MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Miljø- og Fødevareudvalget 2019-20
MOF Alm.del Bilag 271
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THE DANISH AIR QUALITY MONITORING

PROGRAMME

Annual Summary for 2018

Scientiﬁc Report from DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy

No. 360

2020

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

DCE – DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

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MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

THE DANISH AIR QUALITY MONITORING

PROGRAMME

Annual Summary for 2018

Scientiﬁc Report from DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy

No. 360

2020

Thomas Ellermann

Jesper Nygaard

Jacob Klenø Nøjgaard

Claus Nordstrøm

Jørgen Brandt

Jesper Christensen

Matthias Ketzel

Andreas Massling

Rossana Bossi

Lise Marie Frohn

Camilla Geels

Steen Solvang Jensen

Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

DCE – DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Data sheet

Series title and no.:

Title:

Subtitle:

Authors:

Scentific Report from DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy No. 360

The Danish Air Quality Monitoring Programme

Annual Summary for 2018

Thomas Ellermann, Jesper Nygaard, Jacob Klenø Nøjgaard, Claus Nordstrøm, Jørgen

Brandt, Jesper Christensen, Matthias Ketzel, Andreas Massling, Rossana Bossi, Lise

Marie Frohn, Camilla Geels & Steen Solvang Jensen

Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science

Aarhus University, DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy ©

http://dce.au.dk/en

January 2020

Ole Hertel

Vibeke Vestergaard Nielsen

Danish Environmental Protecting Agency. Link til

comment form/kommentarskema

Ministry for Environment and Food Production

Ellermann, T., Nygaard, J., Nøjgaard, J.K., Nordstrøm, C., Brandt, J., Christensen, J.,

Ketzel, M., Massling, A., Bossi, R., Frohn, L.M., Geels, C. & Jensen, S.S. 2018. The Danish

Air Quality Monitoring Programme. Annual Summary for 2018. Aarhus University, DCE

– Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, 83 pp. Scientific Report from DCE –

Danish Centre for Environment and Energy No. 218.

http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR360.pdf

Reproduction permitted provided the source is explicitly acknowledged

Abstract:

The air quality in Danish cities has been monitored continuously since 1981 within the

Danish Air Quality Monitoring network. The aim is to follow the concentration levels of

toxic pollutants in the urban atmosphere and to provide the necessary knowledge to

assess the trends, to perform source apportionment, and to understand the governing

processes that determine the level of air pollution in Denmark. In 2018 the air quality

was measured in four Danish cities and at two background sites. In addition, model

calculations of air quality and the impact of air pollution on human health and

related external costs were carried out. For 2018, no exceedances of the NO

EU limit

values were observed. Model calculations were carried out for 98 streets in

Copenhagen and 31 in Aalborg. Only one exceedance of the limit value for the

annual average of NO

was modelled for a busy street in Copenhagen. Annual

averages of PM

and PM

2.5

were below limit values at all stations and the average

exposure indicator (PM

2.5

in urban background) has decreased with about 30 % since

2010. The concentrations for most pollutants have been decreasing during the last

decades.

Atmospheric pollution, urban pollution, nitrogen compounds, ozone, sulphur

compounds, heavy metals, volatile organic pollutants, dispersion models and

measurements, health effects, external cost.

Majbritt Pedersen-Ulrich

Thomas Ellermann

978-87-7156-293-4

2245-0203

The report is available in electronic format (pdf) at

http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR360.pdf

Institution:

Publisher:

URL:

Year of publication:

Editing completed:

Referee:

Quality assurance, DCE:

External commenting

Financial support:

Please cite as:

Keywords:

Layout:

Front page photo:

ISBN:

ISSN (electronic):

Number of pages:

Internet version:

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Contents

Summary and Conclusion

Danish summary - Dansk resumé

Introduction

Measurements and model calculations

2.1

2.2

2.3

Measurements

Air quality model calculations

Health impacts and external costs of air pollution

Nitrogen oxides

3.1

3.2

3.3

Annual statistics

Trends

Results from model calculations

Ozone

4.1

4.2

4.3

Annual statistics

Trends

Results from model calculations

Carbon monoxide

5.1

5.2

Annual statistics

Trends

Benzene and other Volatile Organic Compounds

6.1

Annual statistics and trends

Particles (TSP, PM

, PM

2.5

and particle number)

7.1

7.2

7.3

Annual statistics

Trends

2.5

and PM

modelled concentration for

Copenhagen and Aalborg

Heavy metals

8.1

8.2

Annual statistics

Trends

Sulphur dioxide

9.1

9.2

Annual statistics

Trends

10. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons

10.1 Annual Statistics

10.2 Trends

11. Organic carbon and elemental carbon

11.1 Annual statistics and trends

12. Chemical composition of PM

2.5

12.1 Results

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

13. Health effects of air pollution in Denmark

13.1

13.2

13.3

13.4

Status and trend for health effects

Status and trend for external costs of health impacts

Adjustments

Uncertainties

14. References

Appendix 1

Replacement of the station at H.C. Andersens Boulevard

Appendix 2

Pollutants measured in the network

Appendix 3

Details on the calibration of OSPM and validation of model

results

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Summary and Conclusion

This report presents the result from the Danish Air Quality Monitoring Pro-

gramme in 2018. The monitoring programme is carried out by the Danish

Centre for Environment and Energy (DCE) at Aarhus University. The core

part of this program consists of continuous measurements at thirteen moni-

toring stations. Eight of these stations are located in the four largest cities, four

stations are located in background areas and one station is located in a subur-

ban area. These measurements are supplemented with model calculations us-

ing DCE’s air quality models.

The aim of the program is to monitor air pollutants relevant to human health

in accordance with the EU air quality directives. The programme includes

measurements of sulphur dioxide (SO

), nitrogen oxides (NO

/NO

), mass of

particles with diameters less than 10 and 2.5 micrometers respectively (PM

and PM

2.5

), particle number, benzene (C

), toluene (C

), carbon monox-

ide (CO), ozone (O

), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and a number

of heavy metals including lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury

(Hg), nickel (Ni), and a number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that

are precursors for formation of O

. The measurements and model calculations

are applied for evaluating the Danish air quality in relation to limit values as

well as to follow trends. Furthermore, the obtained data are used for determi-

nation of sources of the air pollutants, as basis for evaluation of the impact of

regulations of emissions and as basis for various research projects related to

air quality.

The permitted number of exceedances in a year of the diurnal limit value of

50 µg/m

for PM

was not exceeded at any station in the measuring network.

Likewise, there were no exceedances of the annual limit values for PM

(40

µg/m

) and PM

2.5

(25 µg/m

). The average exposure indicator (AEI) deter-

mined as a running three-years average of the average urban background con-

centration of PM

2.5

has decreased with about 30 % since 2010 and hence the

target (15 % reduction) has been reached.

Due to technical difficulties with two new instruments, it has not been possi-

ble to measure the number of particles between 11 and 41 nm in 2017-2018.

Therefore, the particle number represents the particle range from 41 to

478/559 nm (dependent on instrument version but the difference is negleta-

ble). The particle number in ambient air was about 4,000 particles per cm

an annual average at the street station H.C. Andersens Boulevard. This is

roughly a factor of two higher than in suburban areas and in urban and rural

background. Since 2002, significant reduction of more than 40 % in particle

numbers has been observed. This reduction has mainly been attained by re-

duction of traffic emissions (cleaner fuel, particle filters etc.).

The limit values for NO

was not exceeded at any of the monitoring stations

in Denmark. Model calculations at selected streets in Copenhagen and Aal-

borg in 2018 showed that the annual average concentration at one single street

segment in Copenhagen were slightly above the limit value (40 µg/m

The annual average O

concentrations in 2018 were at the same level as in the

previous years but the maximum 8-hours running mean concentration was

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

higher in 2018 compared to 2017. This change was due to differences in the me-

teorological conditions. No clear trend is observed for the average O

concen-

tration. The information threshold of 180 µg/m

was not exceeded at any of the

measurement stations in 2018. The target value for the maximum daily 8-hours

mean O

concentration of 120 µg/m

was not exceeded, but the long-term ob-

jective for this parameter was exceeded at all Danish stations. The target value

entered into force in 2010 while the long-term objective has not entered into

force and the date for this has not yet been decided.

Measurements of VOCs at the urban background in Copenhagen showed con-

centration levels between 0.01 µg/m

and 0.91 µg/m

for the selected 17 dif-

ferent compounds. VOCs can act as O

precursors, and the aim of these meas-

urements is to improve the general understanding of the O

formation at a

European level. The formation of O

in Denmark is in general small due to

moderate solar radiation. O

pollution in Denmark is mainly the result of

long-range transport of pollutants from other European countries south of

Denmark.

The levels of SO

and heavy metals have decreased for more than two decades

and are now far below the limit values. The limit values for benzene and CO

are not exceeded and the levels have been decreasing for the last decades.

Measurements of concentrations of particle bound PAH were performed at

H.C. Andersens Boulevard, Copenhagen and at the suburban measurement

station at Hvidovre. The average concentration of benzo[a]pyrene was 0.25

ng/m

and 0.28 ng/m

at H. C. Andersens Boulevard and Hvidovre, respec-

tively. The target value for benzo[a]pyrene (1 ng/m

) was not exceeded in

2018.

Due to minor revisions of the program measurements of the chemical content

in PM

2.5

were only carried out at the rural background station at Risø. The

concentrations were slightly higher in 2018 compared to 2017 as a conse-

quences of the low precipitation in 2018. Low precipitation gives higher par-

ticulate concentrations.

Model calculations show that air pollution causes about 4,200 premature

deaths in Denmark as average for 2016-2018 and a large number of other neg-

ative health effects. This is about 1,000 premature deaths more compared to

the reporting for 2017. These higher numbers are due to a major update of the

model systems and not due to an increase in the air pollution. About 1,220 (29

%) of the premature deaths are due to Danish emission sources while the re-

maining premature deaths are caused mostly by sources outside Denmark.

The total health related external costs for Denmark have been calculated to 79

billion DKK as an average over the three years 2016-2018. This is more than a

doubling of the external costs compared to the previous reporting. This higher

number is mainly due to an increase in the economic value of a statistic life.

The negative health effects and external costs have declined with about 38 %

since 1988-1990. It should be noted that the calculation of health impacts and

external costs are constrained with considerably uncertainties.

Actual data, annual and multi-annual summaries are available at the website

of DCE (http://dce.au.dk/en/authorities/air/), in Danish

(http://dce.au.dk/myndigheder/luft/).

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Danish summary - Dansk resumé

Rapporten præsenterer resultater for 2018 fra Overvågningsprogrammet for

luftkvalitet i danske byer. Programmet, som udføres af DCE - Nationalt Cen-

ter for Miljø og Energi (DCE) ved Aarhus Universitet, er baseret på målinger

ved otte målestationer placeret i de fire største danske byer og ved fire bag-

grundsmålestationer uden for byerne samt en station i et forstadsområde.

Disse måleresultater suppleres med resultater fra modelberegninger udført

med DCE’s luftkvalitetsmodeller.

Formålet med programmet er at overvåge den luftforurening, som har betyd-

ning for befolkningens sundhed. Målingerne udføres i overensstemmelse

med EU’s luftkvalitetsdirektiver. I henhold til disse og under hensyntagen til

øvrige danske behov måles koncentrationer af svovldioxid (SO

), nitrogenoxi-

der (NO

/NO

), massen af partikler med diametre mindre end 10 og 2,5 mi-

krometer (hhv. PM

og PM

2,5

), partikelantal, benzen (C

), toluen (C

kulmonoxid (CO), ozon (O

), udvalgte tungmetaller (fx bly (Pb), arsen (As),

cadmium (Cd), kviksølv (Hg), nikkel (Ni)) og polyaromatiske kulbrinter

(PAH’er) samt udvalgte flygtige kulbrinter (VOC’er), der kan føre til dannelse

af O

. Målingerne og modelberegningerne anvendes til at vurdere, om EU’s

grænseværdier for luftkvalitet er overholdt. Rapporten beskriver endvidere

udviklingen i koncentrationerne. Samtidigt tjener resultaterne fra målepro-

grammet som grundlag for vurdering af effekt af reduktionstiltag. Og som

grundlag for en række videnskabelige undersøgelser, blandt andet vurdering

af små partiklers effekt på sundhed.

Der er fastsat grænse- og målværdier for flere af de målte stoffer. Grænsevær-

dierne skal være overholdt fra 2005, 2010 eller 2015 alt efter hvilke stoffer, det

drejer sig om. En detaljeret beskrivelse af gældende mål- og grænseværdier

og deres gennemførelse i dansk lov findes i en bekendtgørelse fra Miljø- og

Fødevareministeriet (2016). Bekendtgørelsen er baseret på det 4. datterdirek-

tiv om tungmetaller og PAH’er (EC 2005) samt EU’s luftkvalitetsdirektiv fra

2008 (EC 2008). En af de væsentligste ændringer i direktivet fra 2008 i forhold

til de tre første datterdirektiver (1999, 2000 og 2002) er, at der i direktivet fra

2008 stilles krav om målinger af de fine partikler (PM

2,5

), og at der med dette

direktiv er indført en grænseværdi for PM

2,5

, som skulle overholdes fra 2015.

I 2018 blev grænseværdierne for NO

ikke overskredet. Koncentrationerne af

målt på gadestationerne i 2018 var stort set på niveau med det der blev

målt for 2017. Modelberegninger viser en lille stigning i koncentrationerne i

som følge af primært højere baggrundskoncentrationer. Endvidere indi-

kerer modelberegningerne for udvalgte gader i København og Aalborg, at der

på et enkelt gadesegment i København, hvor årsmiddelkoncentrationen var

over grænseværdien for årsmiddelkoncentrationen (40 µg/m

overholdt grænseværdien på 40 µg/m

som årsmiddelværdi på alle må-

lestationer. Ligeledes var der ingen målestationer i måleprogrammet, hvor

det tilladte antal overskridelser af den daglige middelværdi for PM

(50

µg/m

må ikke overskrides mere end 35 gange årligt) blev overskredet.

2,5

overholdt grænseværdien på 25 µg/m

som årsmiddelværdi på alle må-

lestationer. AEI-værdien (average exposure indikator, som er defineret som

middel af tre års gennemsnit af årsgennemsnittet af PM

2,5

i bybaggrund) er

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

faldet med omkring 30 % siden 2010. Dermed er målværdien (15 % reduktion

siden 2010) fastlagt i EU-direktivet (EC 2008) allerede nået.

Grundet tekniske vanskeligheder med de nye måleinstrumenter har det ikke

været muligt at udføre målinger af de små partikler i området fra 11– 41 nm

og derfor er data for 2018 foreløbige. Derfor angives antallet af partikler for

2018 i intervallet fra 41 – 478/550 nm (øvre grænse afhænger af instrument-

type, men forskellen er ubetydelig). Antallet af partikler var omkring 4.000

partikler per cm

på gademålestationen H. C. Andersens Boulevard, hvilket

er en faktor 2 højere end ved forstadsstationen Hvidovre og ved by- og land-

baggrundsstationen hhv. H. C. Ørsted Instituttet og Risø. Siden 2002 har der

været et fald på ca. 40 % i antal partikler med diameter mellem 41 – 478/550

nm. Faldet er blandt andet sket som følge af krav om partikelfilter på alle nye

dieselkøretøjer.

Ozonkoncentrationerne i 2018 var på niveau med tidligere år. Der er ikke fast-

sat egentlige grænseværdier for O

, men kun "målværdier" og ”langsigtede

mål” (hensigtsværdier). Der var i 2018 ingen overskridelser af ozonmålvær-

dien for beskyttelse af sundhed. Målværdien for ozon trådte i kraft i 2010. Det

planlagte langsigtede mål (120 µg/m

) er endnu ikke trådt i kraft, og der er

ikke taget beslutning om hvornår, dette skal ske. Såfremt dette mål havde væ-

ret gældene, så ville det have været overskredet på tre bybaggrundsstationer,

København (ved H. C. Ørsted Instituttet), Aarhus (lokaliseret ved den botani-

ske have) og Odense (på taget af Rådhuset). Tærsklen for information af be-

folkningen om høje ozonniveauer (timemiddel 180 µg/m

) blev ikke over-

skredet i 2018.

De øvrige målte stoffer findes i koncentrationer under grænseværdierne, og

for flere stoffer (fx benzen, svovldioxid og bly) er koncentrationerne faldet

markant siden 1990.

Målinger af partikelbundet PAH blev fortaget på H.C. Andersens Boulevard

i København. Middelværdien for benz[a]pyren var 0,25 ng/m

og 0,28 ng/m

på henholdsvis H. C. Andersens Boulevard og ved målestationen i Hvidovre.

Målværdien på 1 ng/m

blev således ikke overskredet i 2018.

Målinger af 17 udvalgte VOC’er i bybaggrund i København viser koncentra-

tionsniveauer, som spænder fra 0,01 µg/m

til 0,91 µg/m

i 2018. Disse

VOC’er bidrager til den kemiske dannelse af O

på europæisk plan, og målin-

gerne skal først og fremmest understøtte den generelle forståelse af ozondan-

nelsen i Europa. I Danmark er størstedelen af de målte O

–niveauer hovedsa-

geligt resultat af langtransport af luftforurening fra centrale og sydlige dele af

Europa.

Grundet revision i måleprogrammet blev målinger af det kemiske indhold i

2,5

i 2018 kun gennemført ved landbaggrundsmålestationen på Risø. Må-

lingerne i 2018 ligger lidt højere end i 2017 grundet den lavere nedbørs-

mængde i 2018, hvilket fører til højere luftkoncentrationer.

