Udenrigsudvalget 2019-20
URU Alm.del Bilag 186
Offentligt
Takeaways: Caught in the Crossfire:
Balancing EU Relations with the U.S. and
China
Liselotte Odgaard
&
Thomas J. Duesterberg
View the full video from the April 16th event titled,
Caught in the Crossfire: Balancing EU
relations with the U.S. and China
Key take-aways from the panel and discussion at Hudson Institute
Transatlantic disagreements reflect the need to adjust transatlantic relations to the new
priorities of the U.S. and its European partners.
Security and economic issues are points of major agreement between the U.S. and
EU; different perspectives on how to address these challenges provide areas of
possible. collaboration.
Main areas where the U.S. and Europe are ready to cooperate encompass information
and intelligence sharing, sharing of best practices on how to engage China,
technology and infrastructure defense mechanisms, and collaborative operational
security approaches.
The litmus test of strengthened transatlantic relations is likely to be U.S.-EU trade
negotiations and whether they will conclude in a free trade agreement.
Transatlantic cooperation is necessary on China
Ashley Tellis, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, noted that
“the free and open Indo-Pacific is the most distinct of the Trump administration’s strategic
initiatives. It consists of three elements: the freedom from political domination by any single
power, the maintenance of an open economic system, and the need to protect our strategic
coupling with Asia and Europe. China is one country that challenges these objectives. What
are the possibilities of transatlantic collaboration to meet this challenge? The challenges we
face in the Indo-Pacific and with respect to global order are fundamentally transatlantic
projects and we have a common understanding of what constitutes good order. The fact that
we have common values is no guarantee that we will not have disagreements.”
Trade issues complicate transatlantic relations
Thomas J. Duesterberg, a senior fellow at Hudson Institute, emphasized that “long-standing
U.S. trade disputes with Europe on issues such as tariffs, trade surpluses and Europe’s
decision-making and implementation speed calls into question the ability of the U.S. and
Europe to work closely together. Greater flexibility is needed to conclude a free trade
agreement.” However, according to Carnegie’s Tellis, “there is a huge difference between
disagreements between friends and disagreements between adversaries.”
 URU, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 186: Endelig arbejdsrapport m.m. fra dansk sekunderet forsker ved Hudson Institute
Europe acts beyond its borders
Since the end of the Second World War, the U.S. has benefited from collaborating with its
allies. According to Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union Jeppe
Tranholm-Mikkelsen, after ten years of crises on economic issues as well as migration and
Brexit, “the EU is now beginning to have the capacity to look beyond European borders.”
“The EU is trying to move towards the more unitary end of the spectrum, and that makes us a
more useful and credible partner, also for the U.S.”
Liselotte Odgaard, a senior fellow at Hudson Institute, notes that an example of Europe’s
footprint beyond its own borders is the EU’s ten action points of defensive policies against
China’s Belt and Road Initiative from March 2019. These provide member states with
backing to adopt cross-border cooperation and industrial policies that address China’s
undermining of World Trade Organization regulations in areas such as anti-dumping
measures and intellectual property rights.
The U.S. and Europe increasingly focus on own interests
The EU sees China as a challenge and an opportunity, according to Secretary-General
Tranholm-Mikkelsen. However, the challenges are a greater priority in the present moment,
he notes. “The US is very insistent on its own interests and not always taking into account the
legitimate interests of its allies…Although the EU will continue to be strong on values, the
EU also has to be a little bit more serious about its interests.” Additionally, the EU must
define its role in between the U.S. and China, according to SG Tranholm-Mikkelsen. “We
recognize the rules-based order, but we also want to reform it. In particular, the existing order
does not always take into account the changing role of China….The natural inclination of
Europe is to align as closely as possible with the U.S. Transatlantic relations are deeply
rooted in history, in democratic values, in alliance and the transatlantic bond continues to be a
key feature in how Europe sees itself in the world.”
U.S.-EU Cooperation on information, intelligence sharing and best practices
“The U.S. is particularly concerned about the trajectory of China,” noted Randall Schriver,
the U.S. Department of Defense’s Assistant Secretary of Defense for Indo-Pacific security
Affairs. He discussed how China is eroding sovereignty, promoting backsliding in terms of
human rights and religious freedom, and is willing to advance its interests using instruments
other than peaceful means. “The U.S. is looking to the EU and individual European countries
to help address these challenges…The U.S. and Europe are much closer now than a couple of
decades ago in our views on the economic and security challenges.” He emphasized that U.S.
allies and partners reinforce the foundation of mutually shared principles. According to
Schriver, there are a range of mutually beneficial actions that the U.S. and European partners
can take, including continued sharing of information and intelligence on the strategic
landscape, and aligning policy approaches related to China. He highlighted China’s pursuit of
niche capabilities from international partners, and suggested the benefit of a common
transatlantic approach on bilateral military engagement with China.
 URU, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 186: Endelig arbejdsrapport m.m. fra dansk sekunderet forsker ved Hudson Institute
Cooperation on technology and critical infrastructure
Assistant Secretary Schriver also noted the importance of protecting technology and critical
infrastructure through internal reform and investment screening, emphasizing the need for
sensitive information sharing between allies to remain uncompromised. He noted sharing
lessons learned as opportunity for collaboration. U.S.-EU collaboration should address
technological cooperation with China, and ensuring that allies are not complicit in China’s
repressive activities, such as the detainment of over 3 million people in the Xinjiang
concentration camps. Hudson Senior Fellow Tom Duesterberg mentioned that we can help
U.S. and European companies offer better packages so they can compete with Chinese
companies such as Huawei.
Cooperation on operational security approaches
Another area of mutual benefit for the U.S. and EU is in developing collaborative operational
approaches. This might entail actual operations in areas such as joint patrols and freedom of
navigation operations in the South China Sea to protect international waters; capacity
building such as training and education in Indo-Pacific countries; or partnering on strategic
port calls to convey to countries that are looking for alternatives to China that they have
transatlantic friends and supporters. As an example of collaborative operational approaches,
Hudson Senior Fellow Lise Odgaard noted the naval diplomacy of a French carrier group
exercising with the Egyptian, Indian and Japanese navies in 2019. This effort supports the
EU’s security dialogue with the Arab League and its maritime security dialogue with India
and Japan, intended to counter growing Chinese political and military influence in the Red
Sea and Indian Ocean regions. The carrier group has a rotating cast of allied ships from
Portugal, Denmark, the UK, Italy, Australia and the U.S. participating, demonstrating allied
unity between the U.S. and Europe as well as their Asian partners.
Transatlantic cooperation has a sound basis for moving ahead
Secretary-General Tranholm-Mikkelsen notes that “there is a basis for transatlantic
cooperation in the four areas mentioned by ASD Schriver and beyond that. We do not need
additional forums and instruments for that, we just have to get down to it and do it.”
View the full video from the April 16th event titled,
Caught in the Crossfire: Balancing EU
relations with the U.S. and China