SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Sundhedsudvalget 2021-22
SUU Alm.del Bilag 251
Offentligt

Fluence (UV Dose) Required to Achieve

Incremental Log Inactivation of

Bacteria, Protozoa, Viruses and Algae

Revised, updated and expanded by

Adel Haji Malayeri

, Madjid Mohseni

, Bill Cairns

and James R. Bolton

With earlier contributions by

Gabriel Chevrefils (2006)

and Eric Caron (2006)

With peer review by

Benoit Barbeau

, Harold Wright (1999)

and Karl G. Linden

1. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

2. Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada

3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

4. Chaire Industrielle-CRSNG en Eau Potable, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

5. Carollo Engineers, Boise, ID

6. Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder

*Corresponding authors: Bill Cairns ([email protected]) and James Bolton ([email protected])

Introduction

Revision history

This paper represents the second revision of a compilation

that goes back to 1999. The original compilation (Wright and

Sakamoto 1999) was an internal document of Trojan Technol-

ogies. The first revision was published in 2006 (Chevrefils et

al. 2006). Data from the previous reviews have been included

here. In addition, data from the past 10 years have been added

and a new table for algae has been added. Two other reviews

of the UV sensitivity of microorganisms have been published

(Hijnen et al. 2006; Coohill and Sagripanti 2008).

Brief description and selection criteria

for content of the tables

Tables 1-5 (only available in the downloaded magazine

version) present a summary of published data on the ultra-

violet (UV) fluence-response data for various microorgan-

isms that are pathogens, indicators or organisms encountered

in the application, testing of performance, and validation of

UV disinfection technologies. The tables reflect the state of

knowledge but include the variation in technique and biolog-

ical response that currently exists in the absence of standard-

ized protocols. Users of the data for their own purposes are

advised to exercise critical judgment in how they use the data.

In most cases, the data are generated from low-pressure (LP)

monochromatic mercury arc lamp sources for which the

lamp fluence rate (irradiance) can be measured empirically

and multiplied by exposure time (in seconds) to obtain an

incident fluence onto the sample being irradiated; however,

earlier data do not always contain the correction factors that

are now considered standard practice (Bolton and Linden

2003; Bolton et al. 2015a) in order to determine the average

fluence delivered to the microorganisms within the irradi-

ated sample. Such uncorrected data are marked and should

be considered as upper limits, since the necessary correc-

tions have not been made. Some data are from polychro-

matic medium pressure (MP) mercury arc lamps, and in

some cases both lamp types are used. In a few cases, filtered

polychromatic UV light is used to achieve a narrow band of

irradiation around 254 nm. These studies are also designated

as LP.

None of the data incorporate any impact of photorepair

processes. Only the response to the inactivating fluence

is documented. The references from which the data are

abstracted must be carefully read to understand how the

reported fluences are calculated and what the assumptions

and procedures are in the calculations.

It is the intention of the authors and sponsors to keep this

table dynamic, with periodic updates. Recommendations

for inclusion in the tables, along with the reference source,

should be sent to:

Dr. Bill Cairns, chief scientist

Trojan Technologies Inc.

3020 Gore Road

London, ON, Canada N5V 4T7

Email:

[email protected]

Prof. James R. Bolton

Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering

Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2W2

Email:

[email protected]

The selection criteria for inclusion are recommended as

follows:

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Data must already be published in a peer-reviewed

journal or other peer-reviewed publication media;

some exceptions have been allowed where data are

only available in non-peer-reviewed papers;

For the publications where an LP or MP UV lamp was

used as the UV source, the calculated fluence should

usually be determined by using a collimated beam

apparatus; however, for other UV sources, this criterion

was not strictly followed and such cases are noted;

3. Ideally, the fluence rate (irradiance) should be

measured with a recently calibrated radiometer, and

when this has not been done, a well-characterized

organism should be run as a reference to provide a

comparison with the literature values to substantiate

that the radiometer is within calibration;

The publication from which the data are abstracted

should describe the experimental procedures including

collimated beam procedures, fluence calculation

procedures along with any assumptions made,

organism culturing procedures, enumeration and

preparation for experiments;

Ideally, as noted above, the protocol published by Bolton

and Linden (2003) or the recently published IUVA

Protocol (Bolton et al. 2015a) should be followed. In

cases where this protocol has not been followed, notes

to that effect have been provided. Such data should be

considered as an upper limit for the fluence since the

normal correction factors have not been applied. In some

cases only the water factor has been applied; these are

deemed to have met the protocol criterion, since the

water factor is the most important correction.

6. Responses should be determined over a range of

fluences; that is, a complete fluence-response curve is

preferred to a single fluence-response measurement.

These criteria will be applied strictly for future editions of

these tables.

For the users of these tables, the following points can be

helpful in understanding the information provided:

• In some papers, the authors used different methods for

enumeration of their selected microorganism and based

on that, they reported different fluence-responses in

their work compared with the work of others. Where

this has happened for a specific paper, a brief descrip-

tion of the implemented method is provided within the

box containing the name of the tested microorganism.

• For the studies with UV sources other than an LP

lamp (e.g., filtered MP lamps, UV-LEDs, excimer

lamps, etc.) the full width at half maximum (FWHM)

•

of wavelength distribution around the peak wave-

length is usually about 10-12 nm, except for the

tunable laser where the bandwidth is < 1 nm.

Where the authors have reported kinetic models based

on their experimental data, these models were used

in fluence calculations for these tables. Where model

fits were not provided, the fluence reported for each

specific log reduction number was extracted by graphic

linearization (Web Plot Digitizer software) between two

adjacent experimental data points in the fluence range.

In some cases, fluence-response curves have been

determined at several wavelengths, so that an action

spectrum can be determined. These cases are noted as

“action spectrum;” however, only data for wavelengths

near 254 nm are included in the tables. Data for other

wavelengths can be obtained from the cited reference.

The reader should be aware that for a given micro-

organism there is a data spread even after the selec-

tion criteria have been applied. Some studies have

applied a Bayesian statistical analysis (e.g., see

Qian et al. 2004, 2005) to obtain an average fluence-

response curve and 95 percentile limits. Some of

the factors that could affect the reported data are:

the medium (e.g., drinking water or wastewater),

differences in the nutritional state of the cells

being assayed, the presence of particles because

of a failure to fully disperse cells following pre-

concentration for the collimated beam assay, etc.

For a given microorganism, the fluence-response curve

can depend markedly on the strain examined. This is why

studies of a given strain have been grouped together.

Note that the data in the tables below originate from

highly controlled protocols usually using defined media

and culture methods, irradiation methods, etc. These

data are useful when validating UV technologies and

envisioning regulations; however, as water quality,

nutritional state, particle content and a number of other

factors can impact on microbe responses to disinfection

in real environmental samples or processed water, such

real waters should be used for site specific assessments

of UV, and design specification should benefit from

the results of assays using these site-specific waters.

In some cases, the quality of the data was questionable

and did not meet some of the selection criteria listed

above. In these cases, the data entries are in italics.

These tables can be used as a helpful document for understanding

the fluence-responses for different organisms at different wave-

lengths, with different UV sources; however, if more details are

important for the users of these data, they must read the refer-

ence provided for each study.

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Units and nomenclature

Throughout this review, fluence rate and irradiance (units mW/

) are used interchangeably since they are virtually identical

in a collimated beam apparatus. The term fluence (units mJ/cm

)

is used, which is the proper term [see Bolton et al. (2015b) for a

recommended set of terms and definitions] rather than UV dose,

which was used in earlier revisions of this document; however,

it should be noted that the term UV dose is still widely used.

Finally, it is noted that in Europe and other parts of the world,

the units W/m

for irradiance or fluence rate and J/m

for fluence

(UV dose) are more commonly used. One mW/cm

= 10 W/m

and 1 mJ/cm

= 10 J/m

The tables

Five tables have been prepared covering spores, bacteria,

viruses, algae and other microorganisms. These tables – as well

as a reference list – are too large for print, but the full review can

be downloaded from the Member Zone on the IUVA website at

www.iuva.org.

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Table 1.

Fluences for multiple log reductions for various spores

Fluence (UV dose)

(mJ/cm

) for a given log

reduction without

photoreactivation

Spore

Aspergillus brasiliensis

(previously known as

Aspergillus niger)

ATCC

16404

(dark culture)

Aspergillus niger

ATCC 32625

Bacillus anthracis

Sterne

Ames

34F2 (Sterne)

method: soil extract-

peptone-beef extract agar

34F2 (Sterne)

method: Schaeffer’s

sporulation medium

Bacillus atrophaeus

ATCC 9372

Lamp

Type

122

226

293

Proto-

col?

yes

Notes

Reference

Taylor-Edmonds et al. 2015

Excimer

222 nm

116

245

220

~40

370

325

560

430

yes

Clauß 2006

Nicholson & Galeano 2003

Blatchley III et al. 2005

Rose & O’Connell 2009

>120 with tailing

yes

Rose & O’Connell 2009

UV-LED

260 nm

Excimer

222 nm

265 nm

yes

Zhang et al. 2014

Sholtes et al. 2016

Bacillus cereus

ATCC 11778

Bacillus megaterium

(spores)

QMB 1551

Bacillus pumilus

ASFUVRC

ATCC 27142

Bacillus subtilis

ATCC 6633

Filtered

258 nm

173

130

348

138

184

yes

Beck et al. 2015

Boczek et al. 2016

Quails & Johnson 1983

Chang et al. 1985

Sommer et al. 1998

Sommer et al. 1999

140

yes

Clauß 2006

Blatchley III et al. 2005

Donnellan & Stafford 1968

204

272

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose)

(mJ/cm

) for a given log

reduction without

photoreactivation

Spore

Bacillus subtilis

(cont.)

ATCC 6633

ATCC 6633 (surface

cultured)

ATCC 6633 (liquid

cultured)

ATCC 6633 (surface

cultured)

ATCC 6633 (surface

cultured)

ATCC 6633 (surface

cultured)

ATCC 6633 (surface

cultured)

ATCC 6633

ATCC 6633 (surface

cultured)

ATCC 6633

ATCC 6051

TKJ 6312

WN624

Cylindrospermum

spores

Clostridium pasteurianum

ATCC 6013

Encephalitozoon intestinalis

(microsporidia)

yes

Action

spectrum

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

Excimer

222 nm

282 nm

Excimer

222 nm

Excimer

172 nm

UV-LED

269 nm

UV-LED

282 nm

Excimer

222 nm

LP &

yes

Action

spectrum

Cabaj et al. 2002

Nicholson & Galeano 2003

Mamane-Gravetz & Linden

2004

Mamane-Gravetz et al. 2005

Bohrerova et al. 2006

435

0.7

3.4

4.3

2.8

869

1.5

5.3

6.1

5.6

80 +

tailing

yes

Action

spectrum

Pennell et al. 2008

Bichae et al. 2009

Chen et al. 2009

Sun & Liu 2009

Mamane et al. 2009

Wang et al. 2010

Würtele et al. 2010

Jin et al. 2006

Sommer et al. 1999

Nicholson & Galeano 2003

Singh 1975

Clauß 2006

John et al. 2003

Huffman et al. 2002

2.3

6.7

7.9

8.4

20 +

tailing

3.7

yes

8.4

9.6

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose)

(mJ/cm

) for a given log

reduction without

photoreactivation

Spore

Fischeralla muscicola

spores

Penicillium expansum

ATCC 36200

Streptomyces griseus

ATCC 10137

Lamp

Type

189

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

Singh 1975

Excimer

222 nm

Excimer

222 nm

8.5

115

yes

Clauß 2006

140

yes

Thermoactinomyces vulgaris

ATCC 43649

Excimer

ATCC 43649

222 nm

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Table 2.

