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CORRUPTION

PERCEPTIONS

INDEX

2021

REU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 135: Henvendelse af 25/1-22 fra Transparency International Danmark om den årlige måling af korruption i verden (CPI 2021)

Transparency International is a global movement with

one vision: a world in which government, business,

civil society and the daily lives of people are free of

corruption. With more than 100 chapters worldwide and

an international secretariat in Berlin, we are leading the

fight against corruption to turn this vision into reality.

#cpi2021

www.transparency.org/cpi

Cover image: Amy Chiniara

Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information

contained in this report. All information was believed to be correct as of

January 2022. Nevertheless, Transparency International cannot accept

responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in

other contexts.

ISBN: 978-3-96076-198-3

2022 Transparency International. Except where otherwise noted, this

work is licensed under CC BY-ND 4.0 DE. Quotation permitted. Please

contact Transparency International –

[email protected]

–

regarding derivatives requests.

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CORRUPTION

PERCEPTIONS

INDEX

2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2-3

Map and results

11-14

Regional highlights

Americas

Asia Pacific

Eastern Europe and

Central Asia

Middle East and North

Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Western Europe and

European Union

Endnotes

4-5

Executive summary

Recommendations

6-7

Global highlights

8-10

Human rights and

corruption

Methodology

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TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

HOW DOES

YOUR COUNTRY

MEASURE UP?

180 COUNTRIES.

180 SCORES.

The perceived levels of public sector corruption

in 180 countries/territories around the world.

SCORE

Highly

Corrupt

0-9

10-19

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70-79

80-89

90-100

Very

Clean

No data

SCORE COUNTRY/TERRITORY

Denmark

Finland

New Zealand

Norway

Singapore

Sweden

Switzerland

Netherlands

Luxembourg

Germany

United Kingdom

Hong Kong

Canada

Iceland

Ireland

Estonia

Austria

Australia

Belgium

Japan

Uruguay

France

Seychelles

United Arab

Emirates

Bhutan

Taiwan

Chile

United States of

America

Barbados

Bahamas

Qatar

Korea, South

Portugal

Lithuania

Spain

Israel

Latvia

Saint Vincent and

the Grenadines

Cabo Verde

Costa Rica

Slovenia

Italy

Poland

Saint Lucia

Botswana

Dominica

Fiji

Georgia

Czechia

Malta

Mauritius

Grenada

Cyprus

Rwanda

Saudi Arabia

Oman

Slovakia

Armenia

Greece

Jordan

Namibia

Malaysia

Croatia

Cuba

Montenegro

China

Romania

Sao Tome and

Principe

Vanuatu

Jamaica

South Africa

Tunisia

Ghana

Hungary

Kuwait

Senegal

Solomon Islands

Bahrain

Benin

Burkina Faso

Bulgaria

Timor-Leste

Belarus

Trinidad and

Tobago

India

Maldives

Kosovo

Colombia

Ethiopia

Guyana

Morocco

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CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2021

North Macedonia

Suriname

Tanzania

Vietnam

Argentina

Brazil

Indonesia

Lesotho

Serbia

Turkey

Gambia

Kazakhstan

Sri Lanka

Cote d'Ivoire

Ecuador

Moldova

Panama

Peru

Albania

Bosnia and

Herzegovina

Malawi

Mongolia

Thailand

El Salvador

Sierra Leone

Egypt

Nepal

Philippines

Zambia

Algeria

Eswatini

Ukraine

Gabon

Mexico

Niger

Papua New

Guinea

Azerbaijan

Bolivia

Djibouti

Dominican

Republic

Laos

Paraguay

Togo

Kenya

Angola

Liberia

Mali

Russia

Mauritania

Myanmar

Pakistan

Uzbekistan

Cameroon

Kyrgyzstan

Uganda

Bangladesh

Madagascar

Mozambique

Guatemala

Guinea

Iran

Tajikistan

Lebanon

Nigeria

Central African

Republic

Cambodia

Honduras

Iraq

Zimbabwe

Eritrea

Congo

Guinea Bissau

Chad

Comoros

Haiti

Nicaragua

Sudan

Burundi

Democratic

Republic of the

Congo

Turkmenistan

Equatorial Guinea

Libya

Afghanistan

Korea, North

Yemen

Venezuela

Somalia

Syria

South Sudan

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TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY

Two years into the devastating COVID-19 pandemic, this year’s

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) reveals that corruption levels

have stagnated worldwide. Despite commitments on paper, 131

countries have made no significant progress against corruption

over the last decade and this year 27 countries are at historic

lows in their CPI score.