Modelberegningerne af helbredseffekterne viser, at luftforureningen som

gennemsnit for 2016-2018 er skyld i omkring 4.200 for tidlige dødsfald og en

lang række andre negative helbredseffekter. Antallet af for tidlige dødsfald er

omkring 1.000 højere end rapporteret for 2017. Dette højere antal skyldes en

gennemgribende opdatering af modelsystemerne, som anvendes til bereg-

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

ning af helbredseffekter og eksterne omkostninger relateret til luftforurenin-

gen. Det højere antal er derfor ikke begrundet i højere luftforurening. Om-

kring 1.220 (29 %) af de for tidlige dødsfald skyldes danske kilder, mens resten

hovedsageligt stammer fra det øvrige Europa. De eksterne omkostninger fra

luftforurening beløber sig til omkring 79 milliarder kr. Dette er mere end en

fordobling af de eksterne omkostningerne set i forhold til rapporteringen for

2017. Årsagen til dette er opdateringen af modelsystemet, hvor forøgelsen af

værdisætningen af et statistisk liv spiller den væsentligste rolle for de øgede

eksterne omkostninger. De negative helbredseffekter og de eksterne omkost-

ninger er faldet med omkring 38 % siden 1988-1990. Det skal bemærkes at be-

regningerne af helbredseffekterne er behæftet med betydelige usikkerheder.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

1. Introduction

The Danish Air Quality Monitoring Program (LMP) originates back to 1981.

Today the programme is part of the National Monitoring Programme for the

aquatic and terrestrial environment (NOVANA). The program consists of an

urban monitoring network with stations in the four largest Danish cities and

two background stations in rural areas (figure 2.1) which is supplemented by

model calculations. The results are used for assessment of the air pollution in

Denmark with special focus on Danish urban areas. The programme is carried

out in co-operation between the DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and

Energy (DCE), the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, and the Munic-

ipalities of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg and Odense. DCE is responsible for

operating and maintaining the programme. Statistical parameters and actual

data are accessible at the website:

http://dce.au.dk/-en/authorities/air/,

(in

Danish

http://dce.au.dk/myndigheder/luft/).

Selected near real-time data

are also available at tele-text, Danish National Television. In addition, this re-

port presents results from model calculations of air quality in Denmark car-

ried out as supplement to the measurements.

The monitoring programme is carried out in accordance with the Danish Stat-

utory Order No. 851 of 30 June 2010 from the Ministry of Environment and

food (Miljø- og Fødevareministeriet, 2016) that implements the EU directives

on air quality in Denmark (EC, 2005; EC, 2008).

One of the main objectives for the monitoring programme is to assess the air

quality in relation to various air quality criteria (i.e. limit values, margin of

tolerance, target values, long term objectives and alert thresholds) of which

the limit values are the legally most important. The Danish air quality criteria

are identical to those laid down in the EU directives described above.

The program was revised in 2016. The majority of the revisions were imple-

mented from January 2017 except for the modelling part of the program that

has been extended, so that they now also include model calculations of the

health impacts and the external costs of air pollution.

Since 2012 there have been some important changes for the measurements sta-

tions and methods. These are:

•

Starting in August 2012 low volume samplers (LVS) for gravimetric de-

termination of particle mass based on the reference method were intro-

duced into the regular measuring program and gradually installed at the

PM-stations in the network to replace some of the older SM200 instru-

ments that needed to be renewed. See introduction to Chapter 7 for an

overview.

A new measurement station at a suburban area in Hvidovre was initiated

in the beginning of 2013 with measurements of polycyclic aromatic hy-

drocarbons (PAHs) in relation to use of wood burning as residential heat-

ing. In June 2015, the measurement program in Hvidovre was supple-

mented with measurements of PM

2.5

by LVS, elementary (EC) and organic

carbon (OC), particle number and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO

The urban background measurement station in Aarhus was in January

2015 moved to another position (Chapter 2.1).

•

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

•

The street station in Aalborg had to be temporarily closed down from Sep-

tember 2014 and onwards due to nearby construction work (Chapter 2.1).

At the street station in Albanigade in Odense there was a large decrease

in daily traffic intensity from late June 2014 and the street was closed

down for traffic in spring 2015. This change was due to major changes in

the traffic patterns in Odense (section 2.1). A new street station was

opened in 2016 in Odense at Grønnelykkevej (section 2.1).

In October 2016 the measurement station at H. C. Andersens Boulevard

was moved 2.7 m (corresponds approximately to the width of a traffic

lane) further away from the inner traffic lane. The aim of this relocation is

to compensate for the changes in traffic lanes in 2010 that moved the traf-

fic closer to the measurement station. The data presented for 2016 (in

plots) covers data from both the old and the new position. This report

shows the full impact of the relocation of the measurement station.

The model system used for the calculation of air quality, health impact

and external costs related to air pollution has undergone major revision

for this year’s reporting.

Data from the rural back ground station at Anholt and Ulborg has been

included in this year’s reporting.

•

In the following chapters, the results from measurements and model calcula-

tions for 2018 are presented and compared to limit and threshold values.

Please refer to the EU Directives (EC, 2005; EC, 2008) for a detailed description

of the exact definitions of the limit values, margin of tolerance, target values,

information and alert thresholds.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

2. Measurements and model calculations

2.1

Measurements

The core of measurement stations in the Danish air quality monitoring net-

work originates back to the 1980s and the stations have therefore been posi-

tioned before the development of the EU directives on air quality. Despite this,

the network gives a comprehensive fulfilment of the requirements laid down

in the directives.

The Danish measuring strategy is to place one or more pairs of stations in each

of the four largest Danish cities. In each city, one of the stations is located close

to a street lane with a high traffic density. The other is located as close as pos-

sible to the street station and is placed so that it is representative for the urban

background pollution; meaning that its location is not influenced by pollu-

tants from a single or a few streets or other nearby sources. In most cases the

background stations are placed on rooftops. The relatively short distance be-

tween street station and urban background station makes it possible to di-

rectly determine the traffic contribution as the difference between the two sta-

tions. In addition, two rural stations measure the pollution outside city areas.

Further information about the program and results is found at the website:

http://dce.au.dk/en/authorities/air/

(in Danish

http://dce.au.dk/myn-

digheder/luft/).

Figure 2.1.

Main stations used for monitoring of air quality in relation to health.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Table 2.1.

Main stations used in 2018 for monitoring of air quality in relation to health.

Location

Copenhagen

H.C. Andersens Boulevard (HCAB)

Jagtvej

H.C. Ørsted Institute (HCØ)

Hvidovre, Fjeldstedvej

Odense

Grønløkkevej

Town hall in Odense

Aarhus

Banegårdsgade

Botanical Garden

Aalborg

Vesterbro (not active)

Østerbro

Rural

Lille Valby/Risø*

Keldsnor

Anholt

Ulborg

is now situated close to DCE.

Rural background

2090

9055

6001

7060

Street

Urban background

8151

8150

Street

Urban background

6153

6160

Street

Urban background

9156

9159

Street

Urban background

Suburban

1103

1257

1259

2650

Station type

Station number

* The rural station at Lille Valby was in the middle of 2010 moved about 2 km west to Risø and

In 2014-2018 there were four major changes regarding the stations:

•

The measurement station on Vesterbro at Limfjordsbroen in Aalborg was

temporarily closed down on 8 September 2014 due to a major construction

work at the nearby house. Therefore, the results for 2014 only represent

data for 250 days (70 %). The station has finally been reestablished ultimo

2019 at a different site on Vesterbro. The reporting for 2018 includes there-

fore no data from this measurement station.

•

In Odense a traffic plan has been adopted by the municipality for the entire

city centre and the implementation of this plan began in late June 2014.

This resulted in a major decrease in the traffic intensity at Albanigade,

where the street station is situated. In spring 2015, Albanigade was closed

for traffic. The station was shut down on 16 June 2015 and was moved to

a new position at Grønnelykkevej in summer 2016 (figure 2.2).

•

In January 2014, the urban background station in Aarhus moved to a new

site since the municipality sold the house that the measurements station

was placed upon and it was not any longer possible to carry on with the

measurements. The new site is situated in the southeasterly part of the Bo-

tanical Garden that belongs to Aarhus University.

•

On 3 October 2016 the station at H. C. Andersen Boulevard (HCAB) closed

and a new station was placed nearby the old station (figure 2.2). The ma-

jority of the measurements were initiated on 19 October 2016. The new sta-

tion is located 2.7 m further away from the inner traffic lane in order to

compensate for the road change in 2010 (see Appendix 1 for a sketch of the

location). Thus, it is possible to follow changes in the level of pollution in

the street as measurements can be directly compared to previous years'

measurements at HCAB. Moreover, the station was moved about 2 m par-

allel with the street further away from a tree close to the station. The EU

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

directive (EC, 2008) specifies that measurements have to be carried out sev-

eral meters from trees in order to avoid influence of the trees on the meas-

urements.

Figure 2.1.

The old measurement station (left) at H.C. Andersen Boulevard closed down 3 October 2016. The new measure-

ment station (right) began measurements 19 October 2016.

The following compounds were measured in 2018:

•

Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO

and NO

(= NO + NO

)) were measured at all

stations.

Particle mass (PM

and/or PM

2.5

) as 24-hour averages, were measured

throughout the year at all stations except at Aalborg/street (PM

2.5

) were

no data were measured in 2018 due to relocation of the station and at the

urban background station Odense Town hall, where PM measurements

has not been performed since primo 2007. At all the PM sites for 2018, PM

was measured using low volume samplers (LVS) for gravimetric determi-

nation of particle mass according to the reference method EN 12341: 2014.

Elements (heavy metals) in PM

were measured at Copenhagen/street

(HCAB), Copenhagen/urban background, Aarhus/street and the rural

site Risø.

Additionally, PM

and PM

2.5

were measured by TEOM (Tapered-Ele-

ment Oscillating Microbalance) on a half hourly basis at selected stations:

HCAB (PM

and PM

2.5

), Risø (PM

) and Århus street station (PM

). The

high time resolution is making it possible to resolve the diurnal variation.

Part of these measurements was carried out in a research project funded

separately by the Danish EPA.

Particle number was measured at Copenhagen/street (HCAB), Copenha-

gen/urban background and Risø in cooperation with a particle research

project funded separately by the Danish EPA. Additionally, measure-

ments were started at a suburban site in Hvidovre in autumn 2015.

Ozone (O

) was measured at all urban background and rural stations (ex-

cept Anholt), and at the street stations Copenhagen/street (HCAB).

Carbon monoxide (CO) was measured at all street stations except Jagtvej

as well as at the urban background station, Copenhagen/urban back-

ground and the rural site Risø.

Benzene and toluene were measured at Copenhagen/street (HCAB) and

Copenhagen/urban background using passive sampling on a weekly ba-

sis.

•

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

•

PAHs were measured at Copenhagen/street (HCAB) and at the suburban

site in Hvidovre.

Sulphur dioxide (SO

) was measured at Copenhagen/street (HCAB). The

main purpose was to monitor episodic high concentrations.

Elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in PM

2.5

were measured

at Copenhagen/street (HCAB), at the rural station Risø and at the subur-

ban station Hvidovre. EC in PM

2.5

was measured at the urban background

station (HCØ). In addition, the main inorganic ions in PM

2.5

was deter-

mined at Risø.

The meteorological parameters – air temperature, wind speed and direc-

tion, relative humidity and global radiation - were measured in Copenha-

gen, Odense, Aarhus and Aalborg at the urban background stations or at

a location, which is representative for the meteorology at the urban back-

ground station.

•

The pollutants are described in more detail in Appendix 2.

Measurements of gasses (NO, NO

, NO

, O

, CO, SO

) and particle number

were recorded as �½-hour averages. Particle mass (PM

and PM

2.5

) were meas-

ured as 24-hour averages using LVS (gravimetric method) but also to a lesser

extend as hourly averages using TEOM. Elements in the particles as well as

PAH were measured as 24-hour averages. EC and OC were measured as 24-

hour averages. Benzene and toluene were measured weekly by passive sam-

pling. Furthermore, volatile organic compounds were sampled as 24-hour av-

erages.

2.2

Air quality model calculations

In the monitoring programme, the measurements at the fixed site measuring

stations are supplemented with model calculations of NO

, PM

2.5

, and PM

street level and O

at the regional level. These model calculations are carried

out with an integrated multiscale model system (the THOR modelling

system), capable of performing model calculations at regional scale to urban

background scale and further down to individual street canyons in cities – on

both sides of the streets. The THOR system includes the Danish Eulerian

Hemispheric Model, DEHM (Christensen, 1997; Brandt et al., 2012), the Urban

Background Model, UBM (Brandt et al., 2001; Brandt et al., 2003) and the

Operational Street Pollution Model, OSPM

(Berkowicz 2000a; Ketzel et al.,

2012).

The modeling system has been updated on several aspects regarding the

reporting for 2018. The main updates concern the following aspects:

•

Meteorological input data.

A new meteorological model has been used to

provide the meteorological data that are used to drive the model calcula-

tions. The new model WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model) has

been developed by National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA

(NCAR). This model replaces the old model MM5 (also from NCAR) that

no longer is subject to development and support.

•

Emission inventories.

The emission inventories for Europe are based on

emissions provided by EMEP. EMEP has improved the geographical reso-

lution of the inventories from 50 km x 50 km to 0.1° x 0.1° (about 11 km in

N-S direction). In addition EMEP has adopted a new system for categoriz-

ing the emission sources.

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•

Description of chemical reactions.

The description of the chemical scheme in

the models has been further developed in order to improve the modelling

of particles. The new scheme for particles includes black carbon (BC), pri-

mary organic matter (OM) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA).

These major changes and a number of minor changes are described further in

Ellermann et al. (2019).

The following paragraphs provide a short description of the models that are

used for carrying out the model calculations presented in this report.

DEHM is providing air pollution input data for UBM, which again is

providing air pollution input data to OSPM. Further details about the

integrated THOR system can be found in Brandt et al. (2000; 2001 and 2003 or

http://www.au.dk/thor).

The same model setup is also used for an air

pollution map that shows modelled urban background and street

concentrations at all 2.4 million addresses in Denmark presented at a publicly

available website (luftenpaadinvej.au.dk; Jensen et al., 2017).

Model calculations of air quality on national scale are carried out using

DEHM (version Feb 2019), which is an Eulerian model where emissions,

atmospheric transport, chemical reactions, and dry and wet depositions of air

pollutants are calculated in a 3D grid covering the northern hemisphere with

a resolution of 150 km x 150 km. The model includes a two-way nesting

capability, which makes it possible to obtain higher resolution over limited

areas. Three nested domains are used in the model runs under NOVANA,

where the first domain is covering Europe with a resolution of 50 km x 50 km.

The second domain is covering Northern Europe with a resolution of 16.7 km

x 16.7 km. The calculations of air quality in Denmark are carried out in a third

domain with a horizontal resolution of 5.6 km x 5.6 km. In the vertical

direction, the model is divided into 29 layers covering the lowest 15 km of the

atmosphere. Of these, the lowest layers are relatively thin (20 m) while the

upper layers are relatively thick (2,000 m). The model includes a

comprehensive chemical scheme designed for calculation of the chemical

reactions in the lower part of the atmosphere. The emission inventories used

in DEHM have a geographical resolution of 1 km x 1 km for Denmark

aggregated into the 5.6 km x 5.6 km resolution domain and 16.7 km x 16.7 km

for the remaining part of Europe. The emissions are based on Danish national

emission inventories for the year 2017 compiled by DCE

(http://envs.au.dk/en/knowledge/air/emissions/)

and

international

emission inventories for the year 2016 collected and distributed by EMEP

(www.emep.int). Ship emissions around Denmark with very high resolution

of 1 km x 1 km (Olesen et al., 2009) have been used after adjustments

according to the regulation by 1 January 2015 that decreased the allowed

content of sulphur in fuel used by ships in the Sulphur Emission Control Area

(SECA: the North Sea and the Baltic Sea) from 1% to 0.1%. The new version of

DEHM is since October 2019 also part of the Copernicus Atmospheric

Monitoring Service providing quality-controlled operational air quality

forecasts for Europe (https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/).

The Urban Background Model, UBM (version 10.0), calculates the urban

background air pollution with high spatial resolution (1 km x 1 km). For the

calculations Danish emission inventories have been compiled for the same

grid of 1 km x 1 km as the calculations are performed. In addition, the models

uses other input data including meteorological data from the WRF model, and

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

air pollution initial concentrations and boundary conditions (concentrations

at the edge of the calculation domain for UBM) obtained from DEHM . The

UBM includes a Gaussian plume approximation for calculation of the

dispersion and transport of the air pollutants to every receptor point at the

local scale up to 25 km from each receptor point, and a simple chemical model

accounting for the photochemical reactions of NO

and O

(originally

developed for OSPM). The basic principles of the model are described in

Berkowicz (2000b). In recent years, UBM has undergone many improvements

in the formulation of physical processes, and it now treats both area and point

sources in a more physically consistent manner compared to previous

versions of the model. These updates of UBM has improved the overall

performance of the model; documented in comparisons with measurements.

Furthermore, analyses of the results have shown that the model now provides

a more realistic spatial distribution of concentrations around large point

sources. The emissions used in the UBM model are obtained from the

SPREAD model that spatially distributes national emissions from 2017 from

all sectors on the 1 km x 1 km calculation grid for Denmark (more details on

the SPREAD model can be found in Plejdrup et al., 2018). No calibration for

/NO

for UBM has been carried out. For PM

2.5

and PM

a small

correction towards higher concentrations has been applied for the modelled

values to compensate for a slight underestimation, for details see Appendix 3.

Finally, the street canyon model OSPM

(www.au.dk/ospm) is used to

calculate the air quality at 2 m height at the sidewalks in selected streets. Data

from the meteorological model WRF and air pollution concentrations from

UBM are used as input to the model. The model calculates and apply

emissions from traffic in the specific street. The OSPM includes a simple

chemical model accounting for the photochemical reactions of NO

and O

(it

is this chemical modulet hat is also applied in UBM), and the model calculates

the dispersion of air pollution in the urban street (accounting for the influence

of meteorological conditions, turbulence induced by traffic and the specific

street geometry).

