Energi- Forsynings- og Klimaudvalget 2017-18
EFK Alm.del Bilag 314
Offentligt
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A Greener Denmark
Intelligent Integration of Electric Cars in the Danish Grid
Bjørn Eske Christensen
Nuvve
+1-408-802-0707
[email protected]
Skype: bjoernchristensen
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Denmark’s Ambitious Energy Plans
“verdens første CO2-
neutrale
hovedstad i 2025”
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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How can Denmark reach it’s ambitious green energy goals?
Reduce CO2 emission
Reduce pollution in cities
Better utilization of wind energy
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Electrification of Transport Sector is Required for Deep De-carbonization
Transport Sector is a Major Source of CO
2
Emissions and Pollution in Denmark
Transport = 37.7% (2016)
Source: Energistyrelsen 2016 report
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Electric Cars are Key to the Solution
Can EVs be used for other things than driving
and
Can we lower the cost of EV ownership?
Today’s EV
o
40 – 60 kWh battery
o
Uni/Bi-directional power flow
o
Used 2 – 3 hours per day for driving
o
Stranded asset 21 – 22 hours a day
o
Battery already paid for by the owner
But still too expensive
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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… and they are coming – World EV Market is Growing Fast
EV market inflection point in 2020/2021
Source: IEA
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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This will require massive investments in the electric grid
o
Currently Denmark invests ~DKK 2.2 billion per year in upgrading the electric grid
o
To handle large penetration of EVs much larger investments may be needed
o
They will increasingly compete for public funding with
§
§
§
§
Education
Health care
Public pensions
Welfare programs
Unless smart V2G solutions are employed - laying the groundwork now
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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But Many EVs leads to congestion in grid
The grid was designed for consumption and not for charging cars
Average household consumption
Average person consumption
An EV driving 40 km/day
Norway is already experiencing grid congestion
4,900 kWh/year
1,600 kWh/year
3,650 kWh/year
Energistyrelsen
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
8
 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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With V2G Technology EVs Become Part of the Solution
EVs Provides a Large Distributed Storage Resource Paid for by the EV Buyer
1,000 EVs
100,000 EVs
1,000,000 EVs
@ 40 kWh
@60 kWh
@ 60 kWh
40 MWh Energy
6,000 MWh Energy
60,000 MWh Energy
2 WT* @2 MW for 10 hours
3,000 WT @ 2MW for 10 hours
3,000 WT @ 2MW for 100 hours
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
*WT = Wind Turbines
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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EVs Reduces the CO
2
Emission but must Scale to have a Real Impact
But Denmark has only 8,745 EV/PEV Dec 2017
8,500 EVs would reduce the yearly CO
2
emission* from Transport with 39,000* metric tons (~0.23%)!!
To reach a reduction of 30% Transportation caused CO
2
1 Million EVs are required
8,746 EV/PEV in Denmark (2017)
1,076 EV/PEV sold in Q1 2018
* Source: EPA - 1 car average CO2 emission per year is 4.6 metric tons
** Assuming the EVs would run on renewable energy only
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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… and the Charging Infrastructure must be in Place
A combination of public chargers and work place charger will make it more attractive
for the population to acquire EVs.
Work place charging
Public charging
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Introducing Vehicle-to-Grid Concept (V2G)
Operating in harmony with the electric grid
V1G (uni-directional)
E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
G
R
I
D
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
V2G (bi-directional)
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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What is Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)?
The EV functions as a large distributed energy storage that supports the electric grid
Charging
When the grid has excess energy
it stores it in the EV batteries
Discharging
When the grid has too little energy
the EVs returns the energy to the grid
The grid is for solar
as
The EV is for the grid
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Barriers for V2G Solutions
Danish tax laws
The V2G solutions helps the grid when it has excess energy to allow the grid to store energy in the EV batteries.
- When the grid needs energy the EVs can return the stored energy to the grid.
- The grid uses the aggregated EVs as a storage.
Since the V2G solution helps the grid they should not be “punished” with taxes and fees for providing a solution.
Current Danish tax laws treats energy that is stored in the EV and the same energy that is returned
to the grid differently.
This leads to V2G solutions only being marginally profitable and not attractive for companies providing the solution.
The tax law should be changed to treat the energy for storage and the energy returned to
the grid the same. I.e. only taxes and fees on net energy should be applied.
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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How does V2G work?