Meanwhile, human rights and democracy

across the world are under assault.

This is no coincidence. Corruption

enables human rights abuses,

setting off a vicious and escalating

spiral. As rights and freedoms are

eroded, democracy declines and

authoritarianism takes its place,

which in turn enables higher

levels of corruption.

The past year has brought

disturbing examples of this,

from the killing of human rights

defenders

and the closing of

media outlets,

to government

spying scandals like the Pegasus

Project.

Increasingly, rights and

checks and balances are being

undermined not only in countries

with systemic corruption and

weak institutions, but also among

established democracies.

Respecting human rights

is essential for controlling

corruption because empowered

citizens have the space to

challenge injustice.

The global COVID-19 pandemic

has also been used in many

countries as an excuse to curtail

basic freedoms

and side-step

important checks and balances.

And despite the increasing

international momentum to end

the abuse of anonymous shell

companies, many high-scoring

countries with relatively “clean”

public sectors continue to enable

transnational corruption.

There is an urgent need to

accelerate the fight against

corruption if we are to halt

human rights abuses and

democratic decline across

the globe.

180

100

COUNTRIES

SCORED

THE CPI USES A SCALE

FROM

0 TO 100

The CPI scores

180 countries and territories

by their

perceived

levels of public sector corruption, according

to experts and business people.

100 is

very clean

and 0 is

highly corrupt

2/3

OF COUNTRIES SCORE BELOW

/100

THE

AVERAGE

SCORE IS

/100

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CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2021

In authoritarian contexts where control rests

with a few, social movements are the last

remaining check on power. It is the collective

power held by ordinary people from all walks of

life that will ultimately deliver accountability.

Daniel Eriksson

Chief Executive Officer, Transparency International Secretariat

Photo: Transparency International

Recommendations

Corruption may be a multifaceted problem, but it is one we know how to solve. To end the vicious cycle of

corruption, human rights violations and democratic decline, people should demand that their governments:

1. UPHOLD THE RIGHTS NEEDED TO

HOLD POWER TO ACCOUNT

Governments should roll back any disproportionate

restrictions on freedoms of expression, association

and assembly introduced since the onset of the

pandemic. Ensuring justice for crimes against human

rights defenders must also be an urgent priority.

2. RESTORE AND STRENGTHEN

INSTITUTIONAL CHECKS ON POWER

Public oversight bodies such as anti-corruption

agencies and supreme audit institutions need to be

independent, well-resourced and empowered to

detect and sanction wrongdoing. Parliaments and the

courts should also be vigilant in preventing executive

overreach.

3. COMBAT TRANSNATIONAL

CORRUPTION

4. UPHOLD THE RIGHT TO

INFORMATION IN GOVERNMENT

SPENDING

As part of their COVID-19 recovery efforts,

governments must make good on their pledge

contained in the June 2021 UNGASS political

declaration to include anti-corruption safeguards in

public procurement. Maximum transparency in public

spending protects lives and livelihoods.

Governments in advanced economies need to fix

the systemic weaknesses that allow cross-border

corruption to go undetected or unsanctioned. They

must close legal loopholes, regulate professional

enablers of financial crime, and ensure that the

corrupt and their accomplices cannot escape justice.

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TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

GLOBAL HIGHLIGHTS

The results of this year’s CPI show that countries with well-

protected civil and political liberties generally control corruption

better. The fundamental freedoms of association and expression

are crucial in the fight for a world free of corruption.