The traffic data and street configuration data used as input for OSPM for the

selected urban streets are generated using the AirGIS system. AirGIS is

constructed around a GIS road network with traffic data, GIS foot-prints of

buildings with building heights and a series of small calculation routines

(Jensen

al.,

2001;

2009;

2017;

Khan

al.,

2019;

http://envs.au.dk/videnudveksling/luft/model/airgis/).

We also refer to

this model chain as DEHM/UBM/AirGIS.

Traffic data used in the OSPM calculations is updated annually for average

daily traffic and vehicle distribution for the selected streets based on

information obtained from the municipalities of Copenhagen and Aalborg.

Traffic data is determined for the location of the calculation points. For

Copenhagen, traffic data is constructed from manual counts performed

annually or with 5-year intervals. Aalborg does not have a systematic traffic

counting program like Copenhagen, and traffic data is therefore based on

available data from manual and automatic traffic counts in combination with

data from a traffic model. Based on information from Copenhagen and

Aalborg municipalities, the Average Daily Traffic (ADT) and vehicle

distribution for all streets in the calculations have been updated on basis of

the most recent available traffic data. The vehicle distribution includes data

for passenger cars, vans, trucks, and buses. In Copenhagen, 37 out of the 98

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

calculation points had updated traffic data for 2018. For Aalborg 15 out of 31

streets had updated traffic data.

Manual traffic counts are carried out annually for the street segments with the

location of the measuring stations of H. C. Andersens Boulevard and Jagtvej

in Copenhagen. Manual counts for the 2018 assessment originate from

September 2018 in Copenhagen. In Aarhus, automatic traffic recording was

carried out to estimate traffic volume and vehicle classification during three

separate weeks in March, May, and November 2018. This method provides

good estimates of traffic volume but only rough estimates of vehicle

classification. One of the shortcomings is that the method cannot differentiate

between passenger cars and vans as they have the same distance between

axles. Hence, a manual count from 2015 was used for vehicle distribution.

Automatic traffic recording at Odense (Grønløkkevej) was carried out during

three weeks in April 2018. Traffic volume and vehicle distribution were

established based on this information assuming the same share of vans as the

average of 98 streets in Copenhagen. In Aalborg (Vesterbro), the measuring

station was not in operation during 2018 due to nearby building construction

work, and the station has ultimo 2019 been moved to another location at the

same street.

All the applied air pollution models are driven by meteorological data from

the meteorological model WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model)

that has been developed by National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA

(NCAR). Details about WRF can be found in Skamarock et al. (2008).

The calculations were carried out in order to determine annual means of NO

2.5

and PM

concentration in 98 streets in Copenhagen and 31 streets in

Aalborg. In previous years, calculations were only performed for NO

but

since 2017 PM

2.5

and PM

have been included.

2.2.1 Model calibration and validation

In the assessment for 2013, the model calculations with OSPM were improved

through major revisions of the model. These included changes related to the

general building height, revision of NO

emission factors for Euro 5 and 6 for

passenger cars, and use of new travel speeds for the traffic based on GPS data

(SpeedMap, speedmap.dk/portal/) and subsequent recalibration. Appendix

3 in Ellermann et al. (2014) describes the changes and presents documentation

for the impact of the improved input data for the model calculations. The

model setup for the assessment for 2018 is similar to that of 2013 and onwards.

Before 2015, OSPM was calibrated against measurements at the street stations

for the calculation year in question in order to ensure good correspondence

between measured and modelled NO

. Since the assessment of 2016, we are

using available data from the last three years to avoid potential fluctuations

that a single year approach may introduce. For some years, the street station

at H. C. Andersen’s Boulevard was not used in the calibration due to the about

8 µg/m

jump in concentrations since a change in street layout moved traffic

closer to the station in 2010. The station was moved during October 2016 to

compensate for the change in street layout, and hence the station has been in

operation on this new location and included in the calibration from this time

and onwards.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

The comparison between modelled and observed NO

concentrations for 2018

are shown in table 2.2. For further details on the calibration and validation of

the model system for the period 2016-2019 is presented in Appendix 3 that

documents the good performance of the modelling.

The correlation between modelled and observed NO

concentrations for 2018

shows a good agreement for the street stations in Copenhagen but the model

overestimates concentrations at the street stations in Odense and Aalborg. The

DEHM/UBM models also overestimate urban and regional background

concentrations.

Table 2.2.

Comparison of modelled and measured annual means of NO

concentrations in 2018.

Unit: µg/m

Street:

Copenhagen/HCAB/1103

Copenhagen/Jagtvej/1257

Aarhus/6153

Odense/9156

Urban Background:

Copenhagen/1259

Aarhus/6160

Odense/9159

Aalborg/8159

Hvidovre/2650

Rural:

Risø/2090

Keldsnor/055

Anholt/6001

66%

55%

74%

DEHM/UBM

24%

46%

34%

-13%

DEHM/UBM

-0.7%

-5.4%

24%

62%

DEHM/UBM/OSPM

Measurements

Model results

Difference

Models used

The comparison between modelled and observed PM

2.5

and PM

concentrations for 2018 is shown in table 2.3 and table 2.4, respectively. The

modelled particle concentrations are slightly underestimated in comparison

with observed concentrations.

Table 2.3.

Comparison of modelled and measured annual means of PM

2.5

concentrations in 2018.

Unit: µg/m

Street:

Copenhagen/HCAB/1103

Copenhagen/Jagtvej/1257

Aarhus/6153

Urban Background:

Copenhagen/1259

Aarhus/6160

Aalborg/8159

Hvidovre/2650

Rural:

Risø/2090

-12%

DEHM/UBM

-16%

-7%

-22%

-8%

DEHM/UBM

-11%

-15%

DEHM/UBM/OSPM

Measurements

Model results

Difference

Models used

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Table 2.4.

Comparison of modelled and measured annual means of PM

concentrations in 2018.

Unit: µg/m

Street:

Copenhagen/HCAB/1103

Copenhagen/Jagtvej/1257

Aarhus/6153

Odense/9156

Urban Background:

Copenhagen/1259

Rural:

Risø/2090

-10%

DEHM/UBM

-15%

DEHM/UBM

-23%

-18%

-10%

-12%

DEHM/UBM/OSPM

Measurements

Model results

Difference

Models used

2.3

Health impacts and external costs of air pollution

Model calculations of the health impacts and associated external costs related

to air pollution have been included in the air quality monitoring programme

since the revision of NOVANA in 2016. High-resolution assessment of health

impacts from air pollution and related external costs have therefore been car-

ried out for Denmark for the years 2016-2018 using the integrated EVA (Eco-

nomic Valuation of Air Pollution) model system, version 5.2 (Brandt et al.,

2015; 2016). A three-year average is applied in the assessment to smooth out

variations in meteorological conditions between years. EVA is based on the

impact-pathway methodology, where the site-specific emissions will result,

via atmospheric transport and chemistry, in a concentration distribution,

which together with detailed population data, is used to estimate the popula-

tion-level exposure. Using exposure-response functions and economic valua-

tions, the exposure is transformed into impacts on human health and related

external costs (see figure 2.4).

Figure 2.4.

An illustration of the EVA model system, based on the impact pathway chain.

As described in Chapter 2.2 the air quality model calculations have been

updated and this consequently introduces adjustments in the results for the

calculated health impacts and external costs. In addition, important updates

have been implemented in the EVA-system concerning the following aspects:

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

•

Exposure-response relationships.

The calculations include for the first time a

direct impact of NO

on mortality and morbidity (Andersen et al., 2019).

This increases the mortality and morbidity, and thereby external costs at-

tributed to air pollution.

•

Economic valuation of a statistical life.

The new calculations are based on the

updated value of a statistical life from the Danish Economic Council (2016)

and Ministry of Finance (2017). This value is about twice as high as the

value used in the previous model calculations.

These major changes, and a number of minor revisions, are described further

in Ellermann et al. (2019) that also provides more details about the exposure-

response functions used for the calculations. Further details are given in An-

dersen et al. (2019).

The air quality data used in the EVA system is based on calculations with the

two chemistry transport models (DEHM and UBM) described above. Expo-

sure to PM

2.5

is responsible for the majority of the health impacts from air pol-

lution in Denmark. Table 2.3 shows a comparison between measured and cal-

culated annual concentrations of NO

and PM

2.5

at the Danish measurements

stations. The model results for PM

2.5

have been calibrated (addition of 2.3

µg/m

) for this year’s reporting to adjust for a bias between measurements

and model calculations. No calibration was used for NO

and the other com-

pounds used for the calculation of health impacts.

The population density for Denmark is based on the geographical distribution

in the Civil Registration System (CPR data) from 2017. The individual health

impacts in the EVA system have previously been documented in Brandt et al.

(2013a;b) and reviewed in Bønløkke et al. (2011). The exposure-response rela-

tionships and economic valuation of the individual health impacts are de-

scribed in Andersen et al. (2019), and the methodology for the economic val-

uation is documented in Andersen et al. (2004) and Bach et al. (2006). The up-

dated exposure-response functions have been selected based on an interna-

tional reviewed project funded by WHO (WHO, 2013 ). The EVA model sys-

tem has previously been applied for assessment of future scenarios (Geels et

al., 2015), and EVA has furthermore been compared with other health impact

assessment systems (Anenberg et al., 2015).

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

3. Nitrogen oxides

The nitrogen oxides (NO, NO

, NO

) are measured at thirteen monitoring sites

using gas monitors based on chemiluminescence. The concentrations are

measured continuously throughout the year with a time resolution of minutes

that is aggregated to hourly averages for this report.

3.1

Annual statistics

The annual statistics for 2018 for nitrogen dioxide (NO

) and nitrogen oxides

are shown in tables 3.1 and 3.2. There were no exceedances of the annual limit

value for NO

of 40 µg/m

(EC, 2008). Further, there were no exceedances of

the hourly limit value for NO

of 200 µg/m

. This value must not be exceeded

more than 18 times within a calendar year (see 19th highest hourly concentra-

tion in table 3.1). In 2018, there was no information to the public triggered by

exceedance of the information threshold for NO

(three hours average must

not exceed 400 µg/m

). Installation problems regrettably resulted in the EU

requirement of 7446 hours of hourly averaged values were not being upheld

at the street station in Copenhagen, Copenhagen/1257 and the Rural station

Keldsnor/9055, column two in tables 3.1 and 3.2.

Table 3.1.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO

) in 2018. All parameters are based on hourly averages.

Unit: µg/m

Street:

Copenhagen/1257

Copenhagen/1103

Aarhus/6153

Odense/9156

Aalborg/8151 §

Urban Background:

Copenhagen/1259

Aarhus/6160

Odense/9159

Aalborg/8158

Suburban:

Hvidovre/2650

Rural:

Risø/2090

Keldsnor/9055

Anholt/6001

Ulborg/7060

Limit value 2010

hours used for calibration.

§) For Aalborg/8151 (street) there is no data since the station was shut down due to construction work at the site. Measurements

were not reinitiated in Aalborg (traffic) before ultimo 2019.

8129

7228

8124

8001

>7446*

200

8125

8040

8195

7871

8146

6747

8234

8275

8206

110

117

Number

Average

Median

98-percentile

19-highest

*) 90% data capture of number of hourly measurements in relation to total number of hourly measurements in 2018 excluding

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Table 3.2.

Nitrogen oxides (NO

=NO+NO

) in 2018. All parameters are based on hourly averages.

Unit: µg/m

(as NO

)

Street:

Copenhagen/1257

Copenhagen/1103

Aarhus/6153

Odense/9156

Aalborg/8151 §

Urban Background:

Copenhagen/1259

Aarhus/6160

Odense/9159

Aalborg/8158

Suburban:

Hvidovre/2650

Rural:

Risø/2090

Keldsnor/9055

Anholt/6001

Ulborg/7060

8129

7228

8124

8001

8125

213

8040

8195

7871

8146

117

144

119

128

6747

8234

8275

8206

209

264

160

109

358

404

294

257

Number

Average

Median

98-percentile

19-highest

§) Aalborg/8151 (street) there is no data since the station has been shut down due to construction work at the site. Measurements

were not reinitiated in Aalborg (traffic) before ultimo 2019.

3.2

Trends

The long-term trends for NO

and NO

are shown in figure 3.1. For NO

there

are clear downward trends at all stations. The decreases in concentrations of

nitrogen oxides are due to national and international regulations of the emis-

sions. The large emission reductions in the cities are achieved by improve-

ment of the vehicles, for example mandatory use of catalytic converters.

For many years, the long-term trend in nitrogen dioxide showed a decrease

much smaller than observed for NO

. However, since around 2006, NO

has

decreased at about the same rate as NO

. The smaller decrease before 2006

was mainly due to an increase in the share of diesel cars and increase in the

share of diesel cars with oxidative catalysts where up to about half of the emis-

sions of NO

consist of NO

(called direct NO

). This increase in the direct

emissions of NO

counteracted the decrease in the traffic emissions from ve-

hicles. The amount of directly emitted NO

reached a maximum in 2009-2011

and has slightly decreased since then. This change in the amount of directly

emitted NO

is believed to be one of the main reasons why NO

now decreases

at a similar pace as NO

At Odense street station and Aarhus urban background station there have

been large decreases in NO

and NO

since 2013. In Odense, there was a major

permanent rearrangement of the traffic in Odense Centre that changed the

traffic at the street station in Albanigade in two steps from a street with rela-

tively high traffic intensity to a street with much reduced traffic intensity. Fi-

nally, the street was closed for traffic in 2015. These changes began on 28 June

2014. This is the reason for the large decrease of the NO

and NO

values for

Odense/9155 in 2014 and 2015. The station was shut down on 16 June 2015

and was relocated to Grønnelykkevej and was renamed Odense/9156 in June

2016. The large change at Aarhus/background from 2013 to 2014 is due to the

relocation of the measurement site in January 2014 (Chapter 2.1) to an urban

background area with lower concentrations compared to the old location.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Cocentration, µg/m

- annual averages

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

2018

Copenhagen/1103

Odense/9156

Odense/9159

Keldsnor/9055

Copenhagen/1257

Aalborg/8151

Ålborg/8159

Århus/6153

Copenhagen/1259

Hvidovre/2450

Odense/9155

Århus/6160

Lille Valby - Risø

300

NOx - annual averages

250

Concentration, µg/m

200

150

100

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

2018

Copenhagen/1103

Odense/9155

Copenhagen/1259

Ålborg/8159

Keldsnor/9055

Copenhagen/1257

Odense/9156

Århus/6160

Hvidovre/2450

Århus/6153

Aalborg/8151

Odense/9159

Lille Valby - Risø

Figure 3.1.

The graphs show the time series for the annual average values of NO

and NO

The dashed line on the upper graph shows the limit value that entered into force in 2010.

On the same curve, results are shown from both the previous (6159) and the new back-

ground station (6160) in Aarhus.

During October 2016 the measurement station at H.C. Andersens Boulevard

was moved 2.7 m (corresponds approximately to the width of a traffic lane)

further away from the inner traffic lane. The aim of this relocation was to re-

turn to the same distance from the traffic lane as it was prior to 2010 (see

Chapter 2.1 for further details). In 2010, the driving lanes were changed at the

section of H. C. Andersens Boulevard where the measurement station (Co-

penhagen/1103) is located. This change moved the traffic closer to the meas-

urement station and resulted in an increase in the annual average concentra-

tions of NO

of about 8 µg/m

in comparison to the levels measured before

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

the introduction of the new driving lanes. The data from 2017 and onwards

shows the full impact of the relocation of the station on the annual average.

The 8 µg/m

change in concentration of NO

from 2016 to 2017 is therefore

partly due to the relocation of the measurement station and partly due to the

general reduction of the emissions from traffic as seen on the other street sta-

tions (e.g. Jagtvej).

3.3

Results from model calculations

Model calculations of NO

have been performed for selected streets in

Copenhagen (capital) and Aalborg (fourth largest city). The selected streets

represent busy streets and are mainly so-called street canyons. Concentrations

are elevated in street canyons due to the restricted dispersion conditions. 98

streets are included for Copenhagen and 31 in Aalborg. ADT (Average Daily

Traffic) was between 5,100 and 79,400 vehicles/day in Copenhagen and

between 2,700 and 29,000 vehicles/day in Aalborg.

Model calculations have been carried out in order to determine the annual

concentrations of NO

for comparison with the limit values. The air quality

limit value for the annual mean is 40 µg/m

. The number of streets with

exceedances is one of the parameters discussed in the next section. An

exceedance is registered if the calculated concentration is higher than 40.5

µg/m

since the limit value is given as an integer.

3.3.1 NO

model calculations for Copenhagen

The annual mean concentrations of NO

for streets in Copenhagen in 2018 are

shown in figures 3.2 (bar chart) and 3.3 (map). The average of the NO

street

concentrations at all 98 streets increased from 2017 to 2018 (1.7 µg/m

), the

average urban background concentrations also increased (2.3 µg/m

) and

similarly the regional background contribution increased (1.8 µg/m

). The

regional background concentrations are included in the urban background

concentrations and the background concentrations are included in the street

concentrations. Measurements at H. C. Andersens Boulevard and Jagtvej in

Copenhagen also show a small increase in NO

concentrations from 2017 to

2018. The increase in street concentrations is a result of a combination of

changes in traffic, emission factors, background concentrations and

meteorology. There has been a very slight decrease in ADT (-0.4%) but the

share of heavy-duty vehicles remained the same as in 2017 and travel speeds

are assumed similar as in 2017. However, there have been some changes in

ADT and heavy-duty share for a few of the streets included in the model

calculations. Vehicle emission factors show a decrease due to the general

replacement of the car fleet where the increase in Euro 6 vehicles with low

emissions and replacement of older vehicles with higher emissions play a

significant role. Furthermore, the fraction of directly emitted NO

has also

slightly decreased, leading to slightly lower NO

concentrations. For 2018, the

fraction is 11% based on analysis of measurements of NO

, NO

and O

whereas it was 12% in 2017. The combination of the similar traffic conditions

and lower vehicle emissions factors would, other things equal, lead to lower

concentrations. However, the increase in urban and regional background

concentrations is not due to increase in emissions in Denmark or Europe, as

emissions show a downward trend. Therefore, the increase in modelled

concentrations is partly due to changes in meteorological factors from 2017 to

2018, as the observed levels also increase. However, part of the explanation is

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

also that the model overestimates the urban background concentrations as

shown in section 2.2.1.