Frequency
Measuring
Equipment
Frequency Signal
Server
OCPP based protocol
Grid Services
Energy to/from
Electric Grid
Bi-directional
Energy Flow
VSL
VSL
Vehicle System Link Software – Software Defined Charging Station
Control signals
Bi-directional energy flow
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
15
 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Aggregation of Many Cars to a Virtual Power Plant (VPP)
California CEC INVENT project architecture
External Signal
Aggregator
Grid Services
Energy to/from
Electric Grid
Energy Flow
Energy Flow
Energy Flow
Distributed Energy
Storage
VSL
VSL
VSL
VSL
VSL
VSL
DC
AC
DC
June 26, 2018
Link Software – Software Defined Charging Station
VSL
Vehicle System
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Control
- June
Bi-directional energy flow
Klimaudvalg
signals
28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Vehicle-to-Grid - How it all started - The Eureka Moment in 1996
Dr. Kempton University of Delaware (CTO of Nuvve) paper on using EVs for storage of energy
Dr. Kempton - 2009
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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The Value Chain – Lowering Cost of EV Ownership
An example
Value Added Grid Services
Market Exchange
(Earnings)
Behind-the-meter
Services
(Savings, Pay for)
Open market trading platforms for grid services
Supply and demand determines price
Demand Charge, Energy Arbitration(TOU), Emergency Services
$
Nuvve
One Electric Vehicle generates ~$1,400 per year in Denmark
from participating in Grid Services with +-10 kW charging power
$
X% of revenues is kept by Nuvve (Service Provider)
$
Car OEM
Charging Station
OEM
Rest of revenues is passed on to
car OEM and charging station OEM in form of free driving
electricity.
They use the proceeds to lower the cost of
the car and charging station, thereby selling more Electric Vehicles
Car Owner
Overall cost of Electric Vehicle ownership
is reduced for the owner
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
18
 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Nuvve’s GIVe Solution
Wind
Energy
(Zero Emission
Power)
Aggregates Distributed EV Storage
o
Reduces CO
2
emission
o
Enables more wind
o
Mitigate volatility of wind
- Frequency Regulation
- Ramping
o
Mitigate local grid congestion
o
V2B*/Emergency services
o
Information services
o
Lower cost of EV ownership
Enables
Benefits
Ratepayers and
EV drivers/customers
GIVe
Fuels
ZEV
(Zero Emission
Transport)
Provides
Storage
* V2B – Vehicle-to-Building
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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CO
2
Emission Avoidance becomes ever more important
Nuvve working with the Danish startup Tomorrow
https://www.electricitymap.org/
June 26, 2018
Strategy Meeting April 26-27, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Cross-border electricity exchanges explain the difference between
electricity produced in Denmark and electricity consumed by the Danish
Origin of electricity
produced
(2017, Denmark)
Wind
Coal
Gas
Biomass
Oil
Solar
Hydro
Nuclear
unknown
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Wind
Coal
Hydro
Gas
Nuclear
Biomass
Solar
Oil
unknown
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Origin of electricity
consumed
(2017, Denmark)
Source: data.electricitymap.org
tmrow.com
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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How to Make the EV Owner Aware of where his EV electricity come from
Example
June 26, 2018
Strategy Meeting April 26-27, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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DTU is a world leader in V2G Research
ForskEl has financed and paved the way for world’s first V2G commercial deployment at
Frederiksberg, Denmark
WP6 Platform
for demonstration
WP5 Physical EV
interface
WP4 Central fast
charging and battery
swapping
WP3 Distributed tech-
nology integration
development
WP2 System architecture
design for EV’s
Nikola
EV smart charging
services
Enabling technology
Parker
Commercial deployment in Frederiksberg
As part of a technology pilot project by
Scaled up validation
WP1 EV technology
Cross-OEM and business
Research
Applied Research
Pilot project
2009 - 2011
June 26, 2018
2013 - 2016
2016 - 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
2016 - Now
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Frederiksberg Forsyning - World’s first Commercial V2G Operation
Operating since September 6, 2016
10
100
10,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
June 26, 2018
Nissan e-NV-2001 V2G EVs at Frederiksberg Forsyning
Hours of V2G commercial operation per EV per week
Hours of V2G commercial operation since September 6, 2016 for one EV
Hours of V2G commercial operations for 10 X Nissan e-NV200
kWh returned energy to the grid = 16 one family houses consumption in
DK/year
kg CO2 emission saved
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Nuvve Services
Region
o
o
Frequency Regulation
Demand Response
Community
o
o
o
o
o
Fast charging
Demand Charge Reduction (Peak Shaving)
Energy Shifting (TOU)
Emergency services
Minimal CO
2
charging
Home
o
o
o
o
o
Fast charging
Energy Shifting (TOU)
Emergency services
PV Integration/Energy optimization
Minimal CO
2
emission charging
25
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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V2G Projects World Wide - Nuvve V2G Projects
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Frederiksberg Forsyning
JCDecaux
Bornholm Harbour
Bornholm Admin
Nissan DK Headquarter
Parker
ACES
Cranfield
New Motion
GridMotion
CEC
UCSD EVSA
U Del
BMW Mini/Batteries
METI
UNDP
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Case Study California: Ambitious Goals Like Denmark’s
Senate bill 350 – Clean Energy and Pollution Act of 2015
(Statues of 2015)
requires among others that the amount electricity generated and sold to retail
customers from eligible renewable energy resources be increased by 50% by
December 31, 2030.
