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February 2017
UNICEF
CHILD ALERT
UNICEF
NOVEMBER 2015
Refugee and Migrant Crisis
CHILD ALERT
© UNICEF/UN052608/ROMENZI
A Deadly Journey for Children
The Central Mediterranean Migration Route
#ChildrenUprooted
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2
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
Central Mediterranean migration routes
Italy
Taranto
Trapani
Oran
Rabat Oujda
Casablanca
Algiers
Tunis
Porto
Augusta
Catania
Pozzallo
Lampedusa
Alexandria
Cairo
Sabha
Tamanrasset
Ouargla
Tripoli
Libya
Egypt
Mali
Dakar
Niger
Sudan
Agadez
Gambia
Senegal
Guinea
Côte
d'Ivoire Ghana
Lagos
Chad
Eritrea
Djibouti
Nigeria
Somalia
Addis Ababa
Mandera
Accra
Main countries of origin
Main transit countries
Note:
This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. The final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined.
Source:
Adapted from European Union, Emergency Response Coordination Centre (EERC),
Refugee Crisis – Central Mediterranean Route: ECHO Daily Map, 4 November 2016,
http://erccportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/getdailymap/docId/1801
Fast Facts
• As of September 2016, an estimated 256,000 migrants have been identified in Libya,
1
of
which 28,031 are women (11 per cent) and 23,102 are children (9 per cent), with a third of
this group including unaccompanied children.
2
The real figures are believed to be at least
three times higher.
3
• Of the 181,436 arrivals in Italy in 2016 via the Central Mediterranean Route, 28,223 or
nearly 16 per cent were children.
4
• Nine out of ten children who crossed the Mediterranean last year were unaccompanied.
A total of 25,846 children made the crossing, which is double the previous year.
5
• An estimated 4,579 people died crossing the Mediterranean between Libya and Italy last
year alone, of which over 700 were children.
6
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UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
3
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
Jon*, 14
“In Nigeria there is Boko Haram,
there is death. I did not want to die.
I was afraid. My journey from Nigeria
to Libya was horrible and dangerous.
Only God saved me in the desert,
no food, no water, nothing. The guy
who was sitting next to me on the
trip died.
And once one dies in the desert,
they throw away the body and that’s
it. I have been here [in the detention
centre] for seven months. Here they
treat us like chickens. They beat us,
they do not give us good water and
good food. They harass us. So many
people are dying here, dying from
disease, freezing to death.
”
© UNICEF/UN052613/ROMENZI
Jon is an unaccompanied child from
Nigeria who is in detention in Libya.
It’s a route with many tributaries. It carries children and women
from the hinterlands of Africa and the Middle East, across the
Sahara to the Mediterranean Sea in Libya.
Every day, thousands travel this route with the hope of reaching
safety in Europe. They flee war, violence and poverty. They endure
exploitation, abuse, violence and detention. Thousands die.
It is not only a risky route taken by desperate people, but also a
billion-dollar business route controlled by criminal networks. It is
called the Central Mediterranean Migration Route.
7
It is among
the deadliest journeys in the world for children. A lack of safe and
legal alternatives means they have no option but to use it.
In 2016, over 181,000 migrants − including more than 25,800
unaccompanied children − put their lives in the hands of
smugglers to reach Italy.
8,9
The most dangerous part of the route is a 1,000-kilometre
journey from the southern border of Libya’s desert to its
Mediterranean Coast combined with the 500-kilometre sea
passage to Sicily. Last year 4,579 people died making the
crossing or 1 in every 40 of those who made the attempt.
10
It is
estimated that at least 700 children were among the dead.
11
In Libya, security is precarious, living conditions are hard and
violence is commonplace. The country is riven by conflicts as
militias continue to fight with each other or with government
forces. Different regions are controlled by conflicting militias
who make their own rules, control border crossings and detain
migrants for exploitation.
On every step of this dangerous journey, refugees and migrants
are easy prey. Children are the most vulnerable.
*All names have been changed to protect the interviewees.
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A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
SURVEY OF A JOURNEY
UNICEF staff on the ground working with children on this route
have heard and documented many cases over many years of
this abuse. UNICEF works in the countries of origin, transit and
destination protecting children from violence, helping them get
an education and meeting their basic needs. To build on this work
and to further gauge what was happening to migrant children and
women who were making this journey, UNICEF’s Libya Country
Office commissioned a needs assessment survey in 2016. This
gave us a window into the scale of the challenge.