In 2018, the limit value for the annual mean concentration was only exceeded

at one of the 98 selected streets in Copenhagen according to the model results

(figure 3.2). No exceedances were calculated for 2017. However, the number

of streets exceeding the limit value is sensitive to very small changes in

concentrations, since a number of streets still are close to the limit value

(figure 3.2).

Figure 3.2.

Annual mean concentrations of NO

in 2018 for 98 streets in Copenhagen according to model calculations.

The contribution from traffic in the street canyons is based on the street canyon model OSPM

(blue colour). The urban

background (reddish colour) is obtained from calculations with the urban background model UBM with input from the re-

gional scale model DEHM (green colour). The value for a street segment is for the side of the street with the highest annual

mean concentration of the two sides. However, for streets with a measuring station it is the side where the station is located.

The names of the streets can be seen in table 3.3. Arrows indicate street segments with a measuring station.

The names of the 98 streets are given in table 3.3 and the locations of the streets

together with the annual NO

concentration levels are shown in figure 3.3.

There have been minor changes in the ranking of streets according to NO

concentrations from 2017 to 2018, mainly due to small changes in traffic in-

puts. The highest modelled NO

concentration in 2018 is at H. C. Andersen’s

Boulevard (2) (40.8 µg/m

). The second highest (38.9 µg/m

) is where the

measuring station is located (H. C. Andersens Boulevard (1)).

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Table 3.3.

Rank number and names for the street segments that are shown in figures 3.2 and 3.3. The streets are numbered (1-

98) according to NO

levels in 2018 (1 = highest, 98 = lowest). The numbers in parentheses refer to different segments of the

same street that has more than one model calculation. An asterisk (*) indicates a street segment with a measurement station.

No.

27*

Street name

H C Andersens Boulevard(2)

H C Andersens Boulevard(1)

H C Andersens Boulevard(3)

Gyldenløvesgade

Øster Søgade

Stormgade

Hammerichsgade

Ågade

Åboulevard(1)

Åboulevard(3)

Nørre Søgade

Bernstorffsgade(1)

Amagerbrogade(2)

Bredgade

Frederikssundsvej(3)

Bernstorffsgade(2)

Tagensvej(2)

Øster Voldgade(1)

Fredensgade

Østerbrogade(4)

Vesterbrogade(1)

Gothersgade(1)

Toftegårds Allé(1)

Enghavevej

Lyngbyvej(2)

H.C. Ørsteds Vej(2)

Jagtvej(1)

Falkoner Alle(2)

Toldbodgade

Vesterbrogade(3)

Nordre Fasanvej(1)

Torvegade

Tomsgårdsvej(2)

No.

Street name

Nørre Voldgade(2)

Amagerbrogade(1)

P Knudsens Gade(2)

Amagerfælledvej

Frederikssundsvej(8)

Scandiagade

Gammel Kongevej(1)

Tagensvej(3)

Frederikssundsvej(1)

Jagtvej(3)

Vester Farimagsgade

Nørre Farimagsgade

Nordre Fasanvej(3)

Søndre Fasanvej(2)

Godthåbsvej(3)

Hillerødgade(1)

Nørrebrogade

Jyllingevej(1)

Strandvejen(1)

Roskildevej(1)

Tagensvej(1)

Amager Boulevard

Gammel Køge Landevej(1)

Tuborgvej(2)

Folehaven(1)

Kalvebod Brygge

Tagensvej(4)

Ingerslevsgade

Østerbrogade(1)

Istedgade

Øster Voldgade(2)

Hulgårdsvej(2)

Ålholmvej(1)

No.

Street name

Hillerødgade(3)

Bülowsvej(2)

Røde Mellemvej(1)

Jagtvej(2)

Godthåbsvej(2)

Frederikssundsvej(5)

Grøndals Parkvej

Rebildvej

Blegdamsvej

Englandsvej(1)

Folke Bernadottes Allé

Dag Hammarskjølds Allé

Ålholmvej(2)

Frederiksborgvej(1)

Frederikssundsvej(2)

Tuborgvej(1)

Slotsherrensvej(2)

Peter Bangs Vej(2)

Amagerbrogade(3)

Vesterfælledvej

Peter Bangs Vej(1)

Bellahøjvej

Slotsherrensvej(1)

Halmetgade

Artillerivej

Strandvænget(2)

Gammel Køge Landevej(2)

Frederiksborgvej(2)

Vigerslevvej(2)

Røde Mellemvej(2)

Englandsvej(2)

Strandvejen(2)

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Figure 3.3.

Map showing the locations of the selected streets in Copenhagen and the annual mean concentrations of NO

for

2018 visualized on top of the calculation point. The contribution from traffic in the street canyons is based on the street canyon

model OSPM®. The urban background is obtained from calculations with the urban background model UBM with input from the

regional scale model DEHM. The value for a street segment is for the side of the street with the highest annual mean concentration

of the two sides. However, for streets with a measurement station it is the side where the station is located. The names and

numbers for the streets are shown in table 3.3. The map can be viewed at a webGIS service, see

https://arcg.is/qLSaD.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

3.3.2 NO

model calculations for Aalborg

For Aalborg the modelled street concentrations show an average small

increase of about 0.4 µg/m

for NO

compared to 2017 when considering all

31 street segments. Measurements at H. C. Andersen’s Boulevard and Jagtvej

in Copenhagen also show a small increase in NO

concentrations from 2017

to 2018, whereas measurements from street station in Aarhus show a small

decrease. Street measurements are not available from Aalborg. The same level

is modelled for urban background concentrations, which is also consistent

with measurements at the urban background station in Aalborg. The small

increase in street concentrations is the result of a combination of several

factors. On average ADT and heavy-duty share of vehicles were unchanged,

and travel speeds were assumed to be unchanged. Vehicle emission factors

show a decrease due to the general replacement of the car fleet where the

increase in Euro 6 vehicles with low emissions and replacement of older

vehicles with higher emissions play a significant role. Furthermore, the

directly emitted NO

of NO

emissions (NO

fraction) has also slightly

decreased, leading to slightly lower modelled NO

concentrations. The

combination of the same traffic conditions and lower vehicle emissions

would, other things equal, lead to lower concentrations. However, street

concentrations have shown a slight increase that most likely is due to changes

in meteorological factors from 2017 to 2018.

According to the model calculations, the limit value for the annual mean

concentration in 2018 was not exceeded at any of the 31 selected streets (figure

3.4 and figure 3.5). The order of some of the streets has changed slightly due

to changes in traffic data.

Figure 3.4.

Modelled annual mean concentrations of NO

in 2018 for 31 streets in Aalborg. The contribution from traffic in

the street canyons is based on the street canyon model OSPM

(blue colour). The urban background (dark red colour) is

obtained from calculations with the urban background model UBM (reddish colour) with input from the regional scale model

DEHM (green colour). The value for a street segment is for the side of the street with the highest annual mean concentration

of the two sides. However, for streets with a measurement station it is the side where the station is located. Vesterbro 1 is

the street segment where the measurement station is located. However, the station was not been operational during 2018

due to nearby building construction works.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Figure 3.5.

Map showing the location of the selected streets in Aalborg and the annual mean concentrations of NO

for 2018. The

contribution from traffic in the street canyons is based on the street canyon model OSPM

. The urban background is obtained from

calculations with the urban background model UBM with input from the regional scale model DEHM. The value for a street segment

is for the side of the street with the highest annual mean concentration of the two sides. However, for streets with a measurement

station it is the side where the station is located. Vesterbro 1 is the street segment with the measurement station, however, not

operating in 2018 due to nearby building construction work. Map can be viewed at a webGIS service, see

http://arcg.is/1Lf8CP

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

3.3.3 Trends in modelled exceedances of NO

In figure 3.6, the modelled trends in number of exceedances of annual mean

of NO

are shown for Copenhagen and Aalborg. The limit value of 40 µg/m

for annual mean of NO

had to be met in 2010, and in previous years, the limit

value plus a margin of tolerance depending on the year in question had to be

met.

For Copenhagen, the number of exceedances has decreased from 58 in 2008 to

6 in 2016, and it decreased further to zero in 2017 whereas it showed one ex-

ceedance in 2018. The main reason for the increase in number of exceedances

between 2007 and 2008 in Copenhagen from 32 to 58 is that the limit value

plus margin of tolerance for the annual mean concentration of NO

decreased

from 46 μg/m

in 2007 to 44 μg/m

in 2008 (EC, 2008). This decrease in margin

of tolerance lead to a higher number of streets exceeding the limit value plus

margin of tolerance in 2008 compared to 2007. If the limit value plus margin

of tolerance had been

44 μg/m

in 2007, the number of streets exceeding the

limit value plus margin of tolerance would have been 53. Roughly the same

level as in 2008. In Copenhagen, the analysis includes 138 streets during 2007

to 2010 and 98-99 the following years. The reduction in the number of in-

cluded streets from 2011 and onwards was implemented to better match loca-

tions of selected streets with locations with manual traffic counts.

For Aalborg, the model results showed 3-4 exceedances in 2007-2009, and

none since 2010. Here the analysis includes 32 streets from 2007 to 2010, and

31 streets from 2011 and onwards.

Figure 3.6.

Trends in modelled exceedances of annual mean of NO

in Copenhagen and

Aalborg.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

4. Ozone

is measured at eight monitoring sites using gas monitors based on ultravi-

olet photometry. The concentrations are measured continuously throughout

the year with a time resolution of minutes that is aggregated to hourly aver-

ages for the present report.

4.1

Annual statistics

The annual statistics for 2018 for O

are shown in table 4.1. The maximum 8-

hour daily mean value must not exceed 120 µg/m

more than 25 days per

calendar year averaged over three years (EC, 2008). This target value were not

exceeded for 2016-2018 at any of the stations. The long-term objective (maxi-

mum 8-hour daily mean value must not exceed 120 µg/m

; table 4.1 column

5) was exceeded at all stations but the traffic station. However, the long-term

objective has not entered into force.

In 2018, there were no exceedance of the information threshold (hourly aver-

age 180 µg/m

Table 4.1.

in 2018. All parameters are based on one-hourly average values. The 8-hourly values are calculated as a

moving average based on hourly measurements. Days above target value is the number of days that the maximum

running 8-hour average exceeds 120 µg/m

averaged over 2016-2018.

Unit: µg/m

Number of

results

Average

Median

Max

8-hours

Days above

target value

8-hours

Max

1 hour

Urban Background:

Copenhagen/1259

Aarhus/6160

Odense/9159

Aalborg/8158

Rural

Risø/2090

Keldsnor/9055

Ulborg/7060

Traffic

Copenhagen/1103

Target value*

Long term objective

Information thresh-

old

Data capture**

>7446

7773

110

120

126

180

7893

7635

7765

151

143

153

168

161

160

7800

7752

7535

7931

144

130

148

131

153

144

169

159

*) As average over 3 years.

**) 90% data capture of number of hourly measurements in relation to total number of hourly measurements in 2018

excluding hours used for calibration.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

4.2

Trends

The long-term trends in O

concentrations are shown in figure 4.1. The annual

averages of O

have a slightly increasing slope. This trend is most likely due

to a decrease in the local (Danish) NO pollution; NO reacts with the O

to form

. The reaction can be indirectly observed in our online data

(https://envs2.au.dk/Luftdata/Presentation/table/Copenhagen/HCAB)

for H. C. Andersen Boulevard each rush hour where the O

level decreases.

Thus, it appears that the local NO pollution has decreased more than the ozon

pollution. The Danish and European reductions of the precursors to O

for-

mation (NO

, volatile organic compounds) have therefore not been sufficient

to reduce the O

concentrations. The maximum concentrations of O

have

been relatively constant for more than a decade, which is illustrated by the

relatively constant maximum 8-hour average concentrations in figure 4.1.

Concentration, µg/m

- annual average

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

2018

Copenhagen/1103

Århus/6160

Lille Valby - Risø

Copenhagen/1257

Ålborg/8159

Keldsnor/9055

Copenhagen/1259

Odense/9159

250

- max 8 h. average

200

Concentration, µg/m

150

100

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

2018

Copenhagen/1103

Århus/6160

Lille Valby - Risø

Copenhagen/1257

Ålborg/8159

Keldsnor/9055

Copenhagen/1259

Odense/9159

Figure 4.1.

Annual average values and the max. 8-hour average value of O

. The latter is

calculated as 8-hourly running averages according to the provisions in the EU Directive

(EC, 2008). Results from the previous (6159) and the new background station (6160) in

Aarhus are shown on the same curve.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

4.3

Results from model calculations

The annual mean concentration of O

is roughly on the same level throughout

Denmark (figure 4.2). This is because the main production of O

takes place in

the southern part of Europe and is subsequently long-range transported to

Denmark. At the coasts, the concentrations are slightly higher than over the

remaining land areas, since O

is deposited faster over land than over sea. In

the cities, the concentrations are lower than the average for the monitoring

stations, since O

is degraded by nitrogen oxide emitted from mainly traffic

in the cities. This effect is seen for Copenhagen.

The target value for protection of human health is the running 8-hour mean

concentration of O

that must not exceed 120 µg/m

more than 25 times dur-

ing a calendar year calculated as an average over three years. The long-term

objective is that the running 8-hour mean concentration of O

must not exceed

120 µg/m

. The target value and long-term objective are given in the EU Di-

rective (EC, 2008). Results from the model calculations for 2018 show that the

number of days with maximum daily 8-hour mean value above 120 µg/m

was well below the target value for the entire country in 2018. The target value

that is determined as an average over three years (2016-2018), was not ex-

ceeded, since the number of days with exceedances in 2016 and 2017 were

well below 25 as well (Ellermann et al., 2017, 2018).

The highest number of days with exceedance of 120 µg/m

was seen at coastal

areas, where the maximum number of days typically was 4-5 days and with

levels above 120 µg/m

(figure 4.3). For the main part of Denmark, the days

with ozone levels above 120 µg/m

was 2-3. This is somewhat lower than ob-

served in the measurements. The reason is that the model tend to underesti-

mate the episodes with high ozone concentrations. This discrepancy is most

likely a result of the model not including emissions of O

precursors from wild

fires that are known to increase episodic O

concentrations.

In 2018 the long term objective were exceeded in all parts of Denmark. How-

ever, the long-term objective has not entered into force jet. In 2018, the highest

8-hour mean concentrations were observed at Sealand (figure 4.4).

According to the directive (EC, 2008), the public has to be informed when the

1-hour average concentration exceeds the information threshold of 180

µg/m

. Neither measurements nor model calculations showed exceedances of

the threshold in 2018 (figure 4.5).

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Figure 4.2.

Annual mean concentrations of O

(µg/m

) for 2018 calculated using DEHM.

The figure shows the average concentrations for the 6 km x 6 km grid cells used in the

model.

Figure 4.3.

Number of exceedances of 120 µg/m

for 8-hour running mean concentrations

of O

in 2018. The calculations were carried out using DEHM.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Figure 4.4.

Maximum 8-hour running mean concentration (µg/m

) of O

in 2018 calculated

using DEHM.

Figure 4.5.

Maximum 1-hour mean concentration of O

(µg/m

) in 2018 calculated using

DEHM.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

5. Carbon monoxide

CO is measured at three traffic-oriented monitoring sites (Aalborg street is

temporarily closed down), at the urban background site in Copenhagen and

at the rural site at Risø using gas monitors based on non-dispersive infrared

spectroscopy. The concentrations are measured continuously throughout the

year with a time resolution of minutes that is aggregated to hourly averages

for this report.

5.1

Annual statistics

The annual statistics for 2018 for CO are shown in table 5.1. The limit value

for CO is based on the maximum daily 8-hour average concentration that

must not exceed 10,000 µg/m

(EC, 2008). This limit value was not exceeded

at any of the stations.

Table 5.1.

Annual statistics for CO in 2018. All parameters are based on hourly average. The 8-hour values are calculated as a

moving average based on hourly results.

Unit: µg/m

Traffic:

Copenhagen/1103

Århus/6153

Odense/9156

Aalborg/8151 §

Urban Background:

Copenhagen/1259

Rural:

Risø

Data capture*

EU Limit value

8131

189

180

344

548

551

582

8047

8322

8307

326

243

218

309

230

198

619

477

513

926

726

858

1683

691

857

3611

1326

1385

Number

Average

Median

98-

percentile

99.9-

percentile

Max.

8-hours

Max. hour

8213

>7446

210

202

378

603

635

10 000

667

WHO Guideline values

10 000

30 000

(WHO, 2000)

*) 90% data capture of number of hourly measurements in relation to total number of hourly measurements in 2018 excluding

hours used for calibration.

§) For Aalborg/8151 (traffic) there is no data since the station has been shut down due to construction work at the site. Meas-

urements are reinitiated at the street station in Aalborg ultimo 2019.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

5.2

Trends

The long-term trends for CO concentrations are shown in figure 5.1. During

the last two decades there has been a large decrease of both the annual con-

centrations and of the maximum daily 8-hour average concentrations. The re-

ductions are due to national and international regulation of the emissions,

among others by requirement of catalytic converters on all vehicles.