Fluences for multiple log reductions for various bacteria

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

yes

Bacterium

Aeromonas hydrophila

ATCC7966

Aeromonas salmonicida

AL 2017

1.1

1.5

4.6

2.5

2.7

4.0

3.1

5.5

5.9

6.9

8.4

Notes

Reference

Wilson et al. 1992

Liltved & Landfald 1996

Clauß 2006

Donnellan & Stafford

1968

Rose & O’Connell 2009

Wilson et al. 1992

Butler et al. 1987

Giese & Darby 2000

Sharp 1939

Clauß 2006

Sharp 1939

McKinney & Pruden

2012

Arthrobacter nicotinovorans

ATCC 49919

Excimer

ATCC 49919

222 nm

Bacillus cereus

(veg. bacteria)

ATCC 11778

Excimer

ATCC 11778

222 nm

Bacillus megaterium

(veg. cells) QMB 1551

265 nm

Burkholderia mallei

M13

Brucella melitensis

ATCC 23456

IL195

Burkholderia pseudomallei

ATCC 11688

CA650

Brucella suis

KS528

MO 562

Campylobacter jejuni

ATCC 43429

biotype 1 strain 709/84

Citrobacter diversus

Citrobacter freundii

Corynebacterium

diphtheriae

Deinococcus radiodurans

ATCC 13939

Eberthella typhosa

Enterococcus faecium

Vancomycin-resistant

Excimer

222 nm

1.0

1.2

2.8

3.7

1.7

1.4

2.7

1.7

1.0

0.8

3.4

113

2.1

2.4

2.7

5.3

5.8

3.5

2.8

5.3

3.6

2.1

1.3

3.8

4.1

7.8

5.5

4.3

7.9

5.6

3.4

1.7

5.2

5.5

10.3

9.9

7.4

5.7

10.5

7.5

4.6

2.1

11.5

5.8

yes

142

170

205

yes

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Lamp

Type

Excimer

222 nm

LP or

UV-LED

255 nm

UV-LED

275 nm

UV-LED

265 nm

UV-LED

260 nm

Proto-

col?

yes

10.

7.5

5.0

9.7

yes

7.7

3.0

2.4

8.3

7.0

yes

Bacterium

Enterococcus faecalis

ATCC27285

DSM 20478

Escherichia coli

ATCC 11229

ATCC 11303

ATCC 11775

ATCC 15597

ATCC 25922

ATCC 29425

3.7

7.1

5.5

3.0

2.5

3.4

3.5

2.5

3.9

3.3

4.9

1.6

4.7

2.5

4.1

5.9

4.3

1.1

0.9

6.4

5.0

6.0

5.4

8.0

8.7

7.6

4.8

3.0

5.0

4.7

3.0

5.4

4.9

7.7

3.0

6.2

4.0

5.1

7.9

6.2

2.0

1.6

8.9

6.8

6.5

8.5

Notes

Reference

Moreno-Andrés et al.

2016

Chen et al. 2015

Chang et al. 1985

Harris et al. 1987

Hoyer 1998

Sommer et al. 1998

Sommer et al. 2000

Sommer et al. 2001

Zimmer & Slawson 2002

Clauß et al. 2005

Bohrerova et al. 2008

Quek & Hu 2008

Bowker et al. 2011

Wu et al. 2005

Quek & Hu 2008

Sommer et al. 1998

Chatterley & Linden

2010

Chatterley & Linden

2010

Quek & Hu 2008

Shin et al. 2008

Sholtes et al. 2016

Otaki et al. 2003

14 + tailing

13 + tailing

12 + tailing

6.7

3.5

6.7

5.5

3.5

6.8

5.7

9.1

5.0

7.2

4.7

6.2

8.4

8.3

6.5

4.5

8.2

6.6

10.3

6.5

8.3

5.3

9.6

6.0

9.3

6.0

7.3

3.4

3.0

9.4

8.0

4.0

3.4

ATCC 29425

ATCC 700891

B ATCC 13033

3.6

7.3

4.8

1.0

0.9

1.2

5.9

6.8

2.4

2.1

3.0

8.2

4.4

4.2

4.7

9.0

6.5

5.6

9.8

8.2

6.5

yes

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Lamp

Type

LP or

XeBr

Exci-

lamp

282 nm

LP &

UV-LED

265 nm

UV-LED

280nm

UV-LED

285 nm

Proto-

col?

Bacterium

Escherichia coli

(cont.)

C3000

CGMCC 1.3373

CN13

Notes

Reference

3.0

3.1

5.5

4.3

5.9

7.5

5.5

8.0

9.6

7.0

yes

Eischeid & Linden 2007

Guo et al. 2009

Matafonova et al. 2012

K12

K12 IFO 3301

NBIMB 9481

NBIMB 10083

OP50

O157: H7

O157: H7 ATCC 43894

O157: H7 CCUG 29193

O157: H7 CCUG 29197

O157: H7 CCUG 29199

O25: K98: NM

O26

O50: H7

O78: H11

145 Ampicillin resistant

018 Trimethoprim

resistant

SMS-3-5

wild type

1.1

1.5

2.2

2.6

3.4

1.9

7.8

5.9

4.3

2.8

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.4

3.5

2.5

0.4

5.0

5.4

2.5

0.8

1.5

2.7

4.4

2.0

1.9

2.0

4.4

4.7

6.9

8.0

6.2

4.4

4.3

4.4

3.0

2.8

4.7

3.0

0.7

7.5

8.0

3.0

1.9

3.0

5.1

4.0

6.2

3.6

2.6

3.5

6.7

6.6

9.3

7.3

5.6

5.1

6.7

4.5

2.5

4.2

5.5

4.6

1.0

10.5

3.5

5.5

3.0

4.0

6.5

5.3

7.3

5.2

3.4

4.2

8.9

9.0

10.5

8.6

6.6

6.0

9.1

6.0

5.5

5.0

1.1

12.8

4.5

4.7

4.9

7.6

6.6

8.1

6.8

7.6

6.8

5.5

yes

Qiu et al. 2004

Oguma et al. 2002

Otaki et al. 2003

Oguma et al. 2004

Oguma et al. 2013

Rattanakul et al. 2014

Oguma et al. 2015

Oguma et al. 2001

Quek & Hu 2008

Bichai et al. 2009

Tosa & Hirata 1999

Yaun et al. 2003

Wilson et al. 1992

Sommer et al. 2000

Tosa & Hirata 1999

Sommer et al. 2000

Templeton et al. 2009

McKinney & Pruden

2012

Butler et al. 1987

Sommer et al. 2000

Hu et al. 2012

6.2

7.6

6.9

5.5

1.3

1.4

9.2

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

yes

Bacterium

Faecal coliforms

Francisella tularensis

LVS

NY98

Faecal streptococci

Halobacterium elongata

ATCC 33173

Halobacterium

salibarum

ATCC 43214

Helicobacter pylori

Texas isolate

ATCC 43504

ATCC 49503

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Klebsiella terrigena

ATCC 33257

Legionella longbeachae

ATCC 33462

Legionella pneumophila

Philadelphia 2

ATCC 33152

ATCC 33823

ATCC 43660

Sero group 1

Sero group 8

Leptospira

biflexa

serovar patoc

Patoc I

illini

3055

interrogans

serovar

Pomona Pomona

Listeria monocytogenes

Mycobacterium avium

33B

W41

1.3

1.4

0.4

3.1

3.8

0.7

4.8

6.3

1.0

6.6

8.7

Notes

Reference

Maya et al. 2003

Rose & O’Connell 2009

Maya et al. 2003

Martin et al. 2000

2.2

4.5

1.7

3.6

1.4

3.0

5.7

3.1

6.4

3.0

3.8

6.7

4.0

9.3

4.7

4.6

7.5

5.3

6.3

5.7

8.0

6.6

yes

Hayes et al. 2006

Giese & Darby 2000

Wilson et al. 1992

Cervero-Arago et al.

2014

Antopol & Ellner 1979

Oguma et al. 2004

Cervero-Arago et al.

2014

Cervero-Aragó et al.

2014

Wilson et al. 1992

Cervero-Aragó et al.

2014

Cervero-Aragó et al.

2014

0.9

1.6

1.9

1.7

3.0

1.7

1.8

3.2

3.8

3.0

3.1

5.0

2.9

3.3

2.8

4.8

5.8

4.3

4.5

7.2

4.2

4.7

3.7

6.4

7.7

5.7

5.8

9.3

5.4

6.1

8.0

9.6

yes

2.3

2.8

3.8

5.1

4.8

6.7

0.8

2.2

5.8

5.7

1.2

3.0

8.1

7.9

1.7

3.2

4.1

4.6

yes

Stamm and Charon

1988

Stamm and Charon

1988

Stamm and Charon

1988

Collins 1971

Hayes et al. 2008

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

yes

Bacterium

6.4

9.4

Notes

Reference

Hayes et al. 2008

Mycobacterium avium

(cont.)

D55A01

Mycobacterium avium hominissuis

HMC02 (white

transparent) (WT)

HMC02 (white

transparent) (WT)

HMC02 (white opaque)

(WO)

HMC02 (white opaque)

(WO)

Mycobacterium bovis

BCG

7.7

yes

Shin et al. 2008

8.1

7.1

6.6

2.2

4.4

yes

Shin et al. 2008

Collins 1971

Mycobacterium intracellulare

B12CC2

ATCC 13950

Mycobacterium phlei

Mycobacterium terrae

ATCC 15755

Mycobacterium

tuberculosis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ATCC 9027

ATCC 10145

ATCC 14207

ATCC 15442

ATCC 27853

BS4

WB1

SH-2918

NCTC 10662

Salmonella spp.