The final sample comprised 122 participants, including 82 women
and 40 children. The migrant children interviewed for the study
represented 11 nationalities. Some of the child interviewees were
born in Libya during their mothers’ migration journeys. Among the
40 children interviewed, 25 were boys and 15 were girls between
the ages of 10 and 17 years old.
The survey was conducted on the ground by a UNICEF partner,
the International Organization for Cooperation and Emergency
Aid (IOCEA), with support from Feinstein International
Center at Tufts University. The assessment also incorporated
interviews with government officials and local non-governmental
organizations (NGOs).
Though its scope was affected by security restraints and lack of
access to militia-run prisons, the survey still provides important
insights into the appalling situation women and children face as
they journey along this trail. This child alert is not only based on
this survey but also on our wider programme experience in North
Africa and with children in Italy, and the stories and testimony
our staff on the ground have heard countless times from very
vulnerable children and adolescents.
“50 million children are on the move, some
fleeing violence, war, poverty and climate change.
They shouldn’t be forced to put their lives in
the hands of smugglers or be left vulnerable
to traffickers. We need to address globally the
drivers of migration and as importantly put in
place stronger measures to protect children on
the move through a system of safe passage for
all refugee and migrant children. If these were our
children, alone and frightened, we would act.
”
Afshan Khan, UNICEF Regional Director and Special
Coordinator for the Refugee and Migrant Crisis in Europe.
Key findings from the survey
12
1.
Three quarters of the migrant children interviewed
said they had experienced violence, harassment or
aggression
at the hands of adults.
2. Nearly half the women interviewed reported suffering
sexual
violence
or abuse during the journey.
3. Most children and women indicated that they had
to rely on smugglers leaving many in debt under
‘pay as you go’ arrangements and vulnerable to
abuse, abduction and trafficking.
4. Most of the children reported verbal or emotional
abuse, while about half had suffered
beating
or other physical abuse.
Girls reported a higher
incidence of abuse than boys.
5. Several migrant children also said they
did not have
access to adequate food
while on the way to Libya.
6. Women held in detention centres in western Libya,
accessed by UNICEF reported harsh conditions
,
such as
poor nutrition and sanitation,
significant
overcrowding and
a lack of access to health care
and legal assistance.
7. Most of the children and women said they had
expected to
spend extended periods working in Libya
to pay for the next leg of the journey – either back to
their home countries or to destinations in Europe.
8. Although most of the married women (representing
three quarters of those interviewed) brought at least
one child with them,
more children were left behind.
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UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
5
DANGEROUS TRAVEL
Pati, 16
“The journey was hard,
because we had to
walk, no cars, without
any drinking water.
We crossed the desert
walking, it took almost
two weeks. Sometimes
we had to walk a full
day without drinking any
water - sometimes we
went two days without
water - before we
arrived in Libya. Without
enough water, without
enough food.
”
Pati is from Nigeria.
Children and women making the journey are forced to live in
the shadows, unprotected, reliant on smugglers and preyed
upon by traffickers.
Transport used by women and children interviewed in the
survey were mainly trucks, taxis or private cars. About one third
indicated that they had travelled long distances on foot or by
motorcycle, boat or animals.
Travel through the desert usually required traversing rough sand
roads while exposed to heat, cold and dust. Nearly one third
of the women interviewed reported that they had experienced
fatigue, disease, insufficient access to food and water, lack of
funds, gang robbery, arrest by local authorities and imprisonment.
Children also said they did not have access to adequate food
while on the journey.
The primary hazards encountered include sexual violence,
extortion and abduction.
13
Nearly half the women and children
interviewed had experienced sexual abuse during migration –
often multiple times and in multiple locations.
Women and children were often arrested at the border where
they experienced abuse, extortion and gender-based violence.
14
Sexual violence was widespread and systemic at crossings
and checkpoints. Men were often threatened or killed if they
intervened to prevent sexual violence, and women were often
expected to provide sexual services or cash in exchange for
crossing the Libyan border.
More than one third of the women and children interviewed said
their assailants wore uniforms or appeared to be associated with
military and other armed forces. These violations usually occurred
at security checkpoints within cities or along roadways.
Three quarters of child participants in the study said they had
experienced harassment, aggression or violence by adults. Most
of the child respondents had suffered verbal or emotional abuse,
while about half experienced beating or other physical abuse.
Girls reported a higher incidence of abuse than boys.
Most of the women and children who suffered such abuse did not
report it to the authorities. Many participants cited their fear of
being deported or placed in detention centres, and their feelings
of shame and dishonour, as reasons not to report sexual violence.
The abuse reported by the children took place in several different
contexts, with no definitive trends emerging. About half reported
abuse that took place at some point along the journey or at a
border crossing.