At the street stations in Odense/9155 (Albanigade) there was a larger reduc-

tion in CO from 2013 to 2015 than at the other stations. This is due to a major

permanent rearrangement of the roads in Odense that resulted in a large re-

duction in the traffic intensity in Albanigade. The street station in Odense was

therefore relocated to Grønløkkevej (Odense/9156) where measurements

started in June 2016.

1800

1600

1400

Concentration, µg/m

CO - annual averages

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

1993

Copenhagen/1103

Odense/9155

1998

2003

Copenhagen/1257

Aalborg/8151

2008

Copenhagen/1259

Lille Valby-Risø

2013

Aahus/6153

Odense/9156

2018

10000

9000

8000

Concentration, µg/m

CO - annual 8 h max

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

1993

1998

2003

2008

2013

2018

Copenhagen/1103

Aahus/6153

Lille Valby-Risø

Copenhagen/1257

Odense/9155

Odense/9156

Copenhagen/1259

Aalborg/8151

Figure 5.1.

Annual average values and highest 8-hour values calculated based on an hourly

moving average of CO. The site in Odense/9155 (Albanigade) was due to a major perma-

nent rearrangement of the roads in Odense. It changed from a traffic site with relatively high

traffic intensity to a site with much reduced traffic intensity. This change took place on 28

June 2014. A new street station was opened in Odense at Grønnelykkevej in June 2016.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

6. Benzene and other Volatile Organic Com-

pounds

This chapter presents the reults from measurements of ozone precursors in

urban background as well as aromatic compounds at kerbside stations in the

city of Copenhagen, all of which are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC).

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes are monitored on two kerbside

stations in Copenhagen in weekly time resolution, i.e. Jagtvej/1257 and H. C.

Andersen’s Boulevard/1103. These VOCs are collected using passive sam-

pling, and subsequently extracted and analysed by Gas Chomatography MS

(GC-MS).

Benzene and toluene are additionally measured in urban background (Copen-

hagen/1259) along with 16 other potential O

precursor VOCs in diurnal time

resolution. The focus is VOCs of anthropogenic origin, though isoprene which

is mainly a biogenic compound emitted from deciduous trees is also included.

Air is sampled and preconcentrated on Carbopack X adsorbent tubes and an-

alyzed using Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

(TD-GC-MS).

6.1

Annual statistics and trends

Annual averages of benzene and toluene are listed in table 6.1 and 6.2 for 2018.

Benzene is well below the EU-limit value of 5 µg/m

(EC, 2008), averaging

0.61 and 0.63 µg/m

at the kerbside stations 1257 and 1103, and 0.45 µg/m

urban background. Thus, the local input of benzene from traffic amounts to

26 % of the concentration at the kerbside station 1257. For toluene, the local

input is 38 %. Next to traffic exhaust, residential wood combustion is an im-

portant source of benzene, and for this reason the summer concentrations of

benzene are lower even at kerbside stations. Both kerbside stations in Copen-

hagen report similar concentrations of anthropogenic aromatic compounds,

including toluene and benzene (table 6.1), in spite of their differences with

respect to traffic load and buildings close to the street. These VOCs decreased

dramatically at the kerbside stations during 2004-2008 (figure 6.1) and has

continued to do so, though at a slower yet comparable rate in the urban envi-

ronment. Benzene has decreased by 54 % and 40 % at the kerbside station 1257

and urban background 1259, respectively, from 2010 to 2018. With respect to

toluene, the corresponding decreases were 53 % and 29 %, respectively. Of the

monitored VOCs at kerbside, toluene is by far the most abundant. Other aro-

matic compounds are comparable in abundance to benzene (table 6.1).

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Table 6.1.

Annual statistics for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in 2018 based

on weekly average concentrations (µg/m

) at kerbside stations Jagtvej (1257) and H. C.

Andersens Boulevard (1103) at 1 atm., 293 K. The limit value for benzene is 5 µg/m

(EU

Directive 2008/50/EC).

Concentration µg/m

Benzene

Toluene

Ethylbenzene

m/p-Xylene

o-Xylene

Copenhagen/1103

0.63

1.54

0.35

0.60

0.51

Copenhagen/1257

0.61

1.55

0.34

0.62

0.51

Number of results

52; 51

Benzene is not measured directly in Aarhus and Odense. However, an objec-

tive estimate of the concentrations can be used to determine the concentration

levels, since the concentrations are below the lower assessment threshold

limit.

The objective estimate for benzene is based on the correlations between the

average concentrations of benzene and CO. Ellermann et al. (2011) docu-

mented that the benzene concentrations can be estimated based on the simple

empirical model:

Benzene = 0.0044·CO - 0.37

where benzene and CO are in units of µg/m

. Based on this and the concen-

trations of CO (table 5.1) the annual average concentrations of benzene are

estimated to about 0.6-0.7 µg/m

for all the three street stations in Aarhus,

Odense and Aalborg in 2018.

Figure 6.1.

Trend in benzene and toluene (annual averages) on the kerbside station Jagt-

vej, Copenhagen/1257.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

The main reasons for the significant decrease of benzene and toluene up to

2008 are reductions of the emissions from gasoline-fuelled traffic due to in-

creased use of catalysts and higher ratio of diesel cars.

Table 6.2.

Annual statistics for VOCs in urban background, Copenhagen (1259) for 2018 based on daily average concentrations

(1 atm., 293 K).

Concentration

(µg/m

)

Annual average

Data coverage

2010

2018

1-Pentene

0.04

73%

n-Pentane

Trans-2-pentene

Isoprene

2-Methylpentane

n-Hexane

Benzene

n-Heptane

2,2,2-Trimethylpentane

Toluene

n-Octane

Ethylbenzene

m,p-Xylene

o-Xylene

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

Sum of VOCs

0.53

0.02

0.03

0.31

0.19

0.75

0.28

0.10

1.36

0.08

0.28

0.78

0.41

0.10

0.34

0.09

5.68

0.59

0.02

0.08

0.19

0.13

0.45

0.18

0.04

0.96

0.05

0.22

0.70

0.29

0.01

0.14

0.04

3.76

73%

Measurements of mainly anthropogenic VOCs in urban background, which

may act as O

precursors, were initiated in 2010 in the urban background. The

major O

precursors are the aromatic compounds: benzene, toluene, ethylben-

zene, xylenes and trimethylbenzenes (TMB), which are also measured at the

kerbside stations in Copenhagen (1103 and 1257), and the C

-C

alkanes: pen-

tane, 2-methylpentane hexane and heptane. The more reactive unsaturated

compounds are less abundant (table 6.2).

Figure 6.2.

Annual average concentrations of benzene (left) and toluene (right) at the kerbside station at Jagtvej, Copenhagen/1257,

and at urban background HCØ, Copenhagen/1259 for 2018. Isoprene - that is predominantly naturally emitted - is also shown for

comparison

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

The annual isoprene concentration has remained fairly constant over the time

period 2010 to 2017, but it increased markedly in 2018. Isoprene origins

mainly from natural sources, e.g. terrestrial vegetation, and it peaks in the

warmer summer months June, July and August with low concentrations in

the winter months. On the contrary, the mainly anthropogenic compounds

benzene and toluene have decreased in concentrations at comparable rates in

both urban background and kerbside within this period (figure 6.2), though

not as pronounced as from 2001-2008 (figure 6.1). Except for n-pentane, all

anthropogenic VOCs either stayed constant during 2010-2018 or decreased.

The urban background ratio between toluene and benzene is somewhat

smaller than the kerbside station 1257, i.e. 2.1 versus 2.5 reflecting the higher

toluene/benzene ratio in traffic exhaust compared to e.g. the toluene/ben-

zene ratio from biomass combustion in ambient air.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

7. Particles (TSP, PM

, PM

2.5

and particle num-

ber)

The measurements of particle mass (PM

and PM

2.5

) are today solely based

on the EU’s reference method (EN 12341: 2014, into which the previous stand-

ards for PM

, EN 12341: 1998, and for PM

2.5

, EN 14907:2005, have been

merged). The basic measuring principle of the reference method uses low vol-

ume sampler (LVS) i.e. a flow of 2.3 m

/hour on a diurnal basis with subse-

quent gravimetric determination of the sampled mass in the laboratory. Fi-

nally, the particle samples were analysed in the laboratory.

During the period from 2012 to 2016, the LVS-sampling method has gradually

replaced the previously used

SM200 beta (β) sampler (manufactured by OP-

SIS, Sweden). The LVS sampler collects particles on filters on a diurnal basis

with subsequent determination

of the sampled mass using β-absorption

tech-

nique. This method is equivalent with the reference method. Comparison of

the two methods have not documented any systematic deviation between the

two measuring methods except for an improved reproducibility and data cap-

ture for the LVS instruments.

Additionally, PM is measured using TEOM (Tapered-Element Oscillating Mi-

crobalance) instruments at the Copenhagen street station HCAB (PM

and

2.5

), at the Aarhus street station (PM

) and at the rural station at Risø

(PM

). The TEOM measurements have a time resolution of 30 minutes (table

7.3 and 7.4). During sampling, the collected particles are heated to 50°C. At

this temperature, some of the semi-volatile particle constituents evaporate

(mainly secondary aerosols and especially ammonium nitrate, NH

). The

loss depends on the actual composition of the aerosols. The measurements

using TEOM has considerably uncertainty and they are therefore only used

for near real time reporting of the data to the public.

Measurements of particle number concentrations have been carried out since

2001/2002 in cooperation between the monitoring programme and research

projects funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. The meas-

urements have been performed using a Differential Mobility Particle Sizer

(DMPS) that counts particles with mobility diameters between 6 and 700 nm.

In 2015, additional measurements were initiated at the measurement station

in Hvidovre using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) that counts par-

ticles with mobility diameters between 11 and 478 nm. In 2017, the instru-

ments located at the street station at H. C. Andersen’s Boulevard in Copenha-

gen, and at the regional background station Risø, were likewise replaced by

two new SMPS systems. Subsequently it has been shown that the new SMPS

instruments or the new inlets of the instruments cause problems with the

measurements of the smallest particles. Intensive work has been carried out

in 2017 and 2018 in order to solve these problems together with the manufac-

turer of the instruments. In 2019, it was found that the problems were due to

technical issues with some of the new instruments and also in the delivered

inlets. Data for the size range from 11 to 41 nm is therefore not presented for

2017 and 2018, and as a consequence, only data for particles larger than 41 nm

is presented here.

In order to compare historical and new data together with investigating

trends, only the size range from 41 – 550 nm (old systems) and 41 - 478 nm

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

(new systems) are presented and discussed in this report. The difference in

the upper range for the two types of instruments do not influence the com-

parison between the two systems since the atmospheric particle numbers in

the range from 478 (upper range on new systems) to 550 nm (upper range on

old systems) are very low compared to the total number of particles in the

range from 41-478 nm.

7.1

Annual statistics

In 2018, the permitted number of exceedances in a year of the diurnal limit

value of 50 µg/m

for PM

was not exceeded at any stations in the measuring

network, even at stations where exceedances previously have occurred (the

two traffic stations in Copenhagen (HACB/1103 and Jagtvej/1257)). Like-

wise, there were no exceedances of the annual limit value for PM

(40 µg/m

)

and PM

2.5

(of 25 µg/m

) at any measuring station.

The EU-directive on air quality (EC, 2008) prescribes that the national average

exposure indicator (AEI) has to be determined based on three years average

of the average urban background concentration of PM

2.5

. In Denmark the av-

erage exposure indicator is measured in urban background at Copenha-

gen/1259, Aarhus/6159 and Aalborg/8158. For the years 2016-18 the AEI is

determined to 10 µg/m

which is a decrease of about 30 % since 2010.

In 2018, the number of particles in ambient air in the range from 41- 478/550

nm was about 4,000 particles per cm

at the street station H. C. Andersens

Boulevard (table 7.5). This is a factor of about two higher than at suburban,

urban background and rural background.

Table 7.1.

Annual statistics for PM

in 2018. All parameters are given as diurnal averages at ambient temperature and pressure.

Number of

Average

Median

Days above

90-

Max. day

Unit µg/m

results

(µg/m )

50 µg/m

percentile

Street

Copenhagen/1103

Copenhagen/1257

Århus/6153

Odense/9156

Urban background

Copenhagen/1259

Rural

Risø

Keldsnor/9055

Limit value (2005)

90% data capture

>328*

353

357

35**

361

364

351

355

339

104

Measurements at all stations in 2018 were based on LVS with gravimetric determination of particle mass.

* 90% data capture of number of diurnal measurements in relation to the total number of days in 2018 (365).

** Permitted number of exceedances in a year of the diurnal limit value of 50 µg/m

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Table 7.2.

Annual statistics for PM

2.5

in 2018. All parameters are given as diurnal averages at ambient temperature and pressure.

Unit µg/m

Street

Copenhagen/1103

Copenhagen/1257

Aarhus/6153

Aalborg/8151*

Suburban

Hvidovre/2650

Urban background

Copenhagen/1259

Aarhus/6159

Ålborg/8158

Rural

Risø

Limit value (2015) (parenthesis gives

proposed value for 2020)

352

25(20)

356

354

346

356

358

357

359

Number of results

Average

(µg/m

)

Median

90-

percentile

Max. day

90% data capture

>328**

Measurements at all stations in 2018 were based on low volume sampling (LVS) with gravimetric determination of particle mass.

* No data from Aalborg/8151 (traffic site) in 2018 because the station is closed temporarily due to construction work.

** 90% data capture of number of diurnal measurements in relation to the total number of days in 2018 (365).

Table 7.3.

Annual statistics for PM

measured in 2018 using TEOM. The values are based on �½-hourly averages. Total annual

number of �½-hours is 17.520. Data are only used for near real time reporting to the public.

Unit: µg/m

Street

Copenhagen/1103

Aarhus/6153

Rural

Risø

Limit value

16963

17283

14495

Number of results

Average

Table 7.4.

Annual statistics for PM

2.5

measured in 2018 using TEOM. The values are based on �½-hourly averages. Total annual

number of �½-hours is 17.520. Data are only used for near real time reporting to the public.

Unit: µg/m

Street

Copenhagen/1103

Limit value (2015) (parenthesis gives proposed value

for 2020)

17091

Number of results

Average

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Table 7.5.

Annual statistics for particle number measured in 2018 in the range from 41 to 478/550 nm in diameter. All values are

based on �½-hourly averages. Total annual number of �½-hours is 17,520. The low data capture at some of the stations are due to

the technical problems with the equipment and all the tests that were applied to solve the problems. The difference in the upper

range for the diameter has not significant influence on the particle number, since the number of particles in the range from 478-

550 nm is very small.

Unit: particles per cm

Street

Copenhagen/1103**

Urban Background

Copenhagen/1259*

Suburban

Hvidovre/2650**

Rural

Risø**

* Measured with DMPS (41nm – 550 nm)

** Measured with SMPS (41nm – 478 nm)

12479

1956

10786

1969

5857

2168

15363

4043

Number of results

Average 41- 478/550nm)

7.2

Trends

Up to the year 2000, PM was measured as Total Suspended Particulate matter

(TSP) corresponding to particles with a diameter up to around 25 µm (figure

7.1). The exact cut-off depends strongly on the wind velocity. From 2001 most

of the measurements of particulate matter were changed from TSP to PM

according to the EU directive adopted in 1999 (EC, 1999) and PM

measure-

ments were started at all stations except Copenhagen/1103 where the TSP

measurements were continued to the end of 2005. The TSP is on the average

30-80 % higher than PM

at the street stations, while the difference is less at

urban background and rural sites.

The measurements show a tendency for a decrease in PM

at all the measure-

ment stations since 2001, where the measurements were initiated (figure 7.2).

Although the measurements at HCAB (Copenhagen/1103) began five years

later than most of the other PM

measuring sites, the PM

measurements at

this station are also following a decreasing trend. However, this is mainly due

to a major reduction (7 µg/m

) in PM

from 2008 to 2009. Detailed examina-

tion of all the measurements at HCAB showed that the main reason for this

decrease from 2008 to 2009 was new asphalt surface on the road laid out dur-

ing August and September 2008 (Ellermann et al., 2010) that significantly re-

duced dust generation from road abrasion.

The site in Odense/9155 (Albanigade) was affected by a major permanent re-

arrangement of the roads in Odense. It changed from a traffic site with rela-

tively high traffic intensity to a site with much reduced traffic intensity. This

change took place on 28 June 2014. This has affected the measured PM

levels

in the second half of 2014 and this is the reason why there is unchanged PM

value for Odense/9155 in 2014 while all the other traffic stations display an

increase in 2014 compared to 2013. In 2015, the road next to the measuring

station was closed for traffic. PM

measurements from Odense/9155 (Alba-

nigade) for 2015 do not represent a traffic site but rather have character of an

urban background site. In the process of relocating, the station the PM

meas-

urements were closed down the 15 June 2015. The PM

measurements at the

new traffic station in Odense/9156 (Grønløkkevej) were initiated 1 July 2016.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

The measurements of PM

2.5

started in 2007 at Copenhagen/1103, and at the

other stations in 2008. Figure 7.3 presents all the results from diurnal meas-

urements of PM

2.5

until now. There seems to be a tendency towards a small

reduction in PM

2.5

, although this tendency is uncertain due to the relatively

short period with measurements.

The AEI for PM

2.5

is determined as the average PM

2.5

measured at urban back-

ground in Copenhagen, Aarhus and Aalborg over a three-year period. Thus

e.g. the 2010 AEI value represents the average of the years 2008-2010. The

trend for AEI is shown in figure 7.4 and as seen for PM

2.5

itself, there is a small

reduction in the AEI, although this tendency is uncertain due to the relatively

short period with measurements, and the large inter-annually variation in

2.5

due to the natural variations in the meteorological conditions. Over the

period 2010 to 2018 the AEI has been reduced with about 30 %.

