artificial Intelligence (AI) strategy
➢
Ministers endorsed the
new NATO
Action Plan
on Women, Peace and Security (WPS)
for 2021-2025
➢
Select Allies launched or expanded a number of
multinational capability projects
on
Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) threats and Ground Based
Air Defence (GBAD)
Background
➢
The meeting took place as Allies have started consultations on NATO’s next Strategic
Concept to be adopted at a Summit in Madrid in June 2022.
➢
This was Allied Ministers’ first exchange as part of the lessons learned process on
NATO’s mission in Afghanistan launched in August.
Additional note
➢
The impact of China’s rise was not formally on the ministerial agenda.
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162 SPE 21 E
I.
➢
STRENGTHENING DETERRENCE AND DEFENCE
A main priority for the meeting was to further strengthen Allied deterrence and defence. The
NATO Secretary General noted these efforts highlighted “the
fundamental shift within
NATO, that we have seen over the last years,
where we step up when it comes to
collective defence, protecting our territory”,
at the same time as Allies gradually scaled down
the deployment of troops in missions beyond NATO territory.
“We have stepped up the
readiness of forces, deployed combat troops in the eastern part of the Alliance, invested in
new capabilities, and also modernised the whole NATO command structure”,
the Secretary
General noted.
“Allies are investing more, Allies are providing more high-end capabilities,
and not least we are also stepping up in new domains as cyber, hybrid and also space.”
A.
➢
NEW CRISIS AND CONFLICT PLAN
Ministers endorsed a new overarching plan to defend the Alliance in crisis and conflict
to ensure that Allies continue to have the right forces at the right place, at the right time.
B.
NEW CAPABILITY TARGETS
➢
➢
➢
Ministers agreed on NATO’s capability targets,
which are a key part of the NATO four-
year
defence planning process.
These targets
ensure that NATO, as a totality, has the capabilities needed for credible
deterrence and defence
across the full spectrum of defence. NATO Secretary General
Stoltenberg noted that “Most
Allies are dependent on other Allies for some capabilities, and
by joining forces, by working together and agreeing the capability targets, we ensure that we
have the capabilities together, as Allies.”
Reaching the new capability targets will ensure the Alliance will deliver
more, heavier and
technologically advanced forces at higher readiness, with more high-end capabilities
and able to fully exploit emerging and disruptive technologies.
C.
REVIEW OF NUCLEAR POLICY
➢
➢
➢
Ministers also met in the
Nuclear Planning Group
(NPG), which reviews and sets
NATO’s nuclear policy.
As part of these discussions, US Secretary of Defense Lloyd J.
Austin III updated Allies about the ongoing US nuclear posture review.
As NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg noted,
“NATO's goal is a world without nuclear
weapons.
But as long as other countries retain their nuclear weapons, we will remain a
nuclear alliance.
Because we don't believe that the world where Russia, China, and
countries like North Korea have nuclear weapons, and we do not, is a safer world.”
Addressing the
importance of the nuclear sharing arrangements in NATO,
NATO
Secretary General Stoltenberg underlined that “they
are important for the whole Alliance and
especially for the European Allies. Because that is the way to ensure that we all are part of
NATO's nuclear deterrence, that European Allies have a say, that they sit around the same
table, and are able to also take responsibility, but also have a say, when it comes to how to
develop NATO's nuclear deterrence.”
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162 SPE 21 E
II.
THREATS AND CHALLENGES FROM RUSSIA
A.
➢
THE GROWING RUSSIAN MISSILE THREAT
➢
Ministers reviewed progress in the Allied response to the growing threat from
Russia’s nuclear-capable missile systems.
In 2018, NATO Allies determined Russia had
developed and deployed missiles in breach of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF)
Treaty. This ultimately led to the demise of the treaty.
Russia has continued to increase its
arsenal of missiles and to develop hypersonic systems. All these missiles pose a real
threat to Allied security.
Once again, NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg made clear that “We
will not mirror
Russia’s destabilising behaviour. And we have no intention to deploy new land based nuclear
missiles in Europe.”
NATO is instead implementing
a balanced package of political and
military response measures,
including
significant improvements to Allied air and
missile defences; strengthening of conventional capabilities with fifth generation jets;
adapting NATO exercises and intelligence;
and
improving the readiness and
effectiveness of our nuclear deterrent.
Moreover, NATO efforts to promote arms control,
disarmament and non-proliferation continue apace.
B.
RUSSIAN CLOSURE OF ITS MISSION TO NATO AND OF THE NATO
OFFICE IN MOSCOW
➢
➢
➢
In the week of meeting,
Russia announced the closure of its mission to NATO and of the
NATO office in Moscow.