Approximately one third indicated they had been abused in
Libya. A large majority of these children did not answer when
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A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
asked who had abused them. A few children said they had been
abused by people who appeared to be in uniform or associated
with military and other armed forces, and several others said that
strangers had victimized them.
Many refugee and migrant women and girls were prepared for
this possibility and took precautions against it, depending on
the routes they planned to travel.
15
Some women and girls from
Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia who passed through Khartoum,
Sudan, got contraception injections and brought emergency
contraception with them on the journey.
Migrant women and children generally tried to travel together for
safety reasons but would often be separated. Many women and
children also travelled with men to increase their overall security.
Despite these efforts, guards often separated men, women and
children from each other, once they arrived at detention centres.
Although it was rarely discussed, men and boys also experienced
various forms of sexual violence.
16
Detention centres identified in Libya
34
detention centres have been identified in Libya
21
19
17
Tripoli
16
14 13
18
15
22
20
27 26 25
31
23
28
32
33
29
30
1 - Al Qatrun
2 - Sabha Tariq al Matir
3 - Salah Aldin
4 - Abu Salim
5 - Qaser Bin Gashir
6 - Triq al Seka
7 - Al Khalet Furjan
8 - Hamza (Tariq Al Matar)
9 - Al-Fallah
10 - Tarik al Shook
11 - Al Serraj
12 - Tajura
13 - Misratah
14 - Zlitan
15 - Gharyan Al Hamra
16 - Al Khums
17 - Zawiyah Al Nasr
18 - Surman 1
19 - Surman 2
20 - Al Zintan
21 - Zuwarah
EGYPT
22 - Anjila
23 - Al Marj
24 - Tobruk
25 - Al Qubah
26 - Shahhat
27 - Al Bayda 1
28 - Al Bayda 2
29 - Qaminis
30 - Al Abyar
31 - Tocra
32 - Benghazi Al Kufiyah
33 - Benghazi Al Wafiah
34 - Kufra
TUNISIA
Mediterranean
Sea
24
LIBYA
Tripoli
9
4
6
10
8
7
3
5
12
2
11
1
34
ALGERIA
NIGER
CHAD
SUDAN
Note:
This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers.
Source:
Adapted from UN High Commissioner for Refugees,
Libya:, Detention Centres in which UNHCR and Partners are carrying out activities,
January 2017. https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/system/files/
documents/files/unhcr_libya_detentioncentres_jan_2017.pdf
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UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
7
Issaa, 14
“I left Niger two and a half
years ago. I wanted to cross
the sea, look for work, work
hard to earn a bit of money,
to help my five brothers
back home. My father
collected money for my
journey, he wished me good
luck and then let me go.
”
Issaa arrived in Libya
from Niger alone and is
now in detention.
© UNICEF/UN052682/ROMENZI
“He wished me good luck
and then let me go”
UNACCOMPANIED CHILDREN
It is unclear from the present study how
many of the 40 children IOCEA interviewed
had arrived unaccompanied in Libya. Almost
half the children stated that they arrived with
friends, suggesting that they may have arrived
with other children. The other half reported that
they arrived with parents or relatives.
Estimating the number of unaccompanied
children in Libya is difficult.
Of the 256,000 migrants estimated to be in
Libya, 23,000 are children (9 per cent). One
third are believed to be unaccompanied.
However, the International Organization for
Migration believed the actual figure is three
times higher.
17
The number of unaccompanied
children who arrived in Italy in 2016 – more than
25,800, or three times the number believed to
be in Libya – is in itself a clear indication of this.
Ninety-two per cent of all children who arrived
in Italy last year were unaccompanied, in
contrast with the number of children in Libya
who are unaccompanied.
Although more research is needed to
understand what is happening to separated
and unaccompanied children in Libya, we know
that some end up in detention centres with no
adult supervision or support.
18
Unaccompanied children are especially
vulnerable to all forms of violence, abuse and
exploitation, including human trafficking.
They often have no choice but to beg for food
and rarely have access to physical or mental
health care.
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A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
IN CAPTIVITY
“They arrested us and brought us into the
Zawia prison. No food. No water. They beat
us every day. No doctor, no medicine.
”
Kamis, a 9-year-old Nigerian girl in detention in Libya.
An estimated 34 detention centres have been identified in
Libya.
19
The Libyan Government Department for Combatting
Illegal Migration runs 24 detention centres. They hold between
4,000 and 7
,000 detainees. Armed groups hold migrants in an
unknown number of unofficial detention centres.