The measurements show a significant reduction in the particle number con-

centrations for particles between 41 and 550 nm over the entire measuring

period from 2002 to 2017 (figure 7.5). On the street station at H. C. Andersen’s

Boulevard, the number of particles in the range from 41 to 550 has decreased

by more than 40 % during the period 2002 - 2017 in the presented size range.

At the urban background station in Copenhagen, a similar trend is observed

for the same period. A decrease was also observed at the rural background

station at Risø though the decrease is much smaller. Trends at the suburban

background station in Hvidovre cannot be investigated yet, as the time series

started in 2015 and is hence too short to make reasonable conclusions.

Figure 7.1.

Annual averages for TSP meas-

ured at street stations (s) and at a

rural background station (r).

120

100

TSP

µg/m

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

Copenhagen(s)/1103

Odense(s)/9155

Lille Valby(r)/2090

Copenhagen(s)/1257

Aalborg(s)/8151

2010

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Figure 7.2.

Annual averages for PM

meas-

ured at street stations (s), urban

background stations (u) and at rural

background stations (r). The

change from gravimetric determina-

tion using the SM200 as a filter

sampler to the use of the same in-

strument as a β-gauge

from 2006

gives rise to a 5-10% increase due

to the shift in method. Data is given

at standard temperature- and pres-

sure conditions (0ºC and 1 atm.).

PM given at ambient temperature

and pressure conditions is on an

annual average approximately 3-

4% lower than PM results given at

standard conditions. Since 2017, all

measurements are based on

the LVS reference method.

µg/m

Figure 7.3.

Annual averages for PM

2.5

meas-

ured at street (s), suburban (sub),

urban background (u) and at a rural

background station (r). Only annual

averages covering more than 2/3 of

the years are shown except for the

newly established suburban station

at Hvidovre (began in 17 June

2015) and Aalborg(s) for 2014

(data covering the period 1/1 - 7/9).

Data is given at standard tempera-

ture- and pressure conditions (0ºC

and 1 atm.). PM given at ambient

temperature and pressure condi-

tions is on an annual average ap-

proximately 3-4 % lower than PM

results given at standard condi-

tions. Since 2016, all PM

2.5

meas-

urements are based on the LVS

reference method.

µg/m

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Copenhagen(s)/1103

Copenhagen(s)/1257

Odense(s)/9155

Odense(s)/9156

Århus(s)/6153

Ålborg(s)/8151

Copenhagen(u)/1259

Odense(u)/9159

Århus(u)/6159

Aalborg(u)/8158

Lille Valby/Risø(r)

Keldsnor(r)/9055

2.5

Copenhagen(s)/1103

Copenhagen(s)/1257

Århus(s)/6153

Aalborg(s)/8151

Hvidovre(sub)/2650

Copenhagen(u)/1259

Århus(u)/6159

Aalborg(u)/8158

Lille Valby/Risø(r)

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Figure 7.4.

The trend for AEI for PM

2.5

. AEI is

determined as the average PM

2.5

measured at urban background in

Copenhagen, Aarhus and Aalborg

averaged over a three years period.

Data is given at ambient tempera-

ture- and pressure conditions. The

value shown for 2010 corresponds

to the average of the concentra-

tions for 2008 to 2010 and likewise

for the other years.

AEI PM

2.5

µg/m

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Figure 7.5.

Annual averages for

number of particles per cm

-3

in the

range from 41 to 478/550 nm at the

street station at H. C. Andersens

Boulevard, urban background sta-

tion at H. C. Ørsted Institut, subur-

ban station in Hvidovre and rural

background station at Risø. At

Hvidovre the numbers represent

particles in the range from 41-478

nm measured with the new instru-

ment type. At H. C. Ørsted Institut

only the old instrument type has

been used and these numbers rep-

resents particles in the range from

41 – 550 nm. At H. C. Andersens

Boulevard and Risø measurements

have been carried out with the old

instrument type (41-550 nm) up to

2017 and in 2017 the new instru-

ment type 41-478 nm) has been

used. The difference in upper cut of

range for the particle size do no

change the values measured since

the number of particles in the range

from 478 – 550 nm is very small.

14000

12000

H.C. Andersen Boulevard

Hvidovre

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

H.C. Ørested Institute

Risø

Number of particles per cm

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2019

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

7.3

2.5

and PM

modelled concentration for Copenhagen

and Aalborg

Model calculations of PM

2.5

and PM

for selected streets in Copenhagen

(capital) and Aalborg (fourth largest city) have been reported within the

Danish Air Quality Monitoring Program since the start of 2017. The selected

streets represent busy streets and are mainly so-called street canyons.

Concentrations are elevated in this type of streets due to the high emissions

and restricted dispersion conditions. 98 streets are included for Copenhagen

and 31 for Aalborg. ADT (Average Daily Traffic) was between 5,100 and

79,400 vehicles/day in Copenhagen and between 2,700 and 29,000

vehicles/day in Aalborg.

Model calculations have been carried out in order to determine the annual

concentrations of PM

2.5

and PM

for comparison with the limit values. The air

quality limit value for the annual mean is 25 and 40 µg/m

for PM

2.5

and PM

respectively (EC, 2008).

Modelled PM

2.5

and PM

concentrations for Copenhagen are shown in fig-

ures 7.6 and 7.7, respectively. The rank numbers from the ranking of NO

maintained and street numbers are shown in table 7.6.

Concentrations are well below the annual mean limit value for PM

2.5

of 25

µg/m

and the annual mean limit value for PM

of 40 µg/m

Figure 7.6.

Modelled PM

2.5

concentrations for Copenhagen in 2018. The streets are ranked according to the concentrations of

(Chapter 3.3). Arrows indicate street segments with a measuring station.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Figure 7.7.

Modelled PM

concentrations for Copenhagen in 2018. The streets are ranked according to the concentrations of

(Chapter 3.3). Arrows indicate street segments with a measuring station.

Modelled PM

2.5

and PM

concentrations for Aalborg are shown in figure 7.8

and figure 7.9, respectively. The figures contain the same ranking as for NO

and street names are shown in table 7.6.

Concentrations are well below the annual mean limit value for PM

2.5

of 25

µg/m

and the annual mean limit value for PM

of 40 µg/m

Figure 7.8.

Modelled PM

2.5

concentrations for Aalborg in 2018

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Figure 7.9.

Modelled PM

concentrations for Aalborg in 2018.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Table 7.6.

Rank number and names for the street segments that are shown in figure 7.7 and 7.8. The streets are numbered (1-

98) according to NO

levels in 2018 (1 = highest, 98 = lowest) (See chapter 3). The numbers in parentheses refer to different

segments of the same street that has more than one model calculation. An asterisk (*) indicates a street segment with a meas-

urement station.

No.

27*

Street name

H C Andersens Boulevard(2)

H C Andersens Boulevard(1)

H C Andersens Boulevard(3)

Gyldenløvesgade

Øster Søgade

Stormgade

Hammerichsgade

Ågade

Åboulevard(1)

Åboulevard(3)

Nørre Søgade

Bernstorffsgade(1)

Amagerbrogade(2)

Bredgade

Frederikssundsvej(3)

Bernstorffsgade(2)

Tagensvej(2)

Øster Voldgade(1)

Fredensgade

Østerbrogade(4)

Vesterbrogade(1)

Gothersgade(1)

Toftegårds Allé(1)

Enghavevej

Lyngbyvej(2)

H.C. Ørsteds Vej(2)

Jagtvej(1)

Falkoner Alle(2)

Toldbodgade

Vesterbrogade(3)

Nordre Fasanvej(1)

Torvegade

Tomsgårdsvej(2)

No.

Street name

Nørre Voldgade(2)

Amagerbrogade(1)

P Knudsens Gade(2)

Amagerfælledvej

Frederikssundsvej(8)

Scandiagade

Gammel Kongevej(1)

Tagensvej(3)

Frederikssundsvej(1)

Jagtvej(3)

Vester Farimagsgade

Nørre Farimagsgade

Nordre Fasanvej(3)

Søndre Fasanvej(2)

Godthåbsvej(3)

Hillerødgade(1)

Nørrebrogade

Jyllingevej(1)

Strandvejen(1)

Roskildevej(1)

Tagensvej(1)

Amager Boulevard

Gammel Køge Landevej(1)

Tuborgvej(2)

Folehaven(1)

Kalvebod Brygge

Tagensvej(4)

Ingerslevsgade

Østerbrogade(1)

Istedgade

Øster Voldgade(2)

Hulgårdsvej(2)

Ålholmvej(1)

No.

Street name

Hillerødgade(3)

Bülowsvej(2)

Røde Mellemvej(1)

Jagtvej(2)

Godthåbsvej(2)

Frederikssundsvej(5)

Grøndals Parkvej

Rebildvej

Blegdamsvej

Englandsvej(1)

Folke Bernadottes Allé

Dag Hammarskjølds Allé

Ålholmvej(2)

Frederiksborgvej(1)

Frederikssundsvej(2)

Tuborgvej(1)

Slotsherrensvej(2)

Peter Bangs Vej(2)

Amagerbrogade(3)

Vesterfælledvej

Peter Bangs Vej(1)

Bellahøjvej

Slotsherrensvej(1)

Halmetgade

Artillerivej

Strandvænget(2)

Gammel Køge Landevej(2)

Frederiksborgvej(2)

Vigerslevvej(2)

Røde Mellemvej(2)

Englandsvej(2)

Strandvejen(2)

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

8. Heavy metals

The EU Directives 2004/107/EC (EC, 2005) requires that the concentrations of

arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) have to be measured in PM

, and

the directives lay down target values for these compounds. Similarly the EU

Directive 2008/50/EC (EC, 2008) requires measurements of lead (Pb) and lay

down a limit value for Pb.

In accordance with the directives, metals in PM

are measured by collection

of PM

on filters that are analyzed by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma

Mass Spectrometry) for their content of the four regulated metals and 6 addi-

tional metals (vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cupper (Cu),

zink (Zn), and selenium (Se)) The heavy metals in PM

are measured at two

street stations (H. C. Andersens Boulevard (HCAB), Copenhagen; Bane-

gaardsgade; Aarhus) and at the urban background station in Copenhagen

(HCØ). These compounds are also measured at the rural background station

Risø in total suspended particulate (TSP). The content of these metals in PM

and TSP are to a good approximation equal at the rural measurement station

Risø since these metals are mainly found in particles with diameter below 10

µm.

The EU directive 2004/107/EC (EC, 2005) requires furthermore that mercury

(Hg) has to be measured. However, these measurements can be carried out in

cooperation with neighbouring countries since the spatial variation in mer-

cury is very small. As part of a bilateral agreement “Development of the mu-

tual partnership on air pollution” between Denmark and Sweden, it has been

agreed that the Swedish measurements at Röå (table 8.2) can fulfil the Danish

obligations on measurements of Hg.

8.1

Annual statistics

The annual statistics for the selected metals are shown in table 8.1 and 8.2 in-

cluding the target/limit values. The concentrations are low for all of the met-

als and there were no exceedances of the target/limit values for the four reg-

ulated metals (As, Cd, Ni, and Pb).

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Table 8.1.

Annual statistics for vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), cupper (Cu), zink (Zn), arsenic (As),

selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) measured in PM

during 2018. For comparison, the table also includes results for

these metals measured in TSP at the rural background station Risø.

Unit ng/m

, Street

Copenhagen/1103

Aarhus/6153

10,

Urban background:

Copenhagen/1259

TSP, Rural background

Risø

EU Target (Limit) Values

Guideline value (WHO)

2.4

1.4

2.1

1.3

1000

7.9

3.1

2.4

0.6

6.7

4.5

3.7

150

1.7

0.5

0.9

0.5

4.1

0.7

0.5

0.4

6.6

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.09

0.06

3.5

2.0

1.9

500

Life time risk level at 1:10

Pb is from EU Directive 2008/50/EC (EC, 2008).

*) Target values for Ni, As and Cd are implemented through EU Council Directive 2004/107/EC (EC, 2005). The limit value for

**) The guidelines and lifetime risk for the carcinogenic metals are established by WHO (WHO, 2000). The lifetime risk level is

defined as the concentration that through a lifelong exposure is estimated to give an excess risk of 1:105 for developing can-

cer.

Table 8.2.

Annual statistics for Hg in 2018 measured at Råö in southern Sweden by the Swedish Environmental Research Insti-

tute.

Unit: ng/m

Råö (SE00014)

Total Gas Hg

(ng/m )

1.4

Total Particles Hg

(ng/m

)

0.0015

8.2

Trends

The long-term trends for six of the heavy metals are shown in figure 8.1. For

Pb, As, Ni and manganese (Mn) there are clear reductions in the concentra-

tions due to national and international regulations of the emissions. The re-

duction is most pronounced for Pb where removal of Pb from gasoline has

resulted in large reductions of the concentrations. For Cu there has not been

any clear long-term change in concentration. Emissions in Denmark show a

slight increase during the period from 1990 to 2013 (DCE, 2017).

The long-term trend of Mn behaves differently at H. C. Andersen’s Boulevard

as compared to the other Danish stations. High Mn concentrations in the as-

phalt used at H. C. Andersen’s Boulevard during the period 1991 - 2008 is

believed to be the main reason for this. In 2008 the asphalt was replaced by a

new type of asphalt. The abrupt decrease in concentration from 2005 to 2006

at HCAB is ascribed to a change in sample inlet. Annual averages up to 2005

is based on TSP, whereas annual averages are based on PM

from 2006 and

the change in particle fraction lead to the lower concentrations since Mn is

found in large particles from the asphalt.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

1000

HCAB

Jagtvej

Aarhus

Odense

Aalborg

HCØ

Lille Valby/Risø

2,6

2,4

2,2

2,0

1,8

1,6

ng/m

100

ng/m

1,4

1,2

1,0

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

14,0

HCAB

140

Jagtvej

Aarhus

12,0

10,0

ng/m

120

100

ng/m

Odense

Aalborg

HCØ

8,0

6,0

4,0

2,0

0,0

Lille Valby/Risø

HCAB

Jagtvej

Aarhus

Odense

Aalborg

HCØ

Lille Valby/Risø

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

150

HCAB

Jagtvej

Odense

HCØ

Aarhus

Aalborg

Lille Valby/Risø

ng/m

125

100

ng/m

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Figure 8.1.

Annual averages from selected stations for some heavy metals in particulate matter. Until 2000 in TSP and later in

– except for Copenhagen/1103 where PM

replaced TSP from the beginning of 2006. The heavy metals are usually found

in fine particles, which make the TSP and the PM

values comparable. An exception is road dust and especially for Mn the val-

ues found in TSP is higher than in PM

. Note that the scale for Pb is logarithmic. The dashed line indicates that the analysis

method has been changed from 2009 to 2010.

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

HCAB

Jagtvej

Aarhus

Odense

Aalborg

HCØ

Lille Valby/Risø

2018

0,0

HCAB

Jagtvej

Aarhus

Odense

Aalborg

HCØ

Lille Valby/Risø

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

9. Sulphur dioxide

The concentration of sulphur dioxide (SO

) has reached very low levels in

Denmark, and it is therefore only necessary to perform a limited monitoring

of the concentrations; both with respect to the number of stations and the

quality of the measurements. Hence, this is only measured at two traffic sta-

tions (Copenhagen and Aalborg) with focus on episodes with high concentra-

tions of SO

. It is measured using gas monitors based on ultraviolet fluores-

cence. The concentrations of SO

are often below the detection limit of the in-

struments and hence the uncertainties of the measurements are large. The

concentrations are measured continuously throughout the year with a time

resolution of minutes that is aggregated to hourly averages for this report.

9.1

Annual statistics

The annual statistics for 2018 for SO

are shown in table 9.1. None of the limit

values (EU, 2008) were exceeded in 2018. In 2018, there was no information to

the public due to exceedance of the alert threshold for SO

(one-hour average

500 µg/m

Table 9.1.

Annual statistics for SO

in 2018. All parameters are calculated based on hourly average. The detection limit for the

monitors is a few µg/m

, which makes the average and median values encumbered with high relative uncertainties.

Unit: µg/m

Number of

Average

Median

98-

Max.

highest

results

year

winter

percentile

Hour

diurnal mean

Traffic:

Copenhagen/1103

Aalborg/8151 §

Limit values

8001

>7446*

1.0

1.3

0.7

4.5

12.2

350

5.1

125

*) 90% data capture of number of hourly measurements in relation to total number of hourly measurements in 2018 excluding

hours used for calibration.

§) Aalborg/8151 (traffic) there is no data since the station has been shut down due to construction work at the site. Measurements

are not reinitiated at the street station in Aalborg in 2018 before ultimo 2019.

9.2

Trends

The long-term trends for SO

concentrations are shown in figure 9.1. Since the

beginning of the 1980s, the annual concentrations have decreased by a factor

of ten or more due to effective national and international regulations of the

emissions. The emission reductions are due to use of effective cleaning tech-

nologies in combination with the decrease of the sulphur content in fuel.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

- annual averages

Concentration, µg/m

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

2018

Copenhagen/1103

Odense/9155

Copenhagen/1257

Aalborg/8151

Lille Valby/2090

Figure 9.1.