NATO regrets this decision, “which
does not promote dialogue and
mutual understanding”,
noted NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg. The reason given by
Russia for these closures was
NATO’s decision, earlier in October, to expel eight
members of the Russian mission to NATO, who were deemed to be intelligence
operatives rather than diplomats, and limit the size of the mission to 10 diplomats.
NATO’s dual-track approach of credible deterrence and defence and of meaningful
dialogue remains unaffected:
“NATO’s
policy remains consistent, and we remain open to
dialogue, including through the NATO Russia Council. At the same time, we will continue to
assess how we can further strengthen our deterrence and defence. We will ensure we have
the right plans, capabilities and forces in place to protect our nations”,
said NATO Secretary
General Stoltenberg, reiterating that NATO-Russia relations were at their lowest point since
the end of the Cold War due to Russia’s actions.
NATO’s offer to meet in the NATO-Russia Council remains valid,
as Allies strongly
believe that, especially when tensions are high, it is important to have dialogue.
Russia has
yet to respond positively to this offer.
III.
KEEPING THE TECHNOLOGICAL EDGE
A.
INNOVATION FUND
➢
Seventeen Allied countries
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will take the lead on
the development of NATO’s first
multinational Innovation Fund,
which aims to
invest EUR 1 billion in dual-use
technologies
of potential application to defence and security; to
facilitate closer and
trusted cooperation with deep-tech innovators;
and to
develop a protected
transatlantic innovation community.
1
Belgium, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and the
United Kingdom
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162 SPE 21 E
➢
It complements
NATO’s Defence Innovation Accelerator for the North Atlantic (DIANA),
which was launched at the June NATO Summit and for which several Allies seek to
contribute with headquarters, test centres and accelerator sites.
Both initiatives are
expected to be fully in effect by NATO’s Madrid Summit in 2022.
NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg underlined the importance of keeping NATO’s
technological edge: “Future
conflicts will be fought not just with bullets and bombs, but also
with bytes and big data. We see authoritarian regimes racing to develop new technologies,
from artificial intelligence to autonomous systems.”
B.
➢
NATO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
Ministers agreed on NATO’s first Artificial Intelligence (AI) strategy,
which sets
standards for responsible AI use,
in accordance with international law and NATO values;
outlines how Allies will
accelerate and mainstream AI adoption
in capability development
and delivery, enhancing interoperability; set out how Allies will
protect and monitor AI
technology and the ability to innovate;
and
identify and safeguard against the threats
posed by the use of AI by adversaries.
Six principles of responsible use
are at the core of the strategy:
lawfulness;
responsibility and accountability; explainability and traceability; reliability;
governability;
and
bias mitigation.
AI is
one of the seven technological areas
which NATO Allies have prioritised.
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In the context of the AI strategy,
ministers also agreed on NATO’s first policy on data
exploitation.
NATO has issued a
summary of the strategy.
IV.
AFGHANISTAN
A.
LESSONS LEARNED PROCESS
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
At their extraordinary meeting on 20 August, NATO Foreign Ministers commissioned a
thorough
lessons learned process
of the Alliance’s 20-year engagement in Afghanistan.
The Defence Ministers’ meeting was the first opportunity for ministers to engage in that
process. The NATO Secretary General noted “a
convergence of views
among Allies”
both
on the challenges and the problems, and on achievements.
Warning against drawing “the
wrong conclusions”,
Jens Stoltenberg also stressed the
importance of maintaining
Allied unity
going forward: “The
crisis in Afghanistan does not
change the need for Europe and North America to stand together in NATO in the face of
growing global challenges.”
Looking back at the process which led to the decision to withdraw all NATO troops, the
NATO Secretary General reiterates that multiple
consultations
did take place: “We
had,
actually, three ministerial meetings and many ambassadorial meetings, many committee
meetings at NATO, where we consulted on the way forward on Afghanistan, before we made
a very difficult decision, namely to end our military mission there”.
He also reiterated that the choice was between leaving with the risk of the
Taliban returning
or staying with the risk of more violence, more fighting and probably more NATO troops. “All
Allies were aware that if we left there was a clear risk for Taliban returning to power in Kabul.
What was not anticipated was the speed of the return of Taliban”,
he added.
The NATO Secretary General shared
two initial strands of thought:
o
“Whether
we should have stayed on this more narrow task of fighting terrorism, or
whether it was right for the international community, and NATO to being part of that,
2
The others are quantum-enabled technologies; data and computing; autonomy; biotechnology and
human enhancements; hypersonic technologies; and space.
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162 SPE 21 E
to engage in a more, a bigger ambitious nation building task”;
the NATO Secretary
General stressed, however, that this shift in ambition had not been NATO’s sole
doing but had been the result of the boarder international community’s decisions;
If the mission in Afghanistan highlighted “the
challenges and the risks to engage in
big missions and operations outside NATO territory
[…],
the lesson cannot be that
we will never engage”,
the NATO Secretary General added, pointing out that in
some instances intervention was the right thing to do.