7.8

7.4

3.6

3.9

3.7

3.2

2.2

yes

(1)

Hayes et al. 2008

Collins 1971

Bohrerova & Linden

2006a

Bohrerova & Linden

2006b

Bohrerova & Linden

2006b

Collins 1971

9.3

4.3

16 + tailing

Excimer

222 nm

3.8

4.6

3.7

3.8

4.9

0.8

3.1

1.3

5.6

3.0

3.5

5.8

3.5

1.5

6.5

1.6

4.8

2.7

2.3

5.9

4.3

3.1

7.5

6.3

yes

Abshire & Dunton 1981

Clauß 2006

McKinney & Pruden

2012

Abshire & Dunton 1981

Blatchley et al. 2016

Yaun et al. 2003

2.6

3.8

3.5

5.0

6.2

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

yes

7.7

3.2

1.1

2.8

0.9

1.4

yes

Action

spect-

rum

Bacterium

Salmonella typhimurium

ATCC 6539

ATCC 19430

(in act. sluge)

LT2 SL3770

2.6

2.0

3.9

2.2

0.9

0.3

0.7

0.2

0.5

4.5

4.1

5.7

5.3

1.7

0.5

1.4

0.4

0.8

5.8

6.2

7.8

6.7

2.4

0.8

2.1

0.6

1.1

8.3

Notes

Reference

Chang et al. 1985

Wilson et al. 1992

Maya et al. 2003

Chen et al. 2009

Hu et al. 2012

Sharp 1939

Qiu et al. 2004

Serratia marcescens

Shewanella algae

Shewanella oneidensis

DLM7

MR4

MR1

Shewanella putrefaciens

200

Shigella dysenteriae

ATCC 29027

Shigella

paradysenteriae

Shigella sonnei

ATCC 9290

Staphylococcus albus

0.1

0.5

1.7

1.0

1.1

1.9

2.8

2.5

3.8

3.1

4.7

yes

Wilson et al. 1992

Hu et al. 2012

Sharp 1939

3.2

1.8

1.1

4.9

6.5

8.2

yes

Action

spect-

rum

Chang et al. 1985

Sharp 1939

Collins 1971

3.2

4.0

4.8

Staphylococcus aureus

(hem)

ATCC 25923

ATCC BAA-1556

(Methicillin resistant)

Streptococcus faecalis

ATCC 29212

Streptococcus

hemolyticus

Vibrio anguillarum

Vibrio cholerae

Classical OGAWA 154

Excimer

222 nm

2.1

2.6

3.9

4.4

9.3

4.5

6.6

2.2

0.5

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.5

2.3

2.0

3.9

6.8

3.2

yes

Gates 1929

Sharp 1939

Chang et al. 1985

Clauß 2006

McKinney & Pruden

2012

Chang et al. 1985

Sharp 1939

Liltved & Landfald 1996

Banerjee & Chatterjee 1977

5.4

5.8

7.2

8.6

6.5

6.4

8.8

9.8

7.3

11.1

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

2.1

2.8

3.6

yes

Bacterium

Vibrio cholerae

(cont.)

el tor MAK 154

NAG 1976

ATCC 25872

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

2977

Yersinia enterocolitica

Sero-group 0:3 strain

304/84

ATCC 4780

ATCC 27729

Yersinia pestis

A1122

Harbin

Yersinia ruckeri

1.7

2.5

0.7

4.4

4.1

8.9

1.4

7.1

Notes

Reference

Banerjee & Chatterjee

1977

Banerjee & Chatterjee

1977

Wilson et al. 1992

Banerjee & Chatterjee

1977

Excimer

222 nm

1.2

2.1

3.1

1.6

1.4

1.3

2.2

4.1

6.1

2.7

2.6

2.2

3.0

5.0

7.6

4.0

3.7

3.2

3.6

5.8

8.8

5.1

4.9

4.1

yes

Butler et al. 1987

Clauß et al. 2005

Wilson et al. 1992

Rose & O’Connell 2009

Liltved & Landfald 1996

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Table 3.

Fluences for multiple log reductions for various protozoa

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Protozoan

Acanthamoeba castellanii

ATCC 30234

(life stage: trophozoites;

plaque assay)

CCAP 15342

(life stage: trophozoites;

method: MPN)

CCAP 15342

(life stage: cysts;

method: MPN)

Acanthamoeba

culbertsoni

ATCC 30171

(mouse infectivity assay;

Mus musculus

species,

strain CD-1)

Acanthamoeba spp.

isolated strain

(life stage: trophozoites;

mouse infectivity assay;

Mus musculus

species,

strain CD-1)

155

(life stage: trophozoites;

method: MPN)

155

(life stage: cysts;

method: MPN)

Cryptosporidium

Hominis

[cell culture infectivity

assay using HCT-8 cells

(CCL-244) & MDBK

cells]

Cryptosporidium parvum

[mouse infectivity assay

(neonatal CD-1 mice)]

[mouse infectivity assay

(neonatal CD-1 mice)]

[mouse infectivity assay

(neonatal CD-1 mice)]

[mouse infectivity assay

(neonatal CD-1 mice)]

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

yes

Notes

Reference

Chang et al. 1985

yes

Cervero-Arago et al. 2014

125

yes

Cervero-Arago et al. 2014

125

148

yes

Maya et al. 2003

132

160

yes

Maya et al. 2003

yes

Cervero-Arago et al. 2014

LP &

3.0

5.8

yes

Johnson et al. 2005

LP &

3-6

3-9

>16

>11

yes

Bolton et al. 1998;

Bukhari et al. 1999

Clancy et al. 2000

2.4

5.2

9.5

yes

Craik et al. 2001

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Protozoan

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

yes

Notes

Reference

Shin et al. 2001

Cryptosporidium parvum

(cont.)

[mouse infectivity assay

& cell culture infectivity

assay using MDCK cells

(CCL-34)]

[mouse infectivity assay

(neonatal CD-1 mice)]

[mouse infectivity assay

(SCID mice)]

[cell culture infectivity

assay using HCT-8 cells

(CCL-244)]

[cell culture infectivity

assay using HCT-8 cells

(CCL-244)]

[culture-

immunofluorescence

(CC–IFA) based

infectivity assay]

[mouse infectivity assay

(neonatal CD-1 mice)]

[mouse infectivity assay

(neonatal CD-1 mice)]

[cell culture infectivity

assay using HCT-8 cells

(CCL-244)]

HNJ-1

[mouse infectivity assay

(SCID mice)]

[cell culture infectivity

Laser

assay using HCT-8 cells

254

(CCL-244)]

Cryptosporidium spp.

LP &

Giardia lamblia

(excystation assay)

(gerbil infectivity assay)

Giardia muris

(mouse infectivity assay)

LP?

<10

0.5

<10

1.0

>10

1.4

2.2

yes

Belosevic et al. 2001

Morita et al. 2002

Zimmer et al. 2003

yes

Zimmer et al. 2003

2.9

yes

Bukhari et al. 2004

1.8

5.6

<10

yes

Clancy et al. 2004

Amoah et al. 2005

Ryu et al. 2008

<0.7

<1.4

2.2

yes

Oguma et al. 2001

1.3

1.9

2.3

2.8

yes

Action

spect-

rum

(2)

Beck et al. 2015

0.8

<10

<0.5

<10

1.5

180

~10

<0.5

4.5

<10

3.0

6.0

yes

no?

yes

Qian et al. 2004

Karanis et al. 1992

Campbell & Wallace 2002

Linden et al. 2002

Mofidi et al. 2002

Craik et al. 2000

Belosevic et al. 2001

Mofidi et al. 2002

Hayes et al. 2003

Amoah et al. 2005

<0.5

28 + tailing

<25

~60

~2.3

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Protozoan

Giardia spp.

Naegleria fowleri

Cysts

(method: MPN)

Trophozoites

(method: MPN)

Toxoplasma gondii

oocysts

[immunofluorescence

assay (IFA)]

[mouse infectivity assay

(SCID mice)]

Vermamoeba vermiformis

CCAP 15434 /7A

(life stage: trophozoites;

method: MPN)

CCAP 15434/7A

(life stage: cysts;

method: MPN)

195

(life stage: trophozoites;

method: MPN)

195

(life stage: cysts;

method: MPN)

Lamp

Type

LP &

0.6

1.1

1.9

104

3.4

121

Proto-

col?

yes

Notes

(2)

Reference

Qian et al. 2004

Sarkar and Gerba 2012

7.2

yes

Dumètre et al. 2008

3.4

6.8

yes

Ware et al. 2010

yes

Cervero-Arago et al. 2014

yes

Cervero-Arago et al. 2014

110

yes

Cervero-Arago et al. 2014

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Table 4.

Fluences for multiple log reductions for various viruses

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

Adenovirus

Type 1

method:

MPN

Type 2

Host

PLC/ PRF/5

and

HeLa cell line

PLC/ PRF/5

Human lung

cell line

A549 cell line

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

<240

blocked

~30

~10

~60

~20

103

119

~30

138

160

100

110

~40

~50

195

235

yes

Nwachuku et al. 2005

Gerba et al. 2002

Ballester & Malley

2004

Shin et al. 2005

Linden et al. 2007

Type 2

~15

~30

~45

126

~60

168

117

yes

Linden et al. 2007

Eischeid et al. 2009

Linden et al. 2009

Type 2

method:

TCID50

Type 2

method:

TCID50

Type 2

method:

cell culture

Type 2

adenoid 6

(VR-846)

Type 2

method:

TCID50

Type 2

method:

TCID50

Type 2 ATCC

VR-846;

method:

TCID50

Type 2

method:

plaque assay

A549 cell line

HEK293 cells

human

embryonic

kidney

A-549

cell line

(CCL-185)

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

120

yes

(3)

Linden et al. 2009

120

yes

Baxter et al. 2007

124

166

40 +

tailing

yes

Sirikanchana et al.

2008

Eischeid et al. 2009

yes

Shin et al. 2009

yes

Shin et al. 2009

108

159

206

yes

Bounty et al. 2012

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

125

yes

Rodriguez et al. 2013

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

Host

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

Adenovirus (cont.)

Type 2

A549 cell line

method:

(CCL-185)

plaque assay

Type 2

A549 cell line

method:

(CCL-185)

LR-qPCR 6

kb fragment

Type 2

A549 cell line

method:

(CCL-185)

LR-qPCR 6

kb fragment

Type 2

A549 cell line

method:

(CCL-185)

LR-qPCR 1

kb fragment

Type 2

A549 cell line

method:

(CCL-185)

LR-qPCR 1

kb fragment

Type 2

A549 cell line

method:

(CCL-185)

LR-qPCR 10

kb fragment

Type 2

A549 cell line

method:

(CCL-185)

LR-qPCR 10

kb fragment

Type 2 ATCC A549 cell line

VR-846

(CCL-185)

method: MPN

Type 2 ATCC

VR-846;

method: LR-

PCR 1.1 kbp

fragment

Type 2 ATCC

VR-846;

method: LR-

PCR 1.1 kbp

fragment

Type 2 ATCC

VR-846

method: MPN

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

20-

yes

Rodriguez et al. 2013

100

yes

Rodriguez et al. 2013

15-

100

yes

Rodriguez et al. 2013

100

yes

Rodriguez et al. 2013

5 + tailing

yes

Rodriguez et al. 2013

yes

Rodriguez et al. 2013

yes

Rodriguez et al. 2013

130

174

yes

Action

spect-

rum

Beck et al. 2014

yes

Beck et al. 2014

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

Laser

254

80-90 + tailing

yes

Beck et al. 2014

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

120

yes

Beck et al. 2014

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

Host

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

Adenovirus (cont.)

Type 2 ATCC A549 cell line

VR-846

(CCL-185)

method: MPN

Type 2 ATCC

VR-846

method: MPN

Type 2;

method:

cell culture

Type 2;

method:

infectivity

Type 2;

method:

qPCR

Type 2;

method:

MPN

Type 2;

ATCC

VR-846;

method:

ICC-qPCR

Type 2;

method:

total

culturable

virus assay

Type 4;

ATCC

VR-1572;

method:

ICC qPCR

Type 5;

method:

cell culture

Type 5

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

yes

(3)

Beck et al. 2014

Laser

254

135

yes

(4)

Beck et al. 2014

101

yes

Beck et al. 2014

A549 cell line

118

Calgua et al. 2014

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

140

Calgua et al. 2014

129

172

yes

Ryu et al. 2015

121

161

yes

Ryu et al. 2015

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

100

135

168

203

234

yes

Boczek et al. 2016

PLC/ PRF/5

ATCC CRL-

8024

116

yes

Gerrity et al. 2008

HEK 293

cells human

embryonic

kidney

HEK293

PLC/PRF/5

XP17BE

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

120

yes

Baxter et al. 2007

101

114

151

152

123

yes

Guo et al. 2010

Rattanakul et al. 2014

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

Host

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

Adenovirus (cont.)