Annual averages for SO

. Until 2001 the results were obtained using potassium

hydroxide impregnated filters for collection of SO

. These measurements ceased in 2000

and after 2000 the SO

measurements have been carried out using SO

monitors in order

to monitor episodic results. The detection limit for the monitors is a few µg/m

, which makes

the average and median values encumbered with high relative uncertainties. The shift in

level from 2000 to 2001 is due to shift of the methods. The station in Aalborg (traffic) has

temporarily been shut down due to construction work at the site. There is therefore no data

from Aalborg from 2015 until 2018, which is the reporting year for this report.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

10. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

Following the EU Directive 2004/107/EC (EC, 2005), measurements of atmos-

pheric concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene and other particle bound polyaro-

matic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been introduced in the air quality monitor-

ing programme starting from June 2007. The target value for benzo[a]pyrene

in ambient air is set to 1 ng/m

averaged over a calendar year (EC, 2005).

Benzo[a]pyrene is used as a marker for the carcinogenicity of PAHs.

Particulate matter (PM

fraction) is collected at the urban station of H. C. An-

dersens Boulevard (Copenhagen/1103) in Copenhagen and at a temporary

station in a suburban area in Hvidovre.

10.1 Annual statistics

The average concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in 2018 was 0.25 ng/m

and 0.28

ng/m

at the street station on HCAB and the suburban station in Hvidovre,

respectively. The average concentration of benzo[a]pyrene at HCAB has

slightly increased with respect to the value in 2017 (0.18 ng/m

), while the

concentrations of all the other PAHs are substantially unchanged at both sta-

tions. Overall, it can be concluded that the target value for benzo[a]pyrene of

1 ng/m

was not exceeded in 2018.

Table 10.1 shows the average annual concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene and

the other five PAHs listed in the EU Directive. There are no target values for

these five compounds.

Table 10.1.

Annual average concentrations for the six PAHs listed in the EU Directive.

HCAB

ng/m

Benzo[a]pyrene

Benzo[a]anthracene

Benzo[b]fluoranthene

Benzo[j+k]fluoranthenes

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene

0.25

0.17

0.28

0.44

0.32

0.04

Hvidovre

ng/m

0.28

0.20

0.41

0.50

0.34

0.05

The seasonal trends in PAH concentrations are summarized in figure 10.1 and

10.2. As expected, the atmospheric concentrations are low during summer

months, while concentrations increase in winter months due to higher emis-

sions and less photochemical degradation of the compounds. The seasonal

variation also seems to vary between the two measurements stations (table

10.2). The winter concentrations at Hvidovre are higher than at HCAB in 2013-

2018 while the summer concentrations are at the same low level for most of

the years. This is because the sources of benzo[a]pyrene in Hvidovre is largely

wood burning for residential heating while the sources at HCAB are both

wood burning and traffic. The seasonal variation in the emissions from traffic

is small compared to that of wood burning.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

0,7

BaP

0,6

Concentration, ng/m

H.C. Andersens Boulevard

Hvidovre

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0,0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Figure 10.1.

Monthly average concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene at H. C. Andersens Boule-

vard and Hvidovre in 2018.

16,0

14,0

12,0

10,0

8,0

6,0

4,0

2,0

0,0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Sum PAH

H.C. Andersens Boulevard

Hvidovre

Figure 10.2.

Monthly average concentrations of the sum of all analyzed PAHs at H. C. An-

dersens Boulevard and Hvidovre in 2018.

Table 10.2.

Winter, summer and annual average concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene for 2013-2018.

Hvidovre

2013

Winter

Summer

Annual

0.53

0.12

0.34

2014

0.73

0.10

0.38

2015

0.42

0.06

0.25

2016

0.42

0.04

0.23

2017

0.49

0.09

0.29

2018

0.51

0.08

0.29

2013

0.38

0.11

0.24

2014

0.50

0.10

0.29

HCAB

2015

0.44

0.12

0.29

2016

0.33

0.08

0.20

2017

0.26

0.09

0.18

2018

0.41

0.09

0.25

Concentration, ng/m

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

10.2 Trends

The annual averages of benzo[a]pyrene since 2008 at the street station on

HCAB are shown in figure 10.3 together with five years of data from the sub-

urban station in Hvidovre. A decrease in the annual averages of benzo[a]py-

rene at HCAB is observed since 2008, and there is also a downward trend at

Hvidovre since 2013. The variation from year to year is to a large extend due

to the natural variation in the meteorology that have impact on both the need

for residential heating and the dispersion of the emissions from the sources.

0,5

0,4

Concentration, ng/m

0,3

0,2

H.C. Andersens Boulevard

0,1

Hvidovre

0,0

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figure 10.3.

Annual average concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene at H. C. Andersens Boule-

vard and Hvidovre.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

11. Organic carbon and elemental carbon

Ambient concentrations of particulate Organic Carbon (OC) and Elemental

Carbon (EC) are monitored at four sites in Denmark with a time resolution of

24 hours. A kerbside station is located at H. C. Andersen’s Boulevard/1103 in

Copenhagen. EC in urban background is monitored in Copenhagen on H. C.

Ørsted Instituttet/1259. OC and EC are measured at the semi-rural station

Risø/2090 north of Roskilde, and at Hvidovre/2650 (suburban site,

Hvidovre), which is considered to be a hotspot for residential wood burning.

2.5

is sampled on two filters in tandem, i.e. quartz-behind-quartz, to correct

for positive artifacts from adsorption of volatile and semi-volatile organic

compounds, which are not particulate material. The filters are analysed for

OC and EC by a thermal/optical method according to the European EU-

SAAR2 temperature protocol (Cavalli et al., 2010) using a carbon analyser

from Sunset Laboratories.

11.1 Annual statistics and trends

OC and EC have been measured in PM

2.5

since 2010. During this relatively

short period, the annual averages of semi-rural OC has oscillated between 1.1

and 1.8 µg/m

. Since biogenic sources are expected to account for the majority

of the OC in PM

2.5

a constant trend biased by natural variation is expected.

OC covariates at the kerbside station HCAB and the semi-rural site with an

increment largely explained by the traffic source at HCAB (figure 11.1). The

2018 average EC in rural background (0.29 µg/m

) has decreased by 36 % of

its 2010 concentration. The kerbside station (1.1 µg/m

), which is largely im-

pacted by local traffic, has experienced a 53 % decrease in EC in the same pe-

riod. In 2018, Copenhagen urban background (0.35 µg/m

) and the suburban

site in Hvidovre (0.40 µg/m

) experienced EC concentrations 22 and 39 %

higher than the semi-rural site. The ratio of EC to total carbon (TC) differs

significantly between rural background (0.17) and the kerbside station in Co-

penhagen (0.34). While the EC/TC ratio has decreased most years from 2010

to 2017 at HCAB, EC/TC shows a nearly constant trend at Risø (figure 11.1).

A clear seasonal pattern was observed for EC and OC at the rural and urban

background with minimum summer concentrations and higher winter con-

centrations. EC and OC showed less seasonal variation at the kerbside station.

Table 11.1.

Annual statistics for OC in 2018. The values are based on daily averages of Copenhagen kerbside and semi-rural

background 30 km west of Copenhagen.

Concentration µg/m

Copenhagen/1103

Risø/2090

Data capture

99%

95%

OC, average

2.2

1.4

Table 11.2.

Annual statistics for EC in 2018. The values are based on daily averages of Copenhagen kerbside and urban back-

ground, semi-rural background 30 km west of Copenhagen and at a suburban site southwest of Copenhagen.

Concentration µg/m

Copenhagen/1103

Copenhagen/1259

Risø/2090

Hvidovre/2650

Data capture

91%

92%

93%

89%

EC, average

1.1

0.35

0.29

0.35

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

5,0

Risø

4,0

HCAB

OC, µg/m

3,0

2,0

1,0

0,0

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

3,0

HCØ

Hvidovre

Risø

HCAB

2,0

EC, µg/m

1,0

0,0

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

1,0

Hvidovre

Risø

HCAB

0,8

Ratio EC /TC

0,6

0,4

0,2

0,0

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Figur 11.1.

OC, EC and the ratio of EC to total carbon (EC/TC) at kerbside (H.C. Ander-

sen’s Boulevard, HCAB), semi-rural background (RISØ), urban background (H.C. Ørsted

Institut, HCØ) and at a suburban site (Hvidovre).

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

12. Chemical composition of PM

2.5

In addition to the measurements of elemental and organic compounds, also

measurements of the main inorganic compounds in PM

2.5

(ammonium

(NH

), sodium (Na

), potassium (K

), calcium (Ca

), magnesium (Mg

chloride (Cl

), nitrate (NO

), sulfate (SO

42-

)) have been conducted at the rural

measurements station Risø. PM

2.5

is responsible for the majority of the health

impacts from air pollution and determination of the chemical constituents in

2.5

are important. These measurements are carried out on the basis of the

air quality directive from 2008 (EC, 2008). The method is chemical analysis of

the daily PM

2.5

particle filters sampled using Low Volume Sampling.

12.1 Results

Examples of the daily variations of the concentrations are shown in figure 12.1

together with the variation of PM

2.5

. The annual contributions to PM

2.5

of the

different compounds are shown in figure 12.2. The mass of the unknown is

very uncertain because it is calculated from the difference between PM

2.5

and

the sum of all the analysed constituents. The unknown mass is water attached

to the particles, dust (e.g. SiO

), heavy metals and other trace constituents.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Figure 12.1.

Daily variations of the concentrations of PM

2.5

, Na

, SO

42-

, NH

and Ca

at Risø in 2018.

Concentration, µg/m

0,00

01-01-18

15-01-18

29-01-18

12-02-18

26-02-18

12-03-18

26-03-18

09-04-18

23-04-18

07-05-18

21-05-18

04-06-18

18-06-18

02-07-18

16-07-18

30-07-18

13-08-18

27-08-18

10-09-18

24-09-18

08-10-18

22-10-18

05-11-18

19-11-18

03-12-18

17-12-18

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,10

0,12

01-01-18

15-01-18

29-01-18

12-02-18

26-02-18

12-03-18

26-03-18

09-04-18

23-04-18

07-05-18

21-05-18

04-06-18

18-06-18

02-07-18

16-07-18

30-07-18

13-08-18

27-08-18

10-09-18

24-09-18

08-10-18

22-10-18

05-11-18

19-11-18

03-12-18

17-12-18

31-12-18

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

NH4

01-01-18

15-01-18

29-01-18

12-02-18

26-02-18

12-03-18

26-03-18

09-04-18

23-04-18

07-05-18

21-05-18

04-06-18

18-06-18

02-07-18

16-07-18

30-07-18

13-08-18

27-08-18

10-09-18

24-09-18

08-10-18

22-10-18

05-11-18

19-11-18

03-12-18

17-12-18

31-12-18

SO4

01-01-18

15-01-18

29-01-18

12-02-18

26-02-18

12-03-18

26-03-18

09-04-18

23-04-18

07-05-18

21-05-18

04-06-18

18-06-18

02-07-18

16-07-18

30-07-18

13-08-18

27-08-18

10-09-18

24-09-18

08-10-18

22-10-18

05-11-18

19-11-18

03-12-18

17-12-18

31-12-18

01-01-18

15-01-18

29-01-18

12-02-18

26-02-18

12-03-18

26-03-18

09-04-18

23-04-18

07-05-18

21-05-18

04-06-18

18-06-18

02-07-18

16-07-18

30-07-18

13-08-18

27-08-18

10-09-18

24-09-18

08-10-18

22-10-18

05-11-18

PM2.5

19-11-18

03-12-18

17-12-18

31-12-18

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Table 12.1.

Annual average contributions and relative distribution of the chemical composition of PM

2.5

at Risø in 2018. Organic

matter (OM) has been estimated from the measured concentrations of OC by multiplication of OC with a factor of 2.1 for the OM

at Risø that has undergone some chemical transformations in the atmosphere (Turpin and Lim, 2001). This is done in order to

account for the contribution of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen etc. to the mass of the organic compounds.

Components

2.5

Unknown mass

µg/m

0.18

0.23

0.02

1.1

2.5

1.3

0.10

0.02

0.29

2.9

3.1

Distribution %

100

1.5

2.0

0.2

9,2

0.8

0.2

2.5

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

13. Health effects of air pollution in Denmark

According to WHO, air pollution is now considered the world’s largest single

environmental health risk. Around 3.7 million people died prematurely in

2012 as a result of exposure to outdoor air pollution (WHO, 2014). This high

impact of air pollution on human health is the reason for inclusion of model

calculations of the health impacts and associated external costs of air pollution

in Denmark in the Air Quality Monitoring Program under NOVANA.

The model calculations are carried out with the model system EVAv5.2.

EVAv5.2 is an integrated part of a multi-scale model system that is capable of

describing the contribution from intercontinental, regional, national and local

sources on air pollution and hence also on the impact of air pollution on hu-

man health. For further details of the EVAv5.2-system, see chapter 2.3.

The health effects are associated with PM

2.5

, NO

, SO

and O

. Of these, PM

2.5

and O

are the most extensively used in studies of external costs, as their

effects are dominant compared to the other species. Atmospheric particles are

considered responsible for mortality and morbidity, primarily via cardiovas-

cular and respiratory diseases. A review from Hoek et al. (2013) includes the

most comprehensive analysis of cardio-respiratory impacts in long-term stud-

ies and concludes that the long-term relative risk for total mortality is 6.2 %

per 10 μg/m

increase in PM

2.5

, which is the relative risk applied in EVA.

The model calculations of the health effects and external costs related to air

pollution in Denmark have been updated on several aspects. This has resulted

in an adjustment of the numbers for the health impacts and the external costs.

The results presented in this report are therefore not directly comparable to

the results presented in the annual report for 2017. Chapter 2 describes the

changes in the model calculations.

13.1 Status and trend for health effects

Table 13.1 presents the number of cases for the different health outcomes due

to the total air pollution calculated using the EVA model system as a mean

over the three years 2016-2018. The table presents the impact from short-term

exposure to PM

2.5

, NO

, SO

and O

and long-term exposure to PM

2.5

and NO

as well as morbidity allocated to the different species.

The number of cases of premature deaths due to long-term exposure is calcu-

lated from the Years of Life Lost (YOLL) using an average number of life years

lost (10.6 years, see Brandt et al., 2013a). The total annual number of prema-

ture deaths due to the total air pollution levels in 2016-2018 is estimated to

around 4,200 cases in Denmark. Health impacts due to exposure to NO

are

recently included in the EVA system and contributes with around 360 cases

of premature deaths.

The main driver for the health impacts is PM

2.5

, which in these calculations

includes the total primary emissions of PM

2.5

, including mineral dust, fresh

and aged black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), sea salt from sea spray, as

well as the secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) and the secondary organic aer-

osols (SOA). PM

2.5

accounts for about 90 % of all premature deaths, NO

for

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

about 8,5 %, O

for about 1,6 % and SO

for around 0.1 % (as a mean over the

three years 2016-2018).

The risk of premature death resulting from exposure to PM

2.5

, NO

, O

and

is rather homogeneously distributed over Denmark, however with a gra-

dient from south to north and higher risks in the major cities. The explanation

is that the majority of premature deaths is related to PM

2.5

, and the geograph-

ical variation in the concentration of PM

2.5

is fairly small. This is due to the

large contribution to PM

2.5

that originates from long-range transport of air

pollution mainly from the northern parts of the European continent.

Model calculations with the EVAv5.2 system have been carried out in order

to calculate the development of the health impacts for the period 1990-2018.

Figures 13.1 and 13.2 present the total number of premature deaths due to

2.5

, NO

, O

and SO

in Denmark as annual averages due to the total air

pollution. The total number of premature deaths has decreased from around

7,200 cases/year in 1990 to around 4,500 cases/year in 2018 – a reduction of

38 % over this period (note that these numbers of premature deaths are means

over a single year). The variations from year to year are due to natural varia-

tions in the meteorological conditions and the general development in emis-

sions in Denmark and Europe.

Recent results for Europe (Brandt et al., 2013a; 2013b) show that outdoor air

pollution caused about 570,000 premature deaths in 2011. For 2016-2018, the

number of premature deaths in Europe is calculated to app. 400,000, however,

this is for the countries in the European Union only.

Model calculations with the DEHM and UBM models based on an emission

reduction scenario have been conducted in order to estimate the contribution

from emissions in foreign countries to air pollution across Denmark (in this

case all natural and anthropogenic emissions in the Northern Hemisphere )

and the contribution from anthropogenic emissions in Denmark to the num-

ber of premature deaths, as calculated with the EVA model system, see table

13.2. The contribution from foreign countries to premature deaths in Denmark

is estimated to about 3,000 (71 % of the total number of cases in Denmark),

while the contribution from Danish emissions is about 1,220 premature deaths

in Denmark (29 %). The contribution from Danish emissions to the number of

premature deaths in Europe (excl. Denmark) is estimated to about 1,810

cases/year. The “import” of air pollution related health impacts from foreign

sources is therefore about 40 % larger than the “export” of health impacts to

foreign countries from Danish sources. It is also seen that Danish emissions

cause about 33 % more premature deaths in foreign countries (~1,810) than

they do in Denmark (~1,200).

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Table 13.1

The number of cases for the different health outcomes in the EVAv5.2 model system due to the total air pollution

concentrations as a mean over the three years 2016-2018 for the whole of Denmark.

Number of cases

Health outcome

Premature deaths (short-term exposure)

Premature deaths (long-term exposure)

Premature deaths (total)

Respiratory Hospital Admissions

Cerebrovascular Hospital Admissions

Cough Children

Chronic Bronchitis (adults)

Chronic Bronchitis (children)

Work loss days

Restricted Activity Days

Minor restricted Activity Days

Lung Cancer

Infant mortality

777

297

359

360

2.5

771

3,020

3,790

1,470

1,030

356

3,000

19,700

1,250

3,700,000

Total

1,200

3,020

4,220

3,240

972

356

3,000

19,700

1,250

3,700,000

777

8000

Short term exposure

7000

6000

Long term exposure

Total

Premature deaths

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Year

Figure 13.1.