The index ranks 180 countries

and territories by their perceived

levels of public sector corruption

according to experts and

business people. It relies on 13

independent data sources and

uses a scale of zero to 100, where

zero is highly corrupt and 100 is

very clean.

More than two-thirds of countries

(68 per cent) score below 50 and

the average global score remains

static at 43. Since 2012, 25

countries significantly improved

their scores, but in the same

period 23 countries significantly

declined.

Meanwhile, the scores of several

democracies that used to top

the index and champion anti-

corruption efforts around the

world are deteriorating. Many

of these high-scoring countries

remain safe havens for corrupt

individuals from abroad.

HIGHEST

SCORING REGION

LOWEST

SCORING REGION

WESTERN EUROPE &

EUROPEAN UNION

SUB-SAHARAN

AFRICA

/100

AVERAGE REGIONAL SCORE

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CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2021

This year, the top countries are

Denmark, Finland and New

Zealand, each with a score of

88. Norway, Singapore, Sweden,

Switzerland, the Netherlands,

Luxembourg and Germany

complete the top 10.

South Sudan, Syria and

Somalia remain at the bottom

of the index. Countries

experiencing armed conflict or

authoritarianism tend to earn

the lowest scores, including

Venezuela, Yemen, North Korea,

Afghanistan, Libya, Equatorial

Guinea and Turkmenistan.

Overall, the CPI shows that

control of corruption has

stagnated or worsened in 86

per cent of countries over the

last decade.

CPI SCORE CHANGES, 2012-2021

Number of countries that the underlying data sources largely agree improved or

declined, over the period 2012 to 2021, for all 179 countries with data available.

131

COUNTRIES

IMPROVED

COUNTRIES

DECLINED

COUNTRIES

STAYED THE SAME

MOST SIGNIFICANT FIVE-YEAR MOVERS

Countries that the underlying data sources largely agree improved or declined, over the period 2017 to 2021. A full list of all

statistically significant changes is available in the CPI 2021 dataset.

CPI 2021

CPI 2017

CPI GLOBAL AVERAGE

-8

+14

+10

-6

-4

-6

CPI SCORE

PI A

HI O

K IS

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TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

HUMAN RIGHTS AND

CORRUPTION

Transparency International’s analysis demonstrates that

upholding human rights is crucial in the fight against corruption,

with countries who violate civil liberties scoring lower on the CPI.

From the repression of opposition

supporters in Belarus,

to the

closing of media outlets

and

civil society organisations

Nicaragua, the deadly violence

against protesters in Sudan

and the killing of human rights

defenders in the Philippines,

human rights and democracy are

under threat. Since 2012, 90 per

cent of countries have stagnated

or declined in their civil liberties

score.

Corruption undermines the ability

of governments to guarantee the

human rights of their citizens.

This affects the delivery of public

services, the dispensation of

justice and the provision of

safety for all. In particular, grand

corruption committed by high-

level officials usually combines

the large-scale, transnational

theft of public funds with gross

human rights violations.

Our analysis shows that such

corruption schemes – often

facilitated by advanced

economies who score well on the

CPI – exacerbate repression by

allowing autocrats to:

1. Enjoy looted funds.

Employing complicit bankers,

lawyers and real-estate brokers

in major financial centres, the

corrupt can store their illicit

gains, reward cronies and further

concentrate their power.

2. Launder their reputation

abroad.

By bribing foreign

politicians and employing

western public relations firms

and lobbyists,

authoritarian

and kleptocratic regimes soften

international pressure on their

human rights record.

3. Evade accountability.

Through the abuse of secret

companies and anonymous

investments, the corrupt can

hide their wrongdoing from law

enforcement or judicial bodies

and escape consequences.

Human rights are not simply a nice-to-have in

the fight against corruption. Authoritarianism

makes anti-corruption efforts dependent

on the whims of an elite. Ensuring that civil

society and the media can speak freely and

hold power to account is the only sustainable

route to a corruption-free society.

Delia Ferreira Rubio

Chair, Transparency International

Photo:

World Economic Forum/Benedikt von Loebell

/ CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

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CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2021

Fundamental rights such as

freedom of expression, freedom

of assembly and access to justice

guarantee public participation

and keep corruption in check. The

current wave of authoritarianism

is not driven by coups and

violence, but by gradual efforts

to undermine democracy.