Type 5

A549 cell line

(CCL-185)

Type 5

A549 cell line

ATCC VR5

(CCL-185)

UV-

LED

285

100

151

126

yes

Rattanakul et al. 2015

Oguma et al. 2015

Type 6;

method:

MPN

Type 40;

strain: Dugan

Type 40;

method:

MPN

Type 40;

method:

MPN

Type 40

Type 41;

ATCC

VR-930;

method:

ICC-RT-PCR

Type 41;

method:

cell culture

PLC/ PRF/5

and HeLa

cell line

PLC/PRF5

cell line

PLC/PRF5

cell line

PLC/PRF5

cell line

HEK293

PLC/PRF/5

HEK 293

cells ATCC

CRL-1573

115

154

yes

Nwachuku et al. 2005

Thurston-Enriquez et

al. 2003

Linden et al. 2007

109

167

~30

~40

yes

111

109

105

101

167

>120

139

134

222

yes

Blatchley et al. 2008

Guo et al. 2010

Ko et al. 2005

Type 41

Atlantic

halibut

nodavirus

(AHNV)

B40-8 (phage)

HEK 293

cells

human

embryonic

kidney &

PLC/PRF/5

(heaptoma)

cells

HEK293

PLC/PRF/5

XP17BE

SSN-1 cell

line

120

yes

Baxter et al. 2007

136

103

104

182

137

140

176

211

yes

Guo et al. 2010

Liltved et al. 2006

B. fragilis

HSP-40

B. fragilis

yes

Sommer et al. 1998

Sommer et al. 2001

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

Calicivirus feline

CRFK cell

line

MDCK cell

line

CRFK cell

line

Crandell

Reese feline

kidney cell

CRfk, ATCC

CCL-94

BGM cell line

foetal rhesus

monkey

kidney cell

FRhK-4,

ATCC CRL-

1688

E. coli

Hfr

K12 ATCC

23631

FRhK-4 cell

HAV/HFS/

GBM

yes

Thurston-Enriquez et

al. 2003

de Roda Husman et

al. 2004

de Roda Husman et

al. 2004

Host

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

FCV ATCC

VR-782

yes

Park et al. 2011

Coxsackievirus

Echovirus

9.5

yes

Gerba et al. 2002

Shin et al. 2005

Gerba et al. 2002

Battigelli et al. 1993

Gerba et al. 2002

yes

Park et al. 2011

GA phage

121

yes

Simonet & Gantzer

2006

Wilson et al. 1992

Battigelli et al. 1993

Wiedenmann et al.

1993

Liltved et al. 2006

Hepatitis

A HM175

5.4

yes

Infectious

pancreatic

necrosis

virus

(IPNV)

Infectious

salmon

anaemia

virus

(ISAV)

BF-2 cell line

165

246

325

yes

SHK-1 cell

line

2.5

5.0

7.5

yes

Liltved et al. 2006

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

Host

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

JC polyomavirus

Mad-4

method:

SVG-A cells

cell culture

Mad-4

method:

SVG-A cells

qPCR

MS2 coliphage

N/A

124

171

Calgua et al. 2014

>180

Calgua et al. 2014

E. coli

Famp

E. coli

Famp

E. coli

Cr63

E. coli

C3000

E. coli

ATCC15597

Salmonella

typhimurium

WG49

E. coli

ATCC15597

E. coli

C3000

E. coli

K-12 Hfr

E. coli

K-12

E. coli

C3000

E. coli

ATCC 15977

E. coli

ATCC 15977

E. coli

C3000

E. coli

ATCC 15977

E. coli

ATCC 15977

E. coli

K12 A/λ(F+)

UV-

LED

255

LP?

yes

Aoyagi et al. 2011

yes

Rodriguez et al. 2014

Rauth 1965

Battigelli et al. 1993

Oppenheimer et al.

1993

Nieuwstad &

Havelaar 1994

114

152

yes

Meng & Gerba 1996

Shin et al. 2001

Sommer et al. 1998

Sommer et al. 2001

Linden et al. 2002

Thurston-Enriquez et

al. 2003

Lazarova & Savoye

2004

Batch et al. 2004

Nwachuku et al. 2005

Hu et al. 2012

Rattanakul et al. 2014

120

116

133

yes

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

Host

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

MS2 coliphage (cont.)

E. coli

Famp

ATCC

700891

E. coli

Famp

ATCC

700891

method:

cell culture

Salmonella

typhimurium

WG49

Salmonella

typhimurium

WG49

E. coli

ATCC

15977

E. coli

HS(pFamp)R

E. coli

ATCC

15977

E. coli

ATCC

15977

E. coli

ATCC

15977

E. coli

ATCC

15977

E. coli

ATCC 15977

E. coli

NCTC12486

E. coli

Hfr

K12 ATCC

23631

E. coli

ATCC

15597

E. coli

ATCC

15597

C3000

E. coli

Famp

E. coli

ATCC 15597

E. coli

ATCC 15597

E. coli

ATCC 15597

UV-

LED

260

yes

Sholtes et al. 2016

yes

Sholtes et al. 2016

119

146

Calgua et al. 2014

method:

qPCR

ATCC15977-

<180

Calgua et al. 2014

100

103

128

123

154

yes

Wilson et al. 1992

Thompson et al. 2003

Lazarova & Savoye

2004

Butkus et al. 2004

Ko et al. 2005

Sun & Liu 2009

Mamane-Gravetz et

al. 2005

141

173

yes

Action

spect-

rum

125

yes

Simonet & Gantzer

2006

Templeton et al. 2006

>30

yes

Bohrerova et al. 2006

Lee et al. 2008

Blatchley III et al.

2008

Bowker et al. 2011

UV-

LED

255 nm

yes

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

Host

Lamp

Type

UV-

LED

275

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

MS2 coliphage (cont.)

E. coli

ATCC

ATCC15977-

15597

yes

Bowker et al. 2011

ATCC15977-

E. coli

Famp

ATCC

700891

N/A

E. coli

ATCC 15597

Migula

E. coli

ATCC 15597

E. coli

ATCC

15597

C3000

E. coli

ATCC

15597

C3000

E. coli

ER2738

E. coli

Hfr

K12

ATCC23631

E. coli

HS(pFamp)R

ATCC

700891

E. coli

HS(pFamp)R

ATCC

700891

E. coli

HS(pFamp)R

ATCC

700891

E. coli

K12 A/λ(F+)

E. coli

Famp ATCC

700891

yes

Park et al. 2011

Timchak & Gitis 2012

106

116

yes

Guo & Hu 2012

Sherchan et al. 2014

UV-

LED

260

UV-

LED

255

120

138

yes

Jenny et al. 2014

ATCC15977-

yes

Jenny et al. 2014

ATCC15977-

Simons et al. 2014

yes

Action

spect-

rum

Action

spect-

rum

Song et al. 2015

yes

Beck et al. 2015

ATCC15977-

(Action spect-

rum weighted

fluence)

ATCC15977-

yes

Beck et al. 2015

yes

Action

spect-

rum

Beck et al. 2016

ATCC15977-

UV-

LED

285

106

yes

Oguma et al. 2015

ATCC15977-

116

yes

Boczek et al. 2016

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

Host

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

yes

Notes

Reference

Havelaar et al. 1990

Shin et al. 2005

MS2 coliphage (cont.)

E. coli

WG21

F-specific

E. coli

WG21

F-specific

E. coli

ATCC15977-

C3000

F-specific

E. coli

ATCC

ATCC15977-

15597

F-specific

C3000

E. coli

ATCC

ATCC15977-

15597

F-specific

C3000

E. coli

DSM5694

NCIB 9481

Myoviridae

E. coli

Murine norovirus

NCIMB10108

RAW 264.7

cells

CW3

RAW 264.7

macropags

ATCC TIB-71

Phage B124-

B. fragilis

strain GB-

124

PHI X 174

(phage)

E. coli

C3000

E. coli

ATCC

15597

E. coli

WG5

E. coli

ATCC

13706

E. coli

WG5

N/A

yes

Shin et al. 2009

yes

Shin et al. 2009

Wiedenmann et al.

1993

Shin et al. 2005

LP?

1.8

3.6

5.1

6.7

110

8.5

yes

Lee et al. 2008

Park et al. 2011

yes

Diston et al. 2012

LP?

UV-

LED

255

UV-

LED

280

2.1

2.2

2.0

1.6

4.2

5.3

3.5

3.3

6.4

7.3

7.5

5.1

8.5

yes

Battigelli et al. 1993

Oppenheimer et al.

1993

Sommer et al. 1998

Giese & Darby 2000

Sommer et al. 2001

Aoyagi et al. 2011

(phage)

10.5

yes

N/A

ATCC 13706

N/A

E. coli

CN13

E. coli

CN13

2.3

5.1

8.6

yes

Aoyagi et al. 2011

7.1

N/A

8.9

6.7

yes

Timchak & Gitis 2012

Rodriguez et al. 2014

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

Host

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

Nuanualsuwan et al.

2008

Picornaviridae aphthovirus

(foot and mouth disease virus)

baby

O189

hamster

kidney (BHK-

21) cell line

baby

A132

hamster

kidney (BHK-

21) cell line

baby

A Sakol

hamster

kidney (BHK-

21) cell line

baby

AS 1

hamster

kidney (BHK-

21) cell line

Poliovirus

Type 1

LSc2ab

Type 1 ATCC

Mahoney

Type 1

LSc2ab

Type 1

LSc2ab

Vaccine

strain

method:

plaque assay

Vaccine

strain

method:

TCID50

Type 1

N/A

5.6

100

(5)

Nuanualsuwan et al.

2008

(5)

Nuanualsuwan et al.

2008

125

(5)

Nuanualsuwan et al.

2008

MA104 cells

N/A

BGM cell line

N/A

yes

Chang et al. 1985

2.8

8.0

6.4

yes

Harris et al. 1987

Wilson et al. 1992

Gerba et al. 2002

Thompson et al. 2003

Lazarova & Savoye

2004

N/A

6.4

Lazarova & Savoye

2004

Shin et al. 2005

Simonet & Gantzer

2006

BGM cell line

8.7

tail-

ing

yes

PRD-1 (Tectiviridae)

Salmonella

phage

typhimurium

Lt2

Salmonella

ATCC BAA-

typhimurium

769-B1

Lt2

yes

Meng & Gerba 1996

108

138

yes

Shin et al. 2005

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

Host

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

PRD-1 (Tectiviridae) (cont.)

Salmonella

typhimurium

Lt2

Salmonella

typhimurium

Lt2

N/A

yes

Rodriguez et al. 2014

N/A

yes

Rodriguez et al. 2014

N/A

E. coli

ATCC

15597

C3000

E. coli

ATCC

15597

C3000

ATCC 23631-

phage

E. coli

ATCC

23631

E. coli

ATCC

23631

E. coli

ATCC

23631

E. coli

Hfr

K12 ATCC

23631

E. coli

K12

(F+)

E. coli

K12

(F+)

E. coli

K12

(F+)

Mouse L-60

N/A

UV-

LED

255

UV-

LED

280

UV-

LED

260

laser

254

yes

Aoyagi et al. 2011

yes

Aoyagi et al. 2011

yes

Jenny et al. 2014

yes

Jenny et al. 2014

N/A

yes

Action

spect-

rum

Action

spect-

rum

Blatchley III et al.