B.
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
PRESERVING THE GAINS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM
o
Ministers exchanged views on how to
ensure Afghanistan never again becomes a safe
haven for terrorists:
They agreed for the need to remain vigilant and monitor any attempts by international
terrorist groups to regroup in Afghanistan.
They agreed for Allies to continue to coordinate and stand together against terrorist threats.
Allies have the capabilities to strike from over the horizon, against terrorist threats.
Allies will hold the Taliban accountable for their pledges on terrorism.
Allies will continue to participate in the Global Coalition to Defeat Daesh. NATO hosted a
meeting of the coalition on the margins of the Defence Ministers’ meeting.
C.
EVACUATION AND RESETTLEMENT EFFORTS
➢
Ministers addressed
ongoing efforts to resettle Afghan evacuees.
Two thousand of the
more than 120,000 people evacuated from Afghanistan were Afghans who had worked for
NATO and their families. This was the “most
urgent role NATO has”,
its “most
immediate
task”,
the NATO Secretary General noted.
D.
CRISIS IN AFGHANISTAN, HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN
SITUATION
➢
The NATO Secretary General noted that “Allies
are deeply concerned about the
developments within Afghanistan, especially when it comes to the rights of women”
and they
“will
hold the Taliban accountable for their pledges on terrorism, safe passage and human
rights”.
He reiterated that
“the international community has economic and diplomatic leverage
over the Taliban”.
V.
➢
➢
NATO-EU COOPERATION
Ministers met with close partners Finland, Sweden and the European Union to take
stock of progress in NATO-EU cooperation.
Cooperation has reached
unprecedented levels in recent years.
This reflects the fact, in
NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg’s words, that “We
share the same values, we share the
same challenges, we share the same neighbourhood, and of course to a large extent we also
share the same members. More than 90% of the people living in the European Union, they
live in a NATO country.”
NATO and the EU seek to strengthen cooperation further.
Therefore, NATO Secretary
General Stoltenberg, President of the European Council Charles Michel and President of the
European Commission Ursula von der Leyen
will adopt, by the end of 2021, a third joint
declaration on NATO-EU relations
to enhance work in areas such as
military mobility,
resilience, emerging and disruptive technologies as well as the security impact of
climate change.
NATO-EU efforts on defence and security must remain coherent,
NATO Secretary
General Stoltenberg stressed: “I
welcome the EU’s increased efforts on defence. NATO has
been calling on European Allies to invest more and provide more high-end capabilities for
many years. But these efforts should not duplicate NATO. What is needed is more
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➢
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162 SPE 21 E
capabilities, not new structures. Our transatlantic alliance remains the bedrock for our
security. And Europe and North America will continue to stand strong together in NATO, as
we face a more competitive world.”
VI.
➢
WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY
Ministers endorsed the new NATO
Action Plan
on Women, Peace and Security (WPS)
for 2021-2025,
which will further advance gender equality and integrate gender perspectives
in across all NATO structures, policies, planning, training education, missions and
operations.
Areas of increased emphasis include
cooperation with partners, international
organisations and civil society;
integrating gender perspectives in efforts on
innovation
and new technologies, climate change and resilience; training and education
of NATO
personnel, Allies and partners, notably in the prevention and response to conflict-related
sexual violence.
➢
VII.
SELECT ISSUES ADDRESSED AT AND IN THE MARGINS OF THE MEETING
A.
MULTINATIONAL PROJECTS LAUNCHED, REAFFIRMED OR BROADENED
1.
Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) threats
➢
Three multinational High Visibility Projects
were launched in the margins of the meeting.
o
The CBRN Protection Equipment project
seeks a framework for the provision of
individual protective equipment and collective protection systems, to enable the 10
participating Allies
3
to equip their forces with state of the art, standardised protection
gear in a cost-effective manner.
o
The CBRN Detection and Identification project
seeks to develop and procure
advanced CBRN detection and identification systems between the nine participating
Allies.
4
o
The Network of CBRN Defence Facilities project
seeks a framework to share
and make use of national CBRN defence facilities, like training sites and biological
laboratories, among the participating Allies.
5
2.
Ground Based Air Defence
➢
Three multinational projects to develop, acquire and deliver
Ground Based Air Defence
(GBAD) capabilities
were also broadened or launched.
o
The Modular GBAD project
is an existing effort to acquire and field a
modular
solution for very short range, short range and medium range GBAD.
Norway,
Poland, Portugal and the United States joined Allies already participating.