This

usually begins with attacks on

civil and political rights, efforts

to undermine the autonomy of

oversight and election bodies,

and control of the media.

Such attacks allow corrupt

regimes to evade accountability

and criticism, creating an

environment for corruption to

flourish.

CORRUPTION AND BREACHES OF CIVIL LIBERTIES

Higher levels of corruption, as measured by the CPI, are strongly associated with breaches of civil liberties. Outliers exist, but in

most cases the relationship is causal in both directions: more corruption can lead to restrictions on civil liberties, while having

fewer civil liberties makes it harder to fight corruption.

CIVIL LIBERTIES 2020

CPI 2021

Armenia

Armenia is a success story of

the CPI in the last five years,

improving 14 points since 2017

to a score of 49. Mass protests in

2018 forced out an entrenched

political elite in favour of a

reform-minded government.

Armenia has since expanded civil

liberties, paving the way for more

sustainable civic engagement and

accountability.

Despite progress,

the reform agenda has stalled in

the past year and the government

must recommit.

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is one of the most

consistent improvers in the

CPI, from a score of just 17 in

2012 to 28 this year. Reforms

adopted since 2016 contributed

to modest increases in civil

liberties, particularly freedom

of expression.

However,

Uzbekistan remains an autocracy

and much more is needed to

achieve lasting wins against

corruption.

Singapore

A modernised economy, efficient

bureaucracy and strong rule of

law all contribute to Singapore’s

success. However, it continues to

fall far behind on human rights

such as freedom of expression

and association,

which means

that any anti-corruption success

is tied to the political will of

the ruling elite and may not be

sustainable.

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TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

Corruption and impunity make

it unsafe for people to speak up

and demand justice. Ninety-eight

per cent of the 331 murders of

human rights defenders in 2020

occurred in countries with high

levels of public sector corruption,

as shown by a CPI score of below

45. At least 20 of these cases

were human rights defenders

specifically focusing on anti-

corruption issues.

CORRUPTION AND MURDERS OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS

Highly corrupt countries account for almost all murdered human rights defenders around the world. Corruption in law

enforcement and the judiciary, as well as impunity for serious crimes, contribute to a dangerous climate.

= 1 murdered human rights defender

country with CPI ≤ 45

country with CPI > 45

Nicaragua

Nicaragua has dropped 9 points

in the index since 2012, to a

low of just 20. The long-serving

president, Daniel Ortega,

has responded to corruption

allegations with a crackdown on

media, civic space and oversight

institutions. Nicaragua’s scores

on the Freedom of Expression,

Freedom of Association and

Access to Justice indices have now

dropped to record lows.

Philippines

With a score of 33, the Philippines

is a significant decliner, having

lost 5 points since 2014. Since the

election of Rodrigo Duterte, the

Philippines has also seen a sharp

decline in freedom of association

and freedom of expression,

making it harder to speak up

about corruption.

In 2020, it

was the country with the second

highest number of murdered

human rights defenders, with a

total of 25 deaths.

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan has remained in

the bottom third of the CPI

since 2012, its score oscillating

between 25 and 30. In 2017,

the Azerbaijani Laundromat

investigation

revealed how

a vast slush fund financed the

regime’s reputation laundering

by making payments – mostly

through Danske Bank – to

politicians across Europe, while

jailing outspoken opposition and

media figures at home.

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CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2021

REGIONAL

HIGHLIGHTS

While corruption takes vastly different forms from country to

country, this year’s scores reveal that all parts of the globe are at a

standstill when it comes to fighting public sector corruption.

At the top of the CPI, countries

in Western Europe and the

European Union (EU) continue

to wrestle with transparency and

accountability in their response

to COVID-19, threatening the

region’s clean image.

In parts of Asia Pacific, the

Americas, Eastern Europe

and Central Asia, increasing

restrictions on accountability

measures and basic civil

freedoms allow corruption to go

unchecked, and even historically

high-performing countries are

showing signs of decline.