20
The international community, including UNICEF only has access
,
to fewer than half of government-run detention centres.
Women interviewed reported harsh conditions with detainees
suffering from the intense heat in the summer and extreme cold
in the winter. They were generally not provided adequate clothes
or blankets.
The women also reported a lack of food, confirming reports that
inmates were significantly undernourished as the quantity and
quality of available food were substandard.
The majority of women in the detention centres also reported
verbal and physical violence perpetrated by the predominantly
male guards.
Children did not receive any preferential treatment and were
often placed in cells together with adult detainees, which
increased the risk of abuse. Some observers have also reported
abandoned migrant children in detention centres and hospitals.
21
The survey confirmed that sanitation conditions were substandard
and the centres were, worryingly overcrowded, increasing
the likelihood of the spread of infectious diseases. This was
compounded by the fact that health-care services were not
available, leaving women and girls unable to access feminine
hygiene products or medicines. It was estimated that 20 per cent
of the detainees were women.
The detention centres often had as many as 20 migrants
crammed into cells not larger than two square metres for long
periods of time. This resulted in significant adverse health
outcomes including the loss of hearing and sight, and extremely
challenging psychological challenges.
22
The militia-run detention centres were no more than forced
labour camps, farms, warehouses and makeshift prisons run by
armed groups. For the thousands of migrant women and children
incarcerated, they were living hellholes where people were held
for months at a time without any form of due process, in squalid,
cramped conditions. Serious violations, including allegations of
violence and brutality, were commonplace.
UNICEF did not have access to these centres for security reasons,
but reports by the United Nations Support Mission in Libya and
the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights painted a systematic pattern of human rights abuses.
23
The militias developed their own detention centres because they
could profit from migrants who wished to pass through certain
areas. Each militia typically operates its own centre, detaining
migrants on the perceived grounds that they bring disease,
engage in prostitution and are criminals or mercenaries.
A report by the United Nations Support Mission in Libya revealed
high levels of violence with many migrants including children
receiving punishment, including torture, for no discernible reason.
Migrants were at a loss for words when attempting to explain
why the torture or punishment was taking place.
24
Migrants were rarely addressed by name but instead were
referred to using dehumanizing terms. Sub-Saharan Africans
were generally treated much worse than other migrants from
Egypt, the Gaza Strip or the Syrian Arab Republic.
“The results of this rapid assessment
demand action. We can’t have a situation
where children and women disappear
into a hellhole. They are being sexually
assaulted, abused, exploited and killed.
”
Justin Forsyth, UNICEF Deputy Executive Director.
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UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
9
“Before we left Nigeria, I
told my mother ‘I want to
be a doctor.’ My mother
answered, ‘Don’t worry.
When we reach Italy,
you will be a doctor.’”
© UNICEF/UN052796/ROMENZI
Kamis, 9
“My mother tried to bring us to Libya because of the
difficult situation in Nigeria. We had no money because
my mother was not working. We came from Nigeria to
Libya via Agadez, Niger. A man died in our car. So we
were sad.
“The men who pushed us on the boat told us to look
at the stars. The boat was in the middle of the sea and
everybody was crying. The wind was moving our boat
so everybody was shouting. Everybody was crying.
When we saw a small ship, we shouted: ‘Please come
and rescue us.’ They rescued us and took us to dry land.
Then, we were moved to Sabratha detention centre
where we stayed for five months. There was no food
and no water. In Sabratha, they used to beat us every
day. There was no food there either. A little baby was
sick but there was no doctor on-site to care for her. That
place was very sad. There’s nothing there. They used to
beat us every day. They beat babies, children and adults.
One woman in that place was pregnant. She wanted to
deliver the baby. When the child was born, there was no
hot water. Instead, they used salt water to take care of
the baby.
“What do I want to do when I grow up? I want to be a
doctor in my future because I like medicine. Before we
left Nigeria, I told my mother, ‘I want to be a doctor.’ My
mother answered, ‘Don’t worry. When we reach Italy,
you will be a doctor.’”
Aza, Kamis’ mother
“I decided to leave Nigeria because there was no work. I
wanted to work and help my children. I did not know the
journey would be so dangerous. I realized it when we
were approaching the sea and I thought that this was
not going to be so easy. They did not tell me the truth.
They did not tell me the risks involved or the difficulties
I would face. It all became a reality for me when I saw
the situation. The sea that expanded right before my
eyes. But once we were at sea we could not turn back. I
paid US$1,400 for that trip. If I had decided not to leave,
no one would have returned the money to me. I have
done all this for my children and for their future, and I did
not want to lose them. During our time at sea I thought:
If it’s me, it is okay [to die] but not them.