Executive Order B-16-2012
- Governor Brown has set a target of reaching 1.5 million
ZEVs on California roadways by 2025.
CPUC Decision 13-10-040, “Decision Adopting Energy Storage Procurement
Framework and Design Program”
policies and mechanisms for energy storage
procurement were established with achieving a target of 1,325 megawatts of energy
storage by 2020.
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Electrification of Transport Sector is Required for Deep De-carbonization
California CO
2
from Transport sector almost same as in Denmark
Source: EPA - Total Emissions in 2016 = 6,511
Million Metric Tons of CO
2
equivalent
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Case Study California: 1.5 million PEV by 2025//5.0 million by 2030
Goal requires massive scaling and incentives for Electric Vehicles
"The goal is to make our neighborhoods and
farms healthier, our vehicles cleaner -- zero
emission the sooner the better -- and all our
technologies increasingly lowering their
carbon output.," he said in the speech. "To
meet our ambitious goals,
we will need five
million zero-emission vehicles on the road
by 2030.”
… Gov. Jerry Brown, 2018 State-of-the-State
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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1.5 million PEVs need 1.5 GWh Electricity and 5 X More Chargers
From Duck Curve to Dragon Curve
Weekday
Weekend
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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The California Duck Curve – 2020 Ramping 13,000 MW in 3 hours
The scaling must be massive
Equivalent to …
13 Nuclear power plants
4,300 Wind turbines
1,300,000 EVs
Action: California has a goal of 1,500,000 Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) on the roads by 2025
Today June 2018 there are 400,000 ZEVs on California’s roads.
2017 sales: 96,000; Annual growth rate: 29%
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Proposal (1) – Kick-start the market
o
o
o
o
Provide funds in “Energiforliget” to incentivize the installation of 3,500 new technology chargers
Start in major cities will immediately reduce pollution in the cities
Promote both public chargers as well as work place chargers
Lower barriers for introduction of aggregated V2G EV solutions (only taxes and fees on net energy)
This will signal to the market that Denmark is serious about reducing transport generated CO2 emission.
And will serve as a catalyst to bring private funding into the market for EVs and EV infrastructure.
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
32
 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Proposal (2) – Kick-start the market
o
Ensure that budget is allocated for V2G and V2G-Ready chargers:
2019
2020
2021
o
Subsidy per V2G charger*
o
Total cost
500 chargers
1,000 chargers
2,000 chargers
DKK 15,000
DKK 52 Million
* For the charger and/or the installation costs
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
June 26, 2018
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 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Benefits
This will allow Denmark to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Accelerate CO
2
reductions according with the Climate Accord
Accelerate reduction in pollution in Copenhagen, Aarhus and other major cities
Reduce CO
2
emission by using more of the wind energy
Help make wind solution be more economical and potentially reduce subsidies
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
34
 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Summary
This initiative will additionally give Denmark a strong international position in green el technologies
and digital energy solutions.
Denmark will be in a strong position to contribute to world-wide technological energy solutions.
It will make Denmark a center for a number of international projects and give Danish companies
the possibility to contribute and export.
It will create high tech jobs in Denmark and further strengthen DTU’s leadership.
Examples are:
- Tomorrow (example of a Danish company with CO
2
reduction information technology)
- The Danish Parker project
http://parker-project.com
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
35
 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Denmark a World Leader in Wind Energy
now
Become the Leader in Smart EV Energy Solutions
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
36
 EFK, Alm.del - 2017-18 - Bilag 314: Materiale fra NUVVE v/Bjørn Christensen om integration af elektroniske køretøjer ifm. foretræde for udvalget den 28/6-18
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Who are we?
o
Nuvve is a San Diego, US based startup founded in 2010 with European HQ in Frederiksberg, DK
o
Our mission is to integrate electric vehicles into the grid for the benefits of society, EV owners, the OEMs and the
grid operators
o
Our technology is based on University of Delaware research and Nuvve has acquired the IPs for the technology
o
We are involved in projects in Europe, US, Japan and Africa
o
We have launced the world’s first V2G commercial operation in Denmark September 6, 2016
www.nuvve.com
June 26, 2018
Presentation to Folketingets Energi-, Forsynings- og
Klimaudvalg - June 28th, 2018
37