In the Middle East and North

Africa, the interests of a powerful

few continue to dominate the

political and private sphere, and

the limitations placed on civil and

political freedoms are blocking

any significant progress. In Sub-

Saharan Africa, armed conflict,

violent transitions of power

and increasing terrorist threats

combined with poor enforcement

of anti-corruption commitments

rob citizens of their basic rights

and services.

RESULTS BY REGION

Average regional scores, with top and bottom performers in each region.

WESTERN EUROPE

& EU

Average score

Top:

Denmark, Finland (88/100)

Bottom:

Bulgaria (42/100)

EASTERN EUROPE

& CENTRAL ASIA

Average score

Top:

Georgia (55/100)

Bottom:

Turkmenistan (19/100)

AMERICAS

Average score

Top:

Canada (74/100)

Bottom:

Venezuela (14/100)

MIDDLE EAST

& NORTH AFRICA

Average score

Top:

United Arab Emirates (69/100)

Bottom:

Syria (13/100)

SUB-SAHARAN

AFRICA

Average score

Top:

Seychelles (70/100)

Bottom:

South Sudan (11/100)

ASIA PACIFIC

Average score

Top:

New Zealand (88/100)

Bottom:

North Korea,

Afghanistan (16/100)

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TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

TOP SCORERS

AMERICAS

With no progress on an average

score of 43 out of 100 for the

third consecutive year, even

high performers in the Americas

are showing signs of trouble.

While the worst scores in the

region belong to non-democratic

countries – many of which are

facing humanitarian crises –

major consolidated democracies

have also remained stagnant or

fallen down the CPI.

CANADA

/100

URUGUAY

/100

CHILE

/100

UNITED STATES

/100

BOTTOM SCORERS

HAITI

/100

NICARAGUA

COUNTRIES

ASSESSED

ASIA PACIFIC

While the Asia Pacific region has

made great strides in controlling

petty corruption over the last

decade, a failure to address grand

corruption has kept the average

score stalled at 45 out of 100

for the third year running. Some

higher-scoring countries have

dropped down the index, amid

the erosion of the very freedoms

that once facilitated successful

mass movements against

corruption in the region.

/100

VENEZUELA

TOP SCORERS

BOTTOM SCORERS

NEW ZEALAND

/100

SINGAPORE

HONG KONG

CAMBODIA

/100

AFGHANISTAN

COUNTRIES

ASSESSED

NORTH KOREA

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CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2021

TOP SCORERS

EASTERN EUROPE AND

CENTRAL ASIA

With an average score of just 36

out of 100, Eastern Europe and

Central Asia is still the second

lowest performing region on the

CPI. In Central Asia, governments

have used COVID-19 as an excuse

to introduce restrictions on rights

and accountability, while populist

governments in Eastern Europe

have severely cracked down

on the freedoms of expression

and assembly needed to call out

corruption.

GEORGIA

/100

ARMENIA

/100

MONTENEGRO

/100

BOTTOM SCORERS

KYRGYZSTAN

/100

TAJIKISTAN

/100

COUNTRIES

ASSESSED

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH

AFRICA

With an average score of 39 out

of 100 for the fourth consecutive

year, the Middle East and North

Africa region is struggling to

achieve tangible results in the

fight against corruption. Systemic

political misconduct and private

interests overtaking the common

good have allowed the region –

already devastated by various

conflicts – to be ravaged by

corruption and human rights

abuses during the COVID-19

pandemic.

TOP SCORERS

BOTTOM SCORERS

TURKMENISTAN

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

/100

QATAR

/100

LIBYA

/100

YEMEN

/100

SYRIA

/100

COUNTRIES

ASSESSED

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TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

TOP SCORERS

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

With an average score of 33 out

of 100, Sub-Saharan Africa shows

no significant improvement from

previous years. The gains made

by top scorers are overshadowed

by the region’s poor performance

overall – 44 out of 49 countries

still score below 50. This

reinforces the urgent need

for African governments

to implement existing anti-

corruption commitments if they

are to alleviate the devastating

effect of corruption on millions of

citizens living in extreme poverty.