6
o
The Rapidly Deployable Mobile C-RAM project
aims to develop and deliver a
capability to
protect Allied forces from rockets, artillery and mortar threats,
3
4
5
6
Albania, Belgium, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and the
United States
Albania, Belgium, Greece, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland, the United Kingdom, and the
United States
Belgium, Greece, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the
United States
Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, The Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain and the
United Kingdom
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including through innovative approaches, such as direct energy-based capabilities.
Norway, Poland and the United States joined Allies already participating.
7
The GBAD C2 Layer project
was launched as a new initiative by Denmark, Italy,
Portugal, Spain, the UK and the US. It seeks to commonly
acquire and field a C2
capability for surface-based air and missile defence for the battalion and
brigade level.
B.
➢
TRANSATLANTIC BOND
o
➢
Addressing the strength of the transatlantic bond,
NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg
said that Allies “What
we see now is the US administration which is strongly committed to
rebuilding, strengthening alliances. And in particular strengthening the transatlantic bond
between Europe and North America, and that was the clear message from President Biden
at the NATO Summit in June […].”
He went on to say that “we
have now unique historic
opportunity that we all should seize and that is to strengthen the cooperation, there's the
bond between North America and Europe, within NATO. And the good news is that we are
doing more together. […] And European Allies are also stepping up. European Allies have,
over the last years, significantly increased defence spending. All Allies have increased
defence spending since we made the pledge in 2014 at the NATO Summit, and more and
more Allies also meet the 2% guideline, spending 2% of GDP on defence.”
In his press conference on Friday afternoon, US Secretary of Defence Austin underlined that
“NATO’s
strength doesn’t come just from its military might, it comes from its unity and its
sense of common purpose. So
let me underscore that America’s commitment to Article
5 remains ironclad. As President Biden has said, we take it as a sacred obligation and
we’re committed to working with our allies to ensure that NATO is ready to face the
future.”
C.
CHINA
➢
➢
➢
China was
not a specific agenda item
for the meeting. However, NATO Secretary General
made clear that efforts to strengthen defence of the Euro-Atlantic area readiness and
sharpen the Alliance’s technological edge took account of the challenges posed by China.
Asked about reports in the press of a Chinese nuclear-capable hypersonic missile tested in
August, the NATO Secretary General replied: “I
cannot comment on precise intelligence, but
what I can say is that we have seen this
strong effort by China to strengthen their
military capabilities, including nuclear capabilities and missile systems.
This is about
new missiles, it's about long range missiles, it's about dual-capable missiles, and it's also
about building a new silos for intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarines, air launch
missiles, sea based and air launch missile including ground launched missiles. So in totality,
this is a significant modernization of the Chinese armed forces, including a lot of very
advanced weapon systems that can carry nuclear weapons.”
Asked about the risk of NATO being dragged into a conflict over
Taiwan,
the NATO
Secretary General refused to speculate: “I
will not speculate about a hypothetical situation. I
think what is important now is to reduce tensions in the area. And if I started to speculate, I
think I actually will contribute to the opposite. So we should solve all disputes and differences
and disagreements in the region by political and diplomatic means.”
D.
AUKUS SECURITY PACT
➢
Asked about the AUKUS security pact during the press conference, NATO Secretary
General Stoltenberg said that “I
understand that France is disappointed. At the same time, I
think it's important to underline that this is not a deal directed against NATO or Europe. And
I'm confident that the Allies involved, they will find a way forward. And our
Germany, Greece, Hungary, and the UK
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responsibilities to prevent this issue, becoming a rift between NATO Allies, between
North America and Europe.”
At the June NATO Summit, Allies agreed to respond to the challenges in the
Asia-Pacific region by, inter alia, stepping up cooperation with NATO partners
in the
region (Australia, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea). The NATO Secretary General
stressed that “if
anything, the challenges we see in the Asia Pacific, the rise of China, just
makes it even more important that Europe and North America stand together in NATO”.
E.
➢
ARTIFICIAL MIGRANT CRISIS FACING POLAND, LITHUANIA AND
LATVIA
➢
➢
In response to a question on the artificial migrant crisis facing Poland, Lithuania and Latvia,
NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg said that “this
flow of migrants is something which is
orchestrated and used by Belarus, as a form of hybrid warfare.
And therefore, I think it's
important that
we also have discussed and addressed this actually several times in
NATO at the North Atlantic Council
and most recently, we did that this week, again,
expressing our solidarity,
and also recognizing that this is something which is orchestrated
by the regime in Minsk.”
NATO is
in very close contact with the affected countries,
and NATO Allies have
deployed experts to Lithuania
to help them cope with this challenge. NATO Secretary
General Stoltenberg also stressed, however: “it
is important that all those fleeing violence
and persecution, should be treated with care and compassion.”
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