2008

Beck et al. 2015

yes

Beck et al. 2015

yes

Simonet & Gantzer

2006

Rattanakul et al. 2014

Oguma et al. 2015

phage

ATCC 23631

UV-

LED

285

LP?

yes

phage

Reovirus

Type 1 Lang

strain

yes

Oguma et al. 2013

Rauth 1965

Harris et al. 1987

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

Rotavirus

SA-11

Host

Monkey

kidney Cell

line MA 104

MA 104 cell

line

MA 104 cell

line

MA 104 cell

line

MA 104 cell

line

MA 104 cells

ATCC CRL-

2378.1

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

yes

Sommer et al. 1989

140

200

yes

Caballero et al. 2004

Chang et al. 1985

Wilson et al. 1992

Battigelli et al. 1993

Li et al. 2009

SA-11

SA-11 ATCC

VR-1565

method: cell

culture;

assay based

on CPE

SA-11 ATCC

VR-1565

method:

RT-qPCR

assay

Human

(HRV-Wa)

SA-11

Siphoviridae

yes

31 + tailing

MA 104 cells

ATCC CRL-

2378.1

117 + tailing

yes

Li et al. 2009

N/A

MA-104 cell

line

E. coli

CN13

E. coli

CN13

yes

Hu et al. 2012

1.8

N/A

3.6

N/A

5.7

N/A

7.5

9.3

yes

Action

spect-

rum

Action

spect-

rum

Wilson et al. 1992

Shin et al. 2005

Rodriguez et al. 2014

T1UV

HER 468

E. coli

CN13

ATCC

700609

E. coli

CN13

ATCC

700609

E. coli

N/A

Laser

254

N/A

8.3

yes

Beck et al. 2015

4.3

8.5

yes

Beck et al. 2015

1.1

3.6

3.7

2.0

1.7

8.0

7.4

3.0

2.6

4.0

6.7

yes

Bohrerova et al. 2008

Hu et al. 2012

Timchak & Gitis 2012

ATCC 11303

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Virus

E. coli

ATCC

11303

E. coli

ATCC

11303

E. coli

ATCC

11303

UV-

LED

255

UV-

LED

275

Laser

254 m

1.7

1.3

2.7

2.9

5.8

3.7

6.0

6.9

yes

Bohrerova et al. 2008

Bowker et al. 2011

Host

Lamp

Type

Proto-

col?

Notes

Reference

coliphage

E. coli

ATCC

11303

2.7

6.0

yes

Bowker et al. 2011

ATCC BAA-

1025-B2

ATCC BAA-

1025-B2

T7m

ATCC 11303-

B38

ATCC 11303-

B38

(Podoviridae)

E. coli

CN13

ATCC

700609

E. coli

CN13

ATCC

700609

E. coli

ATCC 11303

E. coli

ATCC 11303

N/A

3.8

yes

1.6

3.6

6.6

yes

Action

spect-

rum

Action

spect-

rum

Action

spect-

rum

Action

spect-

rum

Beck et al. 2015

Laser

254 m

N/A

3.4

yes

Beck et al. 2015

1.7

3.8

6.3

yes

Beck et al. 2015

E. coli

WG5

3.1

5.9

8.8

yes

Shin et al. 2005

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Table 5.

Fluences for multiple log reductions for various algae and other microorganisms

Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm

) for a

given log reduction without

photoreactivation

Microorganism

Ascaris suum

(intact eggs) from worms

(decorticated eggs) from

worms

Lamp

Type

100

Proto-

col?

yes

Notes

Reference

Brownell & Nelson

2006

Brownell & Nelson

2006

Pereira et al. 2013

328 + tailing

yes

Cryptococcus carnescens

yeast PYCC 5988

Candida sp.

New species

similar to

C. pomicola

yeast

<10 25

PYCC 5991

Metschnikowia viticola/Candida kofuensis

yeast

PYCC 5993

PYCC 5994

Metschnikowia viticola/

Candida kofuensis

yeast

PYCC 5992

Microcystis aeruginosa

PCC7806

Rhodosporidium babjevae

yeast PYCC 5996

Rhodotorula minuta

(Saito)

yeast PYCC 5990

370

130

113

540

100

720

>200

>60

yes

Pereira et al. 2013

yes

Sakai et al. 2011

Pereira et al. 2013

Kim et al. 2004

Olsen et al. 2015

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa

yeast

PYCC 5989

PYCC 5995

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

XS800

Tetraselmis suecica

algae

K0297

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Table Notes

1. Spiked into wastewater.

2. These data are medians derived from a Bayesian analysis of many studies.

3. DNA weighted fluence.

4. Action spectrum weighted fluence.

5. The water depth was only 2 mm, so the water factor would have been very close to 1.0. Thus

although the Protocol corrections were not made, the corrections would have been small.

References

Abshire, R.L.; and Dunton, H. 1981. Resistance of selected strains of

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

to low-intensity

ultraviolet radiation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 41(6): 1419–1423.

Amoah, K.; Craik, S.; Smith, D.W.; and Belosevic, M. 2005. Inactivation of

Cryptosporidium

oocysts and

Giardia

cysts by ultraviolet light in the presence of natural particulate matter, J. Water Supply: Res.

Technol. – Aqua, 54(3): 165-178.

Antopol, S.C.; and Ellner, P.D. 1979. Susceptibility of

Legionella pneumophila

to ultraviolet radiation,

Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 38(2): 347–348.

Aoyagi, Y.; Takeuchi, M.; Yoshida, K.; Kurouchi, M.; Yasui, N.; Kamiko, N.; Araki, T.; and Nanishi, Y.

2011. Inactivation of bacterial viruses in water using deep ultraviolet semiconductor light-emitting

diode. J. Environ. Eng., 137(12): 1215–1218.

Ballester, N.A.; and Malley, J.P., Jr. 2004. Sequential disinfection of adenovirus type 2 with UV-chlorine-

chloramine, J. AWWA, 96(10): 97–103.

Banerjee, S.K.; and Chatterjee, S.N. 1977. Sensitivity of the vibrios to ultraviolet-radiation, Int. J. Rad.

Biol., 32(2): 127–133.

Batch, L.F.; Schulz, C.R.; and Linden, K.G. 2004. Evaluating water quality effects on UV disinfection of

MS2 coliphage, J. AWWA, 96(7): 75–87.

Battigelli, D.A.; Sobsey, M.D.; and Lobe, D.C. 1993. The inactivation of hepatitis A virus and other model

viruses by UV irradiation, Water Sci. Technol., 27(3-4): 339–342.

Baxter, C.S.; Hofmann, R.; Templeton, M.R.; Brown, M; and Andrews, R.C. 2007. Inactivation of

adenovirus types 2, 5 and 41 in drinking water by UV light, free chlorine, and monochloramine, J.

Environ. Eng., 133(1): 95–103.

Beck, S.E.; Rodriguez, R.A.; Linden, K.G.; Hargy, T.M.; Larason, T.C.; and Wright, H.B. 2014.

Wavelength dependent UV inactivation and DNA damage of adenovirus as measured by cell culture

infectivity and long range quantitative PCR, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48: 591–598.

Beck, S.E.; Wright, H.R.; Hargy, T.M.; Larason, T.C.; and Linden, K.G. 2015. Action spectra for

validation of pathogen disinfection in medium-pressure ultraviolet (UV) systems, Water Res., 70: 27–

37.

Beck, S.E.; Rodriguez, R.A.; Hawkins, M.A.; Hargy, T.M.; Larason, T.C.; and Linden, K.G. 2016.

Comparison of UV-induced inactivation and RNA damage in MS2 phage across the germicidal

spectrum, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 82(5): 1468–1474.

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Belosevic, M.; Craik, S.A.; Stafford, J.L.; Neumann, N.F.; Kruithof, J.; and Smith, D.W. 2001. Studies on

the resistance/reactivation of

Giardia muris

cysts and

Cryptosporidium parvum

oocysts exposed to

medium-pressure ultraviolet radiation, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 204(1): 197–203.

Bichai, F.; Barbeau, B.; and Payment, P. 2009. Protection against UV disinfection of

E. coli

bacteria and

B. subtilis

spores ingested by

C. elegans

nematodes, Water Res., 43(14): 3397–3406.

Blatchley, E.R. III; Meeusen, A.; Aronson, A.I.; and Brewster, L. 2005. Inactivation of

Bacillus

spores by

ultraviolet or gamma radiation, J. Environ. Eng., 131(9): 1245–1252.

Blatchley, E.R. III; Shen, C.; Scheible, O.K.; Robinson, J.P.; Ragheb, K.; Bergstrom, D.E.; Rokjer, D.

2008. Validation of large-scale, monochromatic UV disinfection systems for drinking water using

dyed microspheres, Water Res., 42(3): 677–688.

Blatchley E.R. III; Oguma, K.; and Sommer, R. 2016. Comment on the ‘UV disinfection induces a VBNC

state in

Escherichia coli

and

Pseudomonas aeruginosa,’ IUVA News,

18(3): 12–16.

Boczek, L.A.; Rhodes, E.R.; Cashdollar, J.L.; Ryu, J.; Popovici, J.; Hoelle, J.M.; Sivaganesan, M.;

Hayes, S.L.; Rodgers, M.R.; and Ryu, H. 2016. Applicability of UV resistant

Bacillus pumilus

endospores as a human adenovirus surrogate for evaluating the effectiveness of virus inactivation in

low-pressure UV treatment systems, J. Microbiol. Meth., 122: 43–49.

Bohrerova, Z.; and Linden, K.G. 2006a. Ultraviolet and chlorine disinfection of

Mycobacterium

wastewater: effect of aggregation, Water Environ. Res., 78(6): 565–571.

Bohrerova, Z.; and Linden, K.G. 2006b. Assessment of DNA damage and repair in

Mycobacterium

terrae

after exposure to UV irradiation, J. Appl. Microbiol, 101: 995–1001.

Bohrerova, Z.; Mamane, H.; Ducoste, J.; and Linden, K.G. 2006. Comparative inactivation of

Bacillus

subtilis

spores and MS-2 coliphage in a UV reactor: implications for validation, J. Environ. Eng.,

132(12): 1554–1561.

Bohrerova, Z.; Shemer, H.; Lantis, R.; Impellitteri, C.A.; and Linden, K.G. 2008. Comparative disinfection

efficiency of pulsed and continuous-wave UV irradiation technologies, Water Res., 42(12): 2975–

2982.

Bolton, J.R.; and Linden, K.G. 2003. Standardization of methods for fluence (UV dose) determination in

bench-scale UV experiments, J. Environ. Eng., 129(3): 209–215.

Bolton, J.R.; Dussert, B.; Bukhari, Z.; Hargy, T.; and Clancy, J.L. 1998. Inactivation of

Cryptosporidium

parvum

by medium pressure ultraviolet light in finished drinking water, in Proceedings of the AWWA

Annual Conference, June, 1998, Dallas, TX, Vol. A, pp 389-403; American Water Works Association,

Denver, CO.

Bolton, J.R.; Beck, S.E.; and Linden, K.G. 2015a.

Protocol for the determination of fluence (UV dose)

using a low-pressure or low-pressure high-output UV lamp in bench-scale collimated beam ultraviolet

experiments,

IUVA News, 17(1): 11–16.