SEYCHELLES

/100

CABO VERDE

/100

BOTTOM SCORERS

BOTSWANA

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

/100

SOMALIA

/100

SOUTH SUDAN

COUNTRIES

ASSESSED

TOP SCORERS

WESTERN EUROPE AND

EUROPEAN UNION

With an average score of 66 out

of 100, Western Europe and the

EU still tops the CPI, but progress

in recent years has flatlined.

The COVID-19 pandemic has

threatened transparency and

accountability across the region,

leaving no country unscathed

and exposing worrying signs

of backsliding among even the

region’s best performers.

DENMARK

/100

FINLAND

SWEDEN

NORWAY

BOTTOM SCORERS

ROMANIA

/100

HUNGARY

COUNTRIES

ASSESSED

/100

BULGARIA

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CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2021

METHODOLOGY

The CPI aggregates data from

a number of different sources

that provide perceptions among

business people and country

experts of the level of corruption

in the public sector. The following

steps are taken to calculate the

CPI:

1. Select data sources.

Each

data source used to construct

the CPI must fulfil the following

criteria to qualify as a valid

source:

Quantifies risks or

perceptions of corruption in

the public sector

Is based on a reliable and

valid methodology

Comes from a reputable

organisation

Allows for sufficient variation

of scores to distinguish

between countries

Ranks a substantial number

of countries

Considers only the

assessments of country

experts or business people

Is regularly updated.

The CPI 2021 is calculated using

13 different data sources from 12

different institutions that capture

perceptions of corruption within

the past two years.

2. Standardise data sources

to a scale of 0-100.

This

standardisation is done by

subtracting the mean of each

source in the baseline year from

each country score, then dividing

by the standard deviation of that

source in the baseline year. This

subtraction and division using

the baseline year parameters

ensures that the CPI scores are

comparable year on year since

2012. After this procedure,

the standardised scores are

transformed to the CPI scale by

multiplying them with the value

of the CPI standard deviation in

2012 (20) and adding the mean

of the CPI in 2012 (45), so that the

dataset fits the CPI’s 0-100 scale.

3. Calculate the average.

For a

country or territory to be included

in the CPI, a minimum of three

sources must assess that country.

A country’s CPI score is then

calculated as the average of all

standardised scores available for

that country. Scores are rounded

to whole numbers.

4. Report the measure of

uncertainty.

The CPI score is

accompanied by a standard error

and confidence interval. This

captures the variation across

the data sources available for a

country or territory.

REU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 135: Henvendelse af 25/1-22 fra Transparency International Danmark om den årlige måling af korruption i verden (CPI 2021)

TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

ENDNOTES

1 The 2021 CPI score for each of

these 27 countries was the lowest

score they had achieved since the

earliest comparable year of available

data (2012) : Australia, Belgium,

Botswana, Canada, Comoros, Cyprus,

Dominica, Eswatini, Honduras,

Hungary, Israel, Lebanon, Lesotho,

Mongolia, Netherlands, Nicaragua,

Niger, Nigeria, Philippines, Poland,

Serbia, Slovenia, South Sudan,

Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey,

Venezuela.

7 Reporters without Borders (2021).

2 Freedom House (2021). Freedom

in the World 2021: Democracy

under Siege. Available at:

https://

freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-

world/2021/democracy-under-siege.

3 Transparency International and

International Council on Human

Rights Policy (2009). Corruption

and Human Rights: Making the

connection. Available at:

https://

papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.

cfm?abstract_id=1551222.

9 V-DEM (2021). ‘Pandemic

4 Lührmann, A. and Lindberg, S.

I., Democratization (2019). ’A third

wave of autocratization is here: what

is new about it?’. Available at:

www.

tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/135

10347.2019.1582029.

5 Drapalova, E. (2019). ‘Corruption

and the crisis of democracy’,

Transparency International, 7

March 2019. Available at:

https://

10 This refers to countries that

registered statistically significant

improvements or declines considering

a 90 per cent confidence interval.