Total annual number of premature deaths due to the total air pollution of PM

2.5

, O

, NO

and SO

in Denmark from

short-term and long-term exposure as well as the total number of premature deaths. Calculations are carried out using the

EVAv5.2 model system.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

7000

6000

5000

Premature deaths

PM25

4000

3000

2000

1000

1990

1995

2000

2005

Year

2010

2015

7000

6000

5000

Premature deaths

P…

4000

3000

2000

1000

1990

1995

2000

2005

Year

2010

2015

1000

900

800

700

Premature deaths

SO2

NO2

600

500

400

300

200

100

1990

1995

2000

2005

Year

2010

2015

Figure 13.2.

Annual number of premature deaths in Denmark due to exposure to the air pollutants PM

2.5

(top panel) and NO

and SO

(bottom panel) Calculations are carried out using the EVAv5.2 model system.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

Table 13.2.

Contribution from emissions in foreign countries to Denmark and the contribution from emissions in Denmark to the

number of premature deaths, calculated with the EVAv5.2 model system as a mean over the three years 2016-2018.

Number of

% of total

Contributions

premature deaths

Total air pollution in Denmark

4,220

100

Foreign contribution to Denmark

Denmark’s contribution to Denmark

Denmark’s contribution to Europe incl. Denmark

Denmark’s contribution to Europe excl. Denmark

3,000

1.220

3,030

1,810

100

13.2 Status and trend for external costs of health impacts

An external cost occurs when the production or consumption of a good or

service imposes a cost upon a third party, as e.g. activities leading to increased

air pollution concentrations, which result in impacts on health, nature or cli-

mate. In the EVAv5.2 system, the external costs related to health impacts from

air pollution are calculated.

The total health related external costs for Denmark have been calculated to

about 79 billion DKK as an average over the three years 2016-2018 using the

economic valuation of the individual health outcomes in Andersen et al.

(2019) in 2016 prices. The trend in the total external costs is similar to the de-

velopment of the total number of premature deaths and is therefore not

shown here. The total health related external costs as an average over the

years 1988-1990 is about 131 billion DKK and has therefore decreased by

about 38 % since then.

The contribution from emissions from foreign countries to air pollution and

associated health effects and socio-economic costs in Denmark, and the simi-

lar contribution from emissions in Denmark, calculated by the EVA model

system, is given in table 13.3. The contribution from foreign countries to Den-

mark is estimated to about 55 billion DKK (70 % of the total health related

external costs in Denmark), while the contribution from Danish emissions

contributes with about 24 billion DKK in Denmark (30 %). The contribution

from Danish emissions to the total health related external costs in Europe ex-

cluding Denmark is about 30 billion DKK.

Table 13.3.

Contribution from emissions from foreign countries to Denmark and the contribution from emissions in Denmark to

the total health related external costs, calculated with the EVAv5.2 model system as a mean over the three years 2016-2018.

Contributions

Total air pollution in Denmark

Foreign contribution to Denmark

Denmark’s contribution to Denmark

Denmark’s contribution to Europe incl. Denmark

Denmark’s contribution to Europe excl. Denmark

Billion DKK

% of total

100

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

13.3 Adjustments

The model calculations of the health impacts and external costs for air pollu-

tion have been updated in connection with this reporting and it is therefore

not possible to make a direct comparison between the numbers presented in

this report for 2018 and the numbers presented in the latest report covering

2017.

The average number of premature deaths was in the reporting for 2017 calcu-

lated to be about 3,200 for the average of 2015-2017. The same number in the

present report is calculated to be about 4,200 as an average for 2016-2018. This

change is mainly due to two factors:

Inclusion of an exposure-response function for the direct impact of NO

mortality. This accounts for 360 extra premature deaths in 2016-2018 com-

pared to 2015-2017.

Improvements in the model calculations for PM

2.5

(see Chapter 2 for further

details) have increased the level of the model calculated PM

2.5

. Moreover, the

present calculations have also been calibrated upwards in order to obtain

good agreement with the measurement results (Appendix 3). In the reporting

for 2017 the concentrations of PM

2.5

were about 26 % lower compared to meas-

urement results. The underestimation of the health impacts from PM

2.5

in the

reporting for 2017 corresponds to about 800 premature deaths. The better

model performance of the results from this report compared to the reporting

for 2017 is therefore the other main reason for the higher number reported for

the health impacts this year.

The special weather conditions in 2018 lead to a significant increase in the

measured PM

2.5

of around 25 % in 2018 compared to 2017 (Chapter 7). How-

ever, the numbers for the health impacts are given as average for three years

and hence, the year-to-year variations due to changing meteorological condi-

tions have been smoothed out. As a consequence the special weather condi-

tions in 2018 have only given rise to small changes in the health impacts from

2015-2017 to 2016-2018.

There has also been a major update in the procedure for assessment of exter-

nal costs. In the report for 2017, the total external costs were calculated to 25

million DKK while the same number has been calculated to about 79 million

DKK in this reporting for 2018. This quite large adjustment is mainly a conse-

quence of changes in the valuation of a statistic life. The new model calcula-

tions have been based on the Danish Economic Councils updated value of a

statistic life (about 32 million DKK) (DØRS 2016; Ministry of Finance, 2017)

and this value is about a factor of two higher than the value used in model

calculations for 2017. This update has led to nearly a doubling of the external

costs. Moreover, the adjustment of the model calculations of PM

2.5

that re-

sulted in a higher number of premature deaths is also one of the major reasons

for the higher numbers presented in the report.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

13.4 Uncertainties

There are considerable uncertainties associated with the calculation of health

impacts and external costs related to air pollution. Lelieveld and coworkers

(2019) have estimated that their calculation of health impacts from air pollu-

tion is associated with an uncertainty of ± 50 %. DCE estimates that the uncer-

tainty associated with the calculations presented in this report is of similar

magnitude.

A significant part of the uncertainty relates to the exposure-response relation-

ships and especially to the exposure-response relationships implemented for

. For the chronic mortality of NO

, WHO recommends the application of

a threshold of 20 µg/m

, so that it is only concentrations above this threshold

that contribute to the impact of NO

on chronic mortality. This threshold is

therefore implemented in DCE’s calculations of the health impact of NO

However, there is considerable uncertainty connected with this threshold and

some research (Héroux et al., 2015) indicates that the threshold is too high or

that it should be removed all together. This will have a significant influence

on the results from the calculations and a decrease in the threshold will lead

to a significant higher number of premature deaths attributable to NO

There are also large uncertainties related to the exposure-response relation-

ships for O

where recent research indicates that O

at lower concentrations

also has large impacts on human health. Until now, it has generally been ac-

cepted that the health impact of O

originates from exposure to O

at high

concentrations and this is the background for use of exposure-response rela-

tionships that are based on the parameter SOMO35 that sums up all the O

concentrations above 35 ppb (= 70 µg/m

). New research indicates that O

concentrations as low as 10 ppb (= 20 µg/m

) can have significant impact in-

dicating the use of a lower threshold (SOMO10). This will lead to a higher

impact from O

on health. At present, it is the recommendation from Danish

experts on health impacts from air pollution that DCE continues with the use

of SOMO35 (Ellermann et al., 2019).

There is today very solid documentation for the health impacts related to

2.5

. However, there is still a lack of scientific knowledge on which particu-

lar chemical constituents of PM

2.5

are responsible for the health impact. The

recommendation from WHO is still to use the same exposure-response func-

tion for the different chemical constituents of PM

2.5

and the results from the

EVA-model system is based on this assumption. Changes in this assumption

will potentially lead to changes in the magnitude, sources and spatial distri-

bution of the health impacts and external costs from air pollution.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

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Appendix 1

Replacement of the station at H. C. Andersens Boulevard

On 3 October 2016, the station at H. C. Andersen’s Boulevard was closed and

replaced with a new station (2.3). The majority of the measurements were in-

itiated on 19 October 2016. The new station was located 2.7 m further away

from the inner traffic lane in order to compensate for the road change in 2010

(figure A.1 and A.2). Moreover, the station was moved about 2 m further away

from a tree close to the station. The EU directive (EC, 2008) specifies measure-

ments to be carried out several meters from trees in order to avoid influence

from the trees on the measurements.

Figure A.1.

Sketch of the old and new location of the measurement station at H. C. An-

dersens Boulevard.

Figure A.2.

Aerial photo of the location of the measurement station (red circle) at H. C.

Andersens Boulevard.

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Appendix 2

Pollutants measured in the network

NO and partly NO

are formed by combustion at high temperatures. The main

sources are power plants and traffic. At the street stations the traffic is the

main source. The application of catalytic converter in the exhaust reduces the

emission considerably. NO is relatively harmless, but NO

can cause respira-

tory problems.

Most of the NO

in the urban atmosphere is produced by oxidation of NO by

. The reaction will take place immediately, if sufficient O

is present. O

often the limiting component for a complete oxidation in the street canyons,

but practically all NO is oxidised at the urban background and rural stations.

Within a few hours the NO

is further oxidised to nitrate and/or nitric acid,

which may cause acid precipitation and eutrophication. NO

is a toxic gas,

which may cause respiratory problems. There are limit values for the allowed

concentration of NO

in the atmosphere.

is formed by photochemical reactions (i.e. by the influence of sunlight) be-

tween NO

and VOCs. The VOCs can be of natural and anthropogenic origin.

The major part of the O

measured in Denmark originates from sources out-

side the country. Usually the highest concentrations are found at rural and

urban background sites. O

is removed by NO at street level. O

is a toxic gas,

which may cause respiratory problems and damage on crops and forests.

There are so-called target values for the concentration of O

in the atmosphere.

The main source of CO in urban air is petrol-fueled cars. The CO is formed

due to incomplete combustion. The application of catalytic converter in the

exhaust reduces the emission considerably. CO is only slowly removed from

the atmosphere. CO is a toxic gas that may prevent the uptake of oxygen in

the blood. There are limit values for the allowed concentration of CO in the

atmosphere.

Benzene is present in petrol. It may also be formed in engines due to incom-

plete combustion. Since 1994 the benzene content in petrol has been reduced

by up to a factor of 5. The concentration in the atmosphere has been reduced

correspondingly. Benzene is a carcinogenic gas. There is a limit value for the

average content in the atmosphere.

Many different VOCs are present in the air. Several of these are emitted by

incomplete combustion in e.g. engines and wood burning stoves. Several of

the VOCs are carcinogenic. A “target value” is implemented through an EU

Council Directive in 2004 for benzo[a]-pyrene as indicator for PAH (poly aro-

matic hydrocarbones). PAH in PM

is collected by high volume sampling

(HVS) at a flow rate of 0.5 m

min

-1

over a period of 24 hours for an average

total volume of 700 m

. The filters are kept frozen until analysis. Weekly based

PAH concentrations are obtained by analysis of pooled fractions of daily col-

lected samples. For each day 4 x 1.5 cm

are taken from the filter and the frac-

tions from the whole week are pooled and extracted. The pooled filters are

extracted with dichloromethane and cleaned up on silica. Before extraction,

the filters are spiked with deuterium-labeled PAH. Analysis of the extracts is

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Concentra-

tions of individual PAHs in samples are corrected for recovery of a deuter-

ium-labelled PAH standard with the closest molecular weight. A total of 18

PAHs are analyzed with the method.

The main sources for PM

and PM

2.5

are combustion and resuspended dust.

PM are also produced by chemical reactions in the atmosphere, e.g. oxidation

of nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and VOC. The submicron particles,

which are formed by combustion and chemical reactions in the atmosphere,

are suspected to be the most harmful for the health. There is still a lack of

knowledge about the connection between health effects and particle size.

Limit values for the PM

concentration in the atmosphere are implemented

at present.

and PM

2.5

is measured using three different methods in the monitoring

program:

•

The Beta method: The particles are collected on filters for 24 hours inter-

vals. The mass on the filters is automatic determined by measurements in

the instrument of β-absorption

in the filter with sampled dust. This

method is considered to be equivalent to the reference method (EN

12341:1999 and EN14907:2005).

•

The LVS method: The particles are collected on filters for 24-hour intervals

by a low volume sampler (LVS). The mass on the filters is subsequently

determined in the laboratory by gravimetric measurements of the dust.

This method is the current reference method for the determination of the

or PM

2.5

mass concentration of suspended particulate matter in am-

bient air (EN 12341: 2014, into which the previous standards for PM

, EN

12341: 1998, and for PM

2.5

, EN 14907:2005, have been merged).

•

The TEOM method: The particles are continuously collected on a “tapered

oscillating microbalance” (TEOM) and heated to 50

C. During heating vol-

atile compounds may evaporate. The loss will be most pronounced for

“secondary aerosols” containing ammonium nitrate. PM results are given

with a time resolution as �½-hourly averages.

There are a number of different heavy metals (HM) in the atmosphere. They

are emitted from e.g. coal and oil-fired power plants, waste incinerators and

industries. HMs may also be emitted from traffic due to wear on engines, tires

and brake pads. Several HMs are toxic even in low concentrations and a few

also carcinogenic. A limit value is implemented for lead. Target values are

implemented for arsenic, cadmium, nickel and mercury. WHO has proposed

guideline values for the toxic non-carcinogenic and estimated life time risks

for the carcinogenic HMs.

is formed by burning of fossil fuel and biomass. The SO

is oxidised in the

atmosphere to particulate sulphuric acid and sulphate. The conversion time

depends strongly on the temperature and humidity in the air. It is typically in

the order of one day. Sulphuric acid contributes to “acid rain” and the depo-

sition of sulphate causes damage to sensitive ecosystems. Since the beginning

of the 1980s the reduction of sulphur in fossil fuel and improved flue gas

cleaning has reduced the concentration of SO

with one order of magnitude.

may cause respiratory problems. There are limit values for the allowed

concentration of SO

in the atmosphere.

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Appendix 3

Details on the calibration of OSPM and validation of model re-

sults

In section

2.2.1 Model calibration and validation

there is a description of the cal-

ibration procedure used for OSPM. No calibrations are carried out for

/NO

in DEHM and UBM.

For PM

2.5

/PM

a small calibration of all final model results was necessary

since a comparison with measurements showed a noticeable underestimation.

The observed underestimation was similar over all types of stations (rural,

urban, kerbside) and therefore seems to affect all models in our modelling

chain (DEHM, UBM, OSPM). The reason for the underestimation seems to be

the lack or underestimation of some particle components in the model e.g.:

Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA), water content in PM, non-exhaust emis-

sions. The calibration resulted in an increase in PM concentrations of about

2.3 µg/m

. In the figures below the calibrated PM

2.5

/PM

model results are

shown.

In the following, we present a number of scatter plots to characterize the cor-

relation between measurements and model calculations. All data shown are

from 2016 to 2018 for all available stations: street, urban background and ru-

ral. A period of 3 years was chosen in order to have the model calibration and

performance evaluated for a more significant number of observations and to

smoothen out some effects of variations in meteorology that might distort the

picture of only a single year.

The different measuring stations and their corresponding name and identifi-

cation number are shown in the figure legends.

In Figure A.3 the correlation between modelled and observed annual levels of

is shown for all stations for years 2016 to 2018. There are 36 observations

and the average observed concentration is 16.7 µg/m

, and the modelled is

19.2 µg/m

. The Pearson and Spearman correlations (R p/s) are very high

(0.96 and 0.92) and the Normalized Mean Bias (NMB %) is acceptable low

(15.1 %).

Figure A.3.

Correlation between

modelled and observed annual lev-

els of NO

for all stations for 2016-

2018. The solid line represent the

1:1 line and the dashed lines 1:2

lines.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

In Figure A.4 the correlation between modelled and observed annual levels of

2.5

is shown for all stations for 2016-2018. There are 24 observations and the

average observed concentration is 11.7 µg/m

, and the modelled is 11.3

µg/m

. The Pearson and Spearman correlations (R p/s) are very high (0.88

and 0.88) and the Normalized Mean Bias (NMB %) is low (-3.8 %).

Figure A.4.

Correlation between

modelled and observed annual lev-

els of PM

2.5

for all stations for 2016-

2018. The solid line represent the

1:1 line and the dashed lines 1:2

lines.

In Figure A.5 the correlation between modelled and observed annual levels of

is shown for all stations for 2016-2018. There are 18 observations and the

average observed concentration is 21.3 µg/m

, and the modelled is 19.8

µg/m

. The Pearson and Spearman correlations (R p/s) are very high (0.92

and 0.92) and the Normalized Mean Bias (NMB %) is low (-7 %).

Figure A.5.

Correlation between

modelled and observed annual lev-

els of PM

for all stations for 2016-

2018. The solid line represent the

1:1 line and the dashed lines 1:2

lines.

MOF, Alm.del - 2019-20 - Bilag 271: Rapport fra DCE om overvågning af luftkvaliteten i Danmark i 2018

THE DANISH AIR QUALITY MONITORING

PROGRAMME

Annual Summary for 2018

The air quality in Danish cities has been monitored

continuously since 1981 within the Danish Air Quality

Monitoring network. The aim is to follow the concentration

levels of toxic pollutants in the urban atmosphere and to

provide the necessary knowledge to assess the trends,

to perform source apportionment, and to understand the

governing processes that determine the level of air pol-

lution in Denmark. In 2018 the air quality was measured in

four Danish cities and at two background sites. In addition,

model calculations of air quality and the impact of air

pollution on human health and related external costs were

carried out. For 2018, no exceedances of the NO

EU limit

values were observed. Model calculations were carried

out for 98 streets in Copenhagen and 31 in Aalborg. Only

one exceedance of the limit value for the annual average

of NO

was modelled for a busy street in Copenhagen. An-

nual averages of PM

and PM

2.5

were below limit values

at all stations and the average exposure indicator (PM

2.5

urban background) has decreased with about 30 % since

2010. The concentrations for most pollutants have been

decreasing during the last decades.

ISBN: 978-87-7156-293-4

ISSN: 2245-0203