Bolton, J.R.; Mayor-Smith, I.; and Linden, K.G. 2015b. Rethinking the concepts of fluence (UV dose) and

fluence rate: The Importance of photon-based units – A systemic review, Photochem. Photobiol., 91:

1252–1262.

Bounty, S.; Rodriguez, R.A.; and Linden, K.G. 2012. Inactivation of adenovirus using low-dose UV/H

advanced oxidation, Water Res., 46(19): 6273–6278.

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Bowker, C.; Sain, A.; Shatalov, M.; and Ducoste, J. 2011. Microbial UV fluence-response assessment

using a novel UV-LED collimated beam system, Water Res., 45(5): 2011–2019.

Brownell, S.A.; and Nelson, K.L. 2006. Inactivation of single-celled

Ascaris suum

eggs by low-pressure

UV radiation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72(3): 2178–2184.

Bukhari, Z.; Hargy, T.M.; Bolton, J.R.; Dussert, B.; and Clancy, J.L. 1999. Medium-pressure UV for

oocyst inactivation, J. AWWA, 91(3): 86–94.

Bukhari, Z.; Abrams, F.; and LeChevallier, M. 2004. Using ultraviolet light for disinfection of finished

water, Water Sci. Technol., 50(1): 173–178.

Butkus, M.A.; Labare, M.P.; Starke, J.A.; Moon, K; and Talbot, M. 2004. Use of aqueous silver to

enhance inactivation of coliphage MS-2 by UV disinfection, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70(5): 2848–

2853.

Butler, R.C.; Lund, V.; and Carlson, D.A. 1987. Susceptibility of

Campylobacter jejuni

and

Yersinia

enterocolitica

to UV radiation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53(2): 375–378.

Cabaj, A.; Sommer, R.; Pribil, W.; and Haider, T. 2002. The spectral UV sensitivity of microorganisms

used in biodosimetry, Water Sci. Technol. – Water Supply, 2(3): 175–181.

Caballero, S.; Abad, F.X.; Loisy, F.; Le Guyader, F.S.; Cohen, J.; Pintó, R.M.; and Bosch, A. 2004.

Rotavirus virus-like particles as surrogates in environmental persistence and inactivation studies,

Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70(7): 3904–3909.

Calgua, B.; Carratalà, A.; Guerrero-Latorre, L.; de Abreu Corrêa, A.; Kohn, T.; Sommer, R.; and Girones,

R. 2014. UVC inactivation of dsDNA and ssRNA viruses in water: UV fluences and a qPCR-based

approach to evaluate decay on viral infectivity, Food Environ. Virol., 6: 260–268.

Campbell, A.T.; and Wallis, P. 2002. The effect of UV irradiation on human-derived

Giardia lamblia

cysts, Water Res., 36(4): 963–969.

Cervero-Aragó, S.; Sommer, R.; and Araujo, R.M. 2014. Effect of UV irradiation (253.7 nm) on free

Legionella

and

Legionella

associated with its amoebae hosts, Water Res., 67: 299–309.

Chang, J.C.H.; Ossoff, S.F.; Lobe, D.C.; Dorfman, M.H.; Dumais, C.M.; Qualls, R.G.; and Johnson, J.D.

1985. UV inactivation of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49(6):

1361–1365.

Chatterley, C.; and Linden, K. 2010. Demonstration and evaluation of germicidal UV-LEDs for point-of-

use water disinfection, J. Water Health, 8(3): 479–486.

Chen, P.-Y.; Chu, X.-N.; Liu, L.; and Hu, J.-Y. 2015. Effects of salinity and temperature on inactivation

and repair potential of

Enterococcus faecalis

following medium- and low-pressure ultraviolet

irradiation, J. Appl. Microbiol., 120: 816–825.

Chen, R.-Z.; Craik, S.A.; and Bolton, J.R. 2009. Comparison of the action spectra and relative DNA

absorbance spectra of microorganisms: information important for the determination of germicidal

fluence (UV dose) in an ultraviolet disinfection of water, Water Res., 43: 5087–5096.

Chevrefils, G.; Caron, É.; Wright, H.; Sakamoto, G.; Payment, P.; Barbeau, B.; and Cairns, B. 2006.

IUVA News, 8(1): 38–45.

Clancy, J.L.; Bukhari, Z.; Hargy, T.M.; Bolton, J.R.; Dussert, B.W.; and Marshall, M.M. 2000. Using UV

to inactive

Cryptosporidium,

J. AWWA, 92(9): 97–104.

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Clancy, J.L.; Marshall, M.M.; Hargy, T.M.; and Korich, D.G. 2004. Susceptibility of five strains of

“Cryptosporidium

parvum”

oocysts to UV light, J. AWWA, 96(3): 84–93.

Clauß, M. 2006. Higher effectiveness of photoinactivation of bacterial spores, UV resistant vegetative

bacteria and mold spores with 222 nm compared to 254 nm wavelength, Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol,

34(6): 525–532.

Clauß, M.; Mannesmann, R.; and Kolch, A. 2005.

Photoreactivation of

Escherichia coli

and

Yersinia

enterolytica

after irradiation with a 222 nm excimer lamp compared to a 254 nm low-pressure

mercury lamp,

Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol., 33(6): 579–584.

Collins, F.M. 1971. Relative susceptibility of acid-fast and non-acid-fast bacteria to ultraviolet light, Appl.

Microbiol, 21(3): 411–413.

Coohill, T.P.; and Sagripanti, J.-L. 2008. Overview of the inactivation by 254 nm ultraviolet radiation of

bacteria with particular relevance to biodefense, Photochem. Photobiol., 84(5): 1084–1090.

Craik, S.A.; Finch, G.R.; Bolton, J.R.; and Belosevic, M. 2000. Inactivation of

Giardia muris

cysts using

medium-pressure ultraviolet radiation in filtered drinking water, Water Res., 34(18): 4325–4332.

Craik, S.A.; Weldon, D.; Finch, G.R.; Bolton, J.R.; and Belosevic, M. 2001. Inactivation of

Cryptosporidium parvum

oocysts using medium- and low-pressure ultraviolet radiation, Water Res.,

35(6): 1387–1398.

de Roda Husman, A.M.; Bijkerk, P.; Lodder, W.; van den Berg, H.; Pribil, W.; Cabaj, A.; Gehringer, P.;

Sommer, R.; and Duizer, E. 2004. Calicivirus inactivation by nonionizing (253.7-nanometer-

wavelength [UV]) and ionizing (gamma) radiation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70(9): 5089–5093.

Diston, D.; Ebdon, J.E.; and Taylor, H.D. 2012. The effect of UV-C radiation (254 nm) on candidate

microbial source tracking phages infecting a human-specific strain of

Bacteroides fragilis

(GB-24), J.

Water Health, 10(2): 262–270.

Donnellan, Jr., J.E.; and Stafford, R.S. 1968. The ultraviolet photochemistry and photobiology of

vegetative cells and spores of

Bacillus megaterium,

Biophys. J., 8:17–28.

Dumètre, A.; Le Bras, C.; Baffet, M.; Meneceur, P.; Dubey, J.P.; Derouin, F.; Duguet, J.-P.; Joyeux, M.;

and Moulin, L. 2008. Effects of ozone and ultraviolet radiation treatments on the infectivity of

Toxoplasma gondii

oocysts, Vetin. Parasitol., 153: 209–213.

Eischeid, A.C.; and Linden, K.G. 2007. Efficiency of pyrimidine dimer formation in

Escherichia coli

across UV wavelengths, J. Appl. Microbiol., 103: 1650–1656.

Eischeid, A.C.; Meyer, J.N.; and Linden, K.G. 2009. UV disinfection of adenoviruses: molecular

indications of DNA damage efficiency, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75(1): 23–28.

Gates, F.L. 1929. A study of the bacterial action of ultraviolet light I. The reaction to monochromatic

radiations, J. Gen. Physiol., 13: 231–248.

Gerba, C.P.; Gramos, D.M.; and Nwachuku, N. 2002. Comparative inactivation of enteroviruses and

adenovirus 2 by UV light, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(10): 5167–5169.

Gerrity, D.; Ryu, H.; Crittenden, J.; and Abbaszadegan, M. 2008. UV inactivation of adenovirus type 4

measured by integrated cell culture qPCR, J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A, 43(14): 1628–1638.

Giese, N.; and Darby, J. 2000. Sensitivity of microorganisms to different wavelengths of UV light:

implications on modeling of medium pressure UV systems, Water Res., 34(16): 4007–4013.

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Guo, H.; and Hu, J. 2012. Effect of hybrid coagulation–membrane filtration on downstream UV

disinfection, Desalin., 290: 115–124.

Guo, H.; Chu, X.; and Hu, J. 2010. Effect of host cells on low- and medium-pressure UV inactivation of

adenoviruses, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 76(21): 7068–7075.

Guo, M.; Hu, H.; Bolton, J.R.; and Gamal El-Din, M. 2009. Comparison of low- and medium-pressure

ultraviolet lamps: Photoreactivation of

Escherichia coli

and total coliforms in secondary effluents of

municipal wastewater treatment plants, Water Res., 43(3): 815–821.

Harris, G.D.; Adams, V.D.; Sorensen, D.L.; and Curtis, M.S. 1987. Ultraviolet inactivation of selected

bacteria and viruses with photoreactivation of the bacteria, Water Res., 21(6): 687–692.

Havelaar, A.H.; Meulemans, C.C.E.; Pot-Hogeboom, W.M.; and Koster, J. 1990. Inactivation of

bacteriophage MS2 in wastewater effluent with monochromatic and polychromatic ultraviolet light,

Water Res., 24(11): 1387–1393.

Hayes, S.L.; Rice, E.W.; Ware, M.W.; and Schaefer III, F.W. 2003. Low pressure ultraviolet studies for

inactivation of

Giardia muris

cysts, J. Appl. Microbiol., 94(1): 54–59.

Hayes, S.L.; White, K.M.; and Rodgers, M.R. 2006. Assessment of the effectiveness of low-pressure UV

light for inactivation of

Helicobacter pylori,

Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72(5): 3763–3765.

Hayes, S.L.; Sivaganesan, M.; White, K.M.; and Pfaller, S.L. 2008. Assessing the effectiveness of low-

pressure ultraviolet light for inactivating

Mycobacterium avium

complex (MAC) micro-organisms, Lett.

Appl. Microbiol., 47(5): 386–392.

Hijnen, W.A.M.; Beerendonk, E.F.; and Medema, G.J. 2006. Inactivation credit of UV radiation for

viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: A review, Water Res., 40(1): 3–22.

Hoyer, O. 1998. Testing performance and monitoring of UV systems for drinking water disinfection,

Water Supply, 16(1/2): 419–424.

Hu, X.; Geng, S.; Wang, X.; and Hu, C. 2012. Inactivation and photorepair of enteric pathogenic

microorganisms with ultraviolet irradiation, Environ. Eng. Sci., 29(6): 549–553.

Huffman, D.E.; Gennaccaro, A.; Rose, J.B.; and Dussert, B.W. 2002. Low- and medium-pressure UV

inactivation of microsporidia

Encephalitozoon intestinalis,

Water Res., 36(12): 3161–3164.