While other countries may register

changes of the same magnitude, their

scores show substantial variation

among the CPI’s underlying sources.

16 Economist Intelligence Unit

(2020). Democracy Index 2020.

Available at:

www.eiu.com/n/

campaigns/democracy-index-2020.

backsliding’. Available at:

www.v-dem.

net/pandem.html.

15 Human Rights Watch (2020).

‘Philippines: Events of 2020’. Available

at:

www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/

country-chapters/philippines.

‘At least 22 newspapers “murdered”

in the past five years’. Available at:

https://rsf.org/en/news/least-22-

newspapers-murdered-past-five-

years.

8 Committee to Protect Journalists

(2021). ‘Pegasus Project revelations

show added layer of risk for

corruption reporters’. Available at:

https://cpj.org/2021/07/pegasus-

project-risk-corruption-reporters.

14 UN News (2021). ‘Sudan coup:

Human Rights Council hears calls

for return to democratic rule’.

Available at:

https://news.un.org/en/

story/2021/11/1105012.

13 AP News (2021). ‘Nicaragua

orders closure of 15 more NGOs’.

Available at:

https://apnews.com/

article/entertainment-music-

caribbean-nicaragua-705301837f2701

bfbd2ecf95fbcb6da5.

6 Lawlor, M. (2020). Final warning:

death threats and killings of human

rights defenders: report of the

Special Rapporteur on the Situation

of Human Rights Defenders, Mary

Lawlor, United Nations. Available

at:

https://digitallibrary.un.org/

record/3898237?ln=en.

12 International Press Institute

(2021). ‘Nicaragua: Crackdown on

independent media escalates ahead

of elections’. Available at:

https://

ipi.media/nicaragua-crackdown-on-

independent-media-escalates-ahead-

of-elections.

knowledgehub.transparency.org/

helpdesk/corruption-and-the-crisis-of-

democracy.

11 Euronews (2021). ‘Revolt,

repression and reprisals: A look

back at a year of turmoil in Belarus’.

Available at:

www.euronews.

com/2021/08/09/revolt-repression-

and-reprisals-a-look-back-at-a-year-of-

turmoil-in-belarus.

REU, Alm.del - 2021-22 - Bilag 135: Henvendelse af 25/1-22 fra Transparency International Danmark om den årlige måling af korruption i verden (CPI 2021)

CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2021

17 Transparency International and

International Council on Human

Rights Policy (2009).

Version 11.1’. Available at:

www.vdem.

net/vdemds.html.

30 Frontline Defenders (2020).

18 Transparency International UK

(2019). At Your Service. Available

at:

www.transparency.org.uk/

publications/at-your-service.

19 Lührmann and Lindberg (2019).

20 V-DEM (2021). ‘Pandemic

backsliding’. Available at:

www.v-dem.

net/pandem.html.

21 The data for the Civil Liberties

Score is taken from the Economist

Intelligence Unit (2020). Democracy

Index 2020. Available at:

www.eiu.

com/n/campaigns/democracy-

index-2020.

22 Freedom House (2021). Armenia

– Country Profile. Available at:

https://

freedomhouse.org/country/armenia.

23 Freedom House (2021).

24 Reporters without Borders

(2021). ‘Uzbekistan: Erratic Thaw’.

Available at:

https://rsf.org/en/

uzbekistan.

25 Amnesty International (2021).

Singapore 2020. Available at:

www.

amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-

the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-

pacific/singapore/report-singapore.

26 Frontline Defenders (2020).

Global Analysis 2020. Available at:

www.frontlinedefenders.org/sites/

default/files/fld_global_analysis_2020.

pdf.

27 The data is taken from Frontline

Defenders (2020).

28 V-DEM (2021). ‘V-DEM Dataset

Version 11.1’. Available at:

www.v-

dem.net/vdemds.html.

29 V-DEM (2021). ‘V-DEM Dataset

31 OCCRP (2017). ‘The Azerbaijani

Laundromat’. Available at:

www.occrp.

org/en/azerbaijanilaundromat.

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