”
Kamis and Aza are from Nigeria; they are in detention in Libya.
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A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
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UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
THE SMUGGLERS
When asked whether they paid anyone to help them migrate,
nearly all the children surveyed indicated they had paid
smugglers. Smugglers charged the women and children between
US$200 and $1,200 each for the journey, though it was unclear
whether the children had made the payment themselves.
In addition, about three quarters of the children reported that
someone else helped them along the journey. Almost all those
who had received additional assistance got it from family,
neighbours or other relatives. Several children also reported that
police or other government officials helped them at some point
on the journey.
Almost all the women interviewed indicated they had paid a
smuggler at the beginning of their journey to reach Libya, after
which it was expected they would have to work in transit to raise
necessary funds to make the next leg of the journey to Europe.
In addition, the women and children reported that they needed
additional funds to cover supplies on the journey including
food and other basic needs. Nearly 75 per cent of participants
borrowed on average US$650 from family, friends or neighbours
to cover these costs.
Some interviewees reported abusive treatment by smugglers and
said they were always fearful when moved from one location to
another, then handed off to a different smuggler they did not know.
Militias also control or exploit ‘connection houses’ where
migrants are transferred between smugglers. Smugglers have
also been known to take migrants from detention centres to
these connection houses where they are often forced to work for
an undetermined period based on the smugglers’ demands.
25
“The smugglers exist because they
supply a service that desperate people
can’t legally obtain. They care about
nothing other than the blood money they
are extracting from tens of thousands of
women and children and think nothing of
sending children to their deaths crossing
the Sahara or the Mediterranean Sea.
”
Justin Forsyth, UNICEF Deputy Executive Director.
Victor, 5
Victor was rescued from the Mediterranean Sea with
a boy named Emmanuel after being separated from
his mother. Victor was detained in Surman detention
centre for nearly two months. One day while he
was playing in the dirt between the detention centre
buildings, a migrant woman arrived in custody of the
authorities. When she saw Victor, she shouted, “My
son, my son!” and ran toward him. She threw her
arms around Victor and cried, holding him tightly. All
those watching cried too – some shed tears of joy for
Victor and his mother; others, tears of sadness from
having been reminded of their lost loved ones.
Victor and his mother, both from Nigeria, are
currently in detention in Libya.
Will, 8
“We wanted to go to Italy. We were on a boat. After a
while the boat began to take in water and soon after it
sank. There was a boy who survived, and I held onto
him for many hours.
He saved me. But my father and mother both died. I
did not see them again.
”
Will, an unaccompanied boy from Nigeria, is now
in detention in Libya.
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UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
11
© UNICEF/UN052784/ROMENZI
Timothée, 61
The journey of Timothée and his family is a remarkable
tale of resilience, perseverance and unity. Beginning in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo more than five years ago,
their journey has brought them to Libya where they plan to
remain until they are ready to continue to Europe.
The killing that ended the lives of their extended family members
left Timothée and his family with no choice but to flee their home
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, knowing that in all
likelihood they would not be able to return in the near future. The
family’s 36-month escape route took them through Kinshasa to
Brazzaville, then to Cameroon and the Niger before they arrived in
Libya in October 2013. Timothée, 61, his wife Dina, 51, daughters
Christelle, 15, and Tsunon, 12, and his son Timothée, 10, are
hopeful they will eventually reach their destination in Europe.
Prior to the outbreak of the armed conflict and insecurity in
the country, the two girls and the boy were enrolled in primary
school and were enjoying their education with their schoolmates
and teachers. The events that unfolded forced the whole family
to change their plans. Suddenly, the children found themselves
out of school and running for their lives with their parents. The
children did not have access to education during the escape
causing them to miss several years of schooling.
Through the journey and since their arrival in Libya, the
family has faced difficult times. They have been exposed to
violence, harassment, discrimination, abuse and attempted
sexual assault.
Timothée and his family moved from one place to another
inside Libya seeking shelter and peace. As the security situation
in Libya continues to deteriorate, Timothée is actively seeking
means to travel to Europe with his family. “Putting my family on
illegal smuggling boats to Europe would never be an option,
”
Timothée said. “Nowadays, it is a great concern for me that the
children can be enrolled in school in a safe place so they can
focus on their education, he added.
”
In 2011, before the family fled the country, Timothée had
allowed his older children to escape to France because they
were facing the possibility of being enlisted as child soldiers.
They made a treacherous journey from Kinshasa to Brazzaville,
then