Jenny, R.M.; Simmons III, O.D.; Shatalov, M.; and Ducoste, J.J. 2014. Modeling a continuous flow

ultraviolet Light Emitting Diode reactor using computational fluid dynamics, Chem. Eng. Sci., 116:

524–535.

Jin, S.; Mofidi, A.A.; and Linden, K.G. 2006. Polychromatic UV fluence measurement using chemical

actinometry, biodosimetry, and mathematical techniques, J. Environ. Eng., 132(8): 831–841.

John, D.E.; Nwachuku, N.; Pepper, I.L.; and Gerba, C.P. 2003. Development and optimization of a

quantitative cell culture infectivity assay for the microsporidium

Encephalitozoon intestinalis

and

application to ultraviolet light inactivation, J. Microbiol. Meth., 52: 183–196.

Johnson, A.M.; Linden, K.; Ciociola, K.M.; De Leon, R.; Widmer, G.; and Rochelle, P.A. 2005. UV

inactivation of

Cryptosporidium hominis

as measured in cell culture, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71(5):

2800–2802.

Karanis, P.: Maier, W.A.; Seitz, H.M.; and Schoenen, D. 1992. UV sensitivity of protozoan parasites, J.

Water SRT – Aqua, 41(2): 95–100.

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Kim, J.K.; Petin, V.G.; and Tkhabisimova, M.D. 2004. Survival and recovery of yeast cells after

simultaneous treatment of UV light radiation and heat, Photochem. Photobiol., 79(4): 349–355.

Ko, G.; Cromeans, T.L.; and Sobsey, M.D. 2005. UV inactivation of adenovirus type 41 measured by cell

culture mRNA RT-PCR, Water Res., 39(15): 3643–3649.

Lazarova, V.; and Savoye, Ph. 2004. Technical and sanitary aspect of wastewater disinfection by UV

irradiation for landscape irrigation, Water Sci. Technol., 50(2): 203–209.

Lee, J.; Zoh, K.; and Ko, G. 2008. Inactivation and UV disinfection of murine norovirus with TiO

under

various environmental conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 74(7): 2111–2117.

Li, D.; Gu, A.Z.; He, M.; Shi, H.-C.; and Yang, W. 2009. UV inactivation and resistance of rotavirus

evaluated by integrated cell culture and real-time RT-PCR assay, Water Res., 43(13): 3261–3269.

Liltved, H.; and Landfald, B. 1996. Influence of liquid holding recovery and photoreactivation on survival

of ultraviolet-irradiated fish pathogenic bacteria, Water Res., 30(5): 1109–1114.

Liltved, H.; Vogelsang, C.; Modahl, I.; and Dannevig, B.H. 2006. High resistance of fish pathogenic

viruses to UV irradiation and ozonated seawater, Aquacult. Eng., 34(2): 72–82.

Linden, K.G.; Shin, G.-A.; Faubert, G.; Cairns, W.; and Sobsey, M.D. 2002. UV disinfection of

Giardia

lamblia

cysts in water, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(11): 2519–2522.

Linden, K.G.; Thurston, J.; Schaefer, R.; and Malley, Jr., J.P. 2007. Enhanced UV inactivation of

adenoviruses under polychromatic UV lamps, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73(23): 7571–7574.

Linden, K.G.; Lee, J.-K.; Scheible, K.; Shen, C.; and Posy, P. 2009. Demonstrating 4-log adenovirus

inactivation in a medium-pressure UV disinfection reactor, J. AWWA, 101(4): 90–99.

Mamane, H.; Bohrerova, Z.; and Linden, K.G. 2009. Evaluation of

Bacillus

spore survival and surface

morphology following chlorine and ultraviolet disinfection in water, J. Environ. Eng., 135(8): 692–699.

Mamane-Gravetz, H.; and Linden, K.G. 2004. UV disinfection of indigenous aerobic spores: implications

for UV reactor validation in unfiltered waters, Water Res., 38: 2898–2906.

Mamane-Gravetz, H.; Linden, K.G.; Cabaj, A.; and Sommer, R. 2005. Spectral sensitivity of

Bacillus

subtilis

spores and MS2 Coliphage for validation testing of ultraviolet reactors for water disinfection,

Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(20): 7845–7852.

Martin, E.L.; Reinhardt, R.L.; Baum, L.L.; Becker, M.R.; Shaffer, J.J.; and Kokjohn, T.A. 2000. The

effects of ultraviolet radiation on the moderate halophile

Halomonas elongata

and the extreme

halophile

Halobacterium salinarum,

Can. J. Microbiol., 46(2): 180–187.

Matafonova, G.G.; Batoev, V.B.; and Linden, K.G. 2012. Impact of scattering of UV radiation from an

exciplex lamp on the efficacy of photocatalytic inactivation of

Escherichia coli

cells in water, J. Appl.

Spect., 79(2): 296–301.

Maya, C.; Beltrán, N.; Jiménez, B.; and Bonilla, P. 2003. Evaluation of the UV disinfection process in

bacteria and amphizoic amoeba inactivation. Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply, 3(4): 285–291.

McKinney, C.W.; and Pruden, A. 2012. Ultraviolet disinfection of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their

antibiotic resistance genes in water and wastewater, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46: 13393–13400.

Meng, Q.S.; and Gerba, C.P. 1996. Comparative inactivation of enteric adenoviruses, poliovirus and

coliphages by ultraviolet irradiation, Water Res., 30(11): 2665–2668.

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Mofidi, A.A.; Meyer, E.A.; Wallis, P.M.; Chou, C.I.; Meyer, B.P.; Ramalingam, S.; and Coffey, B.M. 2002.

The effect of UV light on the inactivation of

Giardia lamblia

and

Giardia muris

cysts as determined by

animal infectivity assay (P-2951-01), Water Res., 36(8): 2098–2108.

Moreno-Andrés, J.; Romero-Martínez, L.; Acevedo-Merino, A.; and Nebot, E. 2016. Determining

disinfection efficiency on

E. faecalis

in saltwater by photolysis of H

: Implications for ballast water

treatment. Chem Eng. J., 283: 1339–1348.

Morita, S.; Namikoshi, A.; Hirata, T.; Oguma, K.; Katayama, H.; Ohgaki, S.; Motoyama, N.; and Fujiwara,

M. 2002. Efficacy of UV irradiation in inactivating

Cryptosporidium parvum

oocysts, Appl. Environ.

Microbiol., 68(11): 5387–5393.

Nicholson, W.L.; and Galeano, B. 2003. UV resistance of

Bacillus anthracis

spores revisited: validation

Bacillus subtilis

spores as UV surrogates for spores of

B. anthracis Sterne,

Appl. Environ.

Microbiol., 69(2): 1327–1330.

Nieuwstad, Th.J.; and Havelaar, A.H. 1994. The kinetics of batch ultraviolet inactivation of bacteriophage

MS2 and microbiological calibration of an ultraviolet pilot plant, J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A, 29(9):

1993–2007.

Nuanualsuwan, S.; Thongtha, P.; Kamolsiripichaiporn, S.; and Subharat, S. 2008. UV inactivation and

model of UV inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in suspension, Int. J. Food Microbiol.,

127(1–2): 84–90.

Nwachuku, N.; Gerba, C.P.; Oswald, A.; and Mashadi, F.D. 2005. Comparative inactivation of

adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71(9): 5633–5636.

Oguma, K.; Katayama, H.; Mitani, H.; Morita, S.; Hirata, T.; and Ohgaki, S. 2001. Determination of

pyridine dimers in

Escherichia coli

and

Cryptosporidium

parvum during UV light inactivation,

photoreactivation, and dark repair, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67(10): 4630–4637.

Oguma, K.; Katayama, H.; and Ohgaki, S. 2002. Photoreactivation of

Escherichia coli

after low- or

medium-pressure UV disinfection determined by an endonuclease sensitive site assay, Appl.

Environ. Microbiol., 68(12): 6029–6035.

Oguma, K.; Katayama, H.; and Ohgaki, S. 2004. Photoreactivation of

Legionella pneumophila

after

inactivation by low- or medium-pressure ultraviolet lamp, Water Res., 38(11): 2757–2763.

Oguma, K.; Kita, R.; Sakai, H.; Murakami, M.; and Takizawa, S. 2013. Application of UV light emitting

diodes to batch and flow-through water disinfection systems, Desalin., 328: 24–30.

Oguma, K.; Rattanakul, S.; and Bolton, J.R. 2015. Application of UV Light–Emitting Diodes to

adenovirus in water, J. Environ. Eng., 142(3): 1–6.

Olsen, R.O.; Hess-Erga, O.-K.; Larsen, A.; Thuestad, G.; Tobiesen, A.; and Hoell, I.A. 2015. Flow

cytometric applicability to evaluate UV inactivation of phytoplankton in marine water samples, Marine

Pollut. Bull., 96: 279–285.

Oppenheimer, J.A.; Hoagland, J.E.; Laine, J.-M.; Jacangelo, J.G.; and Bhamrah, A. 1993. Microbial

inactivation and characterization of toxicity and by-products occurring in reclaimed wastewater

disinfected with UV radiation, in Water Environment Federation Plan, Description and Operations of

Effluent Disinfection Systems, Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA.

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Otaki, M.; Okuda, A.; Tajima, K.; Iwasaki, T.; Kinoshita, S.; and Ohgaki, S. 2003. Inactivation differences

of microorganisms by low pressure UV and pulsed xenon lamps, Water Sci. Technol., 47(3): 185–

190.

Park, G.W.; Linden, K.G. and Sobsey, M.D. 2011. Inactivation of murine norovirus, feline calcivirus and

echovirus 12 as surrogates for human norovirus (NoV) and coliphage (F+) MS2 by ultraviolet light

(254 nm) and the effect of cell association on UV inactivation, Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 52: 162–167.

Pennell, K.G.; Naunovic, Z.; and Blatchley, III, E.R. 2008. Sequential inactivation of

Bacillus subtilis

spores with ultraviolet radiation and iodine, J. Environ. Eng., 134(7): 513–520.

Pereira, V.J.; Ricardo, J.; Galinha, R.; Benoliel, M.J.; and Barreto Crespo, M.T. 2013. Occurrence and

low pressure ultraviolet inactivation of yeasts in real water sources, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 12:

626–630.

Qian, S.S.; Donnelly, M.; Schmelling, D.C.; Messner, M.; Linden, K.G.; and Cotton, C. 2004. Ultraviolet

light inactivation of protozoa in drinking water: a Bayesian meta-analysis, Water Res., 38(2): 317–

326.

Qian, S.S.; Linden, K.; and Donnelly, M. 2005. A Bayesian analysis of mouse infectivity data to evaluate

the effectiveness of using ultraviolet light as a drinking water disinfectant, Water Res., 39(17): 4229–

4239.

Qiu, X.; Sundin, G.W.; Chai, B.; and Tiedje, J.M. 2004. Survival of

Shewanella oneidensis

MR-1 after UV

radiation exposure, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70(11): 6435–6443.

Quails, R.G.; and Johnson J.D. 1983. Bioassay and dose measurement in UV disinfection, Appl.

Environ. Microbiol., 45(3): 872–877.

Quek, P.H.; and Hu, J. 2008. Indicators for photoreactivation and dark repair studies following ultraviolet

disinfection, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 35: 533–541.

Rattanakul, S.; Oguma, K.; Sakai, H.; and Takizawa, S. 2014. Inactivation of viruses by combination

processes of UV and chlorine, J. Water Environ. Technol., 12(6): 511–523.

Rattanakul, S.; Oguma, K.; and Takizawa, S. 2015. Sequential and simultaneous applications of UV and

chlorine for Adenovirus inactivation, Food Environ. Virol., 7: 295–304.

Rauth, A.M. 1965. The physical state of viral nucleic acid and the sensitivity of viruses to ultraviolet light,

Biophys. J., 5(3): 257–273.

Rodríguez, R.A.; Bounty, S.; and Linden, K.G. 2013. Long-range quantitative PCR for determining

inactivation of adenovirus 2 by ultraviolet light, J. Appl. Microbiol., 114: 1854–1865.

Rodríguez, R.A.; Bounty, S.: Beck, S.; Chan, C.; McGuire, C.; and Linden, K.G. 2014. Photoreactivation

of bacteriophages after UV disinfection: Role of genome structure and impacts of UV source, Water

Res., 55: 143–149.

Rose, L.J.; and O’Connell, H. 2009. UV light inactivation of bacterial biothreat agents, Appl. Environ.

Microbiol., 75,(9): 2987–2990.

Ryu, H.; Gerrity, D.; Crittenden, J.C.; and Abbaszadegan, M. 2008. Photocatalytic inactivation of

Cryptosporidium parvum

with TiO

and low-pressure ultraviolet irradiation, Water Res., 42(6-7):

1523–1530.

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Ryu, H.; Cashdollar, J.L.; Fout, G.S.; Schrantz, K.A.; and Hayes, S. 2015. Applicability of integrated cell

culture quantitative PCR (ICC-qPCR) for the detection of infectious adenovirus type 2 in UV

disinfection studies, J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A, 50(8): 777–787.

Sakai, H.; Katayama, H.; Oguma, K.; and Ohgaki, S. 2011. Effect of photoreactivation on ultraviolet

inactivation of

Microcystis aeruginosa,

Water Sci. Technol., 63(6): 1224–1229.

Sarkar, P.; and Gerba, C.P. 2012. Inactivation of

Naegleria fowleri

by chlorine and ultraviolet light, J.

AWWA, 104(3): E173–E180.

Sharp, D.G. 1939. The lethal action of short ultraviolet rays on several common pathogenic bacteria, J.

Bacteriol., 37: 447–460.

Sherchan, S.P.; Snyder, S.A.; Gerba, C.P.; and Pepper, I.L. 2014. Inactivation of MS2 coliphage by UV

and hydrogen peroxide: Comparison by cultural and molecular methodologies, J. Environ. Sci.

Health, Part A, 49(4): 397–403.

Shin, G.-A.; Linden, K.G.; Arrowood, M.J.; and Sobsey, M.D. 2001. Low-Pressure UV inactivation and

DNA repair potential of

Cryptosporidium parvum

oocysts, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67(7): 3029–

3032.

Shin, G.-A.; Linden, K.G.; and Sobsey, M.D. 2005. Low pressure ultraviolet inactivation of pathogenic

enteric viruses and bacteriophages, J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 4(Suppl. 1): S7–S11.

Shin, G.-A.; Lee, J.-K.; Freeman, R.; and Cangelosi, G.A. 2008. Inactivation of

Mycobacterium avium

complex by UV irradiation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 74(22): 7067–7069.

Shin, G.-A.; Lee, J.-K.; and Linden, K.G. 2009. Enhanced effectiveness of medium-pressure ultraviolet

lamps on human adenovirus and its possible mechanism, Water Sci. Technol., 60(4): 851–857.

Sholtes, K.A.; Lowe, K.; Walters, G.W.; Sobsey, M.D.; Linden, K.G.; and Casanova, L.M. 2016.

Comparison of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes and low-pressure mercury-arc lamps for disinfection of

water, Environ. Technol., Online: DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1144798

Simonet, J.; and Gantzer, C. 2006. Inactivation of poliovirus 1 and F-specific RNA phages and

degradation of their genomes by UV irradiation at 254 nanometers, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72(12):

7671–7677.

Simons, R.; Gabbai, U.E.; and Moram, M.A. 2014. Optical fluence modelling for ultraviolet light emitting

diode-based water treatment systems, Water Res., 66: 338–349.

Singh, P.K. 1975. Photoreactivation of UV-irradiated blue-green algae and algal virus LPP-1, Arch.

Microbiol., 103: 297–302.

Sirikanchana, K.; Shisler, J.L.; and Mariñas, B.J. 2008. Effect of exposure to UV-C irradiation and

monochloramine on adenovirus serotype 2 early protein expression and DNA replication, Appl.

Environ. Microbiol., 74(12): 3774–3782.

Sommer, R.; Weber, G.; Cabaj, A.; Wekerle, J.; Keck, G.; and Schauberger, G. 1989. [UV-inactivation of

microorganisms in water] (article in German), Zentralblatt für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin = Int. J.

Hygiene Environ. Med., 189(3): 214–224.

Sommer, R.; Haider, T.; Cabaj, A.; Pribil, W.; and Lhotsky, M. 1998. Time dose reciprocity in UV

disinfection of water, Water Sci. Technol, 38(12): 145–150.

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Sommer, R.; Cabaj, A.; Sandu, T.; and Lhotsky, M. 1999. Measurement of UV radiation using

suspensions of microorganisms. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol., 53(1-3), 1–6.

Sommer, R.; Lhotsky, M.; Haider, T.; and Cabaj, A. 2000. UV inactivation, liquid-holding recovery, and

photoreactivation of

Escherichia coli

O157 and other pathogenic

Escherichia coli

strains in water, J.

Food Protect., 63(8): 1015–1020.

Sommer, R.; Pribil, W.; Appelt, S.; Gehringer, P.; Eschweiler, H.; Leth, H.; Cabaj, A.; and Haider, T.

2001. Inactivation of bacteriophages in water by means of non-ionizing (UV-253.7 nm) and ionizing

(gamma) radiation: a comparative approach, Water Res., 35(13): 3109–3116.

Song, A.; Liu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y. 2015. Effect of sodium alginate on UVC inactivation of coliphage

MS2, RSC Adv., 5(127): 104779-104784.

Stamm, L.V.; and Charon, N.W. 1988. Sensitivity of pathogenic and free-living

Leptospira spp.

to UV

radiation and mitomycin C, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54(3): 728–733.

Sun, W.; and Liu, W. 2009. A pilot-scale study on ultraviolet disinfection system for drinking water, J.

Water Supply: Res. Technol. – Aqua, 58(5): 346–353.

Taylor-Edmonds, L.; Lichi, T.; Rotstein-Mayer, A.; and Mamane, H. 2015. The impact of dose, irradiance

and growth conditions on

Aspergillus niger

(renamed

A. brasiliensis)

spores low-pressure (LP) UV

inactivation, J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A, 50: 341–347.

Templeton, M.R.; Hofmann, R.; Andrews, R.C.; and Whitby, G.E. 2006. Biodosimetry testing of a

simplified computational model for the UV disinfection of wastewater, J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 5(1): 29–

36.

Templeton, M.; Oddy, F.; Leung, W.-K.; and Rogers, M. 2009. Chlorine and UV disinfection of ampicillin-

resistant and trimethoprim-resistant

Escherichia coli,

Can. J. Civil Eng., 36(5): 889–894.

Thompson, S.S.; Jackson, J.L.; Suva-Castillo, M.; Yanko, W.A.; El Jack, Z.; Kuo, J.; Chen, C.-L.;

Williams, F.P.; and Schnurr, D.P. 2003. Detection of infectious human adenoviruses in tertiary-

treated and ultraviolet-disinfected wastewater, Water Environ. Res., 75(2): 163–170.

Thurston-Enriquez, J.A.; Haas, C.N.; Jacangelo, J.; Riley, K.; and Gerba, C.P. 2003. Inactivation of

feline calicivirus and adenovirus Type 40 by UV radiation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69(1): 577–582.

Timchak, E.; and Gitis, V. 2012. A combined degradation of dyes and inactivation of viruses by UV and

UV/H

, Chem. Eng. J., 192: 164–170.

Tosa, K.; and Hirata, T. 1999. Photoreactivation of enterhemorrhagic

Escherichia coli

following UV

disinfection, Water Res., 33(2): 361–366.

Tree, J.A.; Adams, M.R.; and Lees, D.N. 2005. Disinfection of feline calicivirus (a surrogate for

Norovirus) in wastewaters, J. Appl. Microbiol., 98(1): 155–162.

Wang, D.; Oppenländer, T.; Gamal El-Din, M.; and Bolton, J.R. 2010. Comparison of the disinfection

effects of vacuum-UV (VUV) and UV light on

Bacillus subtilis

spores in aqueous suspensions at 172,

222, 254 nm, Photochem. Photobiol., 86(1): 176–181.

Ware, M.W.; Augustine, S.A.J.; Erisman, D.O.; See, M.J.; Wymer, L.; Hayes, S.L.; Dubey, J.P.; and

Villegas, E.N. 2010. Determining UV inactivation of

Toxoplasma gondii

oocysts by using cell culture

and a mouse bioassay, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 76(15): 5140–5147.

SUU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 251: Henvendelse fra UVCbyEFSEN vedr. foretræde om UVC bestrålingens effekt på virus overlevelse

Wiedenmann, A.; Fischer, B.; Straub, U.; Wang, C.-H.; Flehmig, B.; and Schoenen, D. 1993. Disinfection

of hepatitis A virus and MS-2 coliphage in water by ultraviolet irradiation: comparison of UV-

susceptibility, Water Sci. Technol., 27(3-4): 335–338.

Wilson, B.R.; Roessler, P.F.; Van Dellen, E.; Abbaszadegan, M.; and Gerba, C.P. 1992. Coliphage MS2

as a UV water disinfection efficacy test surrogate for bacterial and viral pathogens, Proceedings of

the American Water Works Association Water Quality Technology Conference, Nov 15–19, Toronto,

Canada, 1992.

Wright. H.; and Sakamoto, G. 1999. UV dose required to achieve incremental log inactivation of

bacteria, virus, and protozoa, Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada.

Wu, Y.; Clevenger, T.; and Deng, B. 2005. Impacts of goethite particles on UV disinfection of drinking

water, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71(7): 4140–4143.

Würtele, M.A.; Kolbe, T.; Lipsz, M.; Külberg, A.; Weyers, M.; Kneissl, M.; Jekel, M. 2010. Application of

GaN-based ultraviolet-C light emitting diodes – UV LEDs – for water disinfection. Water Res., 45:

1481–1489.

Yaun, B.R.; Sumner, S.S.; Eifert, J.D.; and Marcy, J.E. 2003. Response of

Salmonella

and

Escherichia

coli

O157:H7 to UV Energy, J. Food Protect., 66(6): 1071–1073.

Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, L.; and Tan, C. 2014. Factors affecting UV/H

inactivation of

Bacillus

atrophaeus

spores in drinking water, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol., 134: 9–15.

Zimmer, J.L. and Slawson, R.M. 2002. Potential repair of

Escherichia coli

DNA following exposure to UV

radiation from both medium- and low pressure UV sources used in drinking water treatment, Appl.

Environ. Microbiol., 68(7): 3293–3299.

Zimmer, J.L.; Slawson, R.M.; and Huck, P.M. 2003. Inactivation and potential repair of

Cryptosporidium

parvum

following low- and medium-pressure ultraviolet irradiation, Water Res., 37(14): 3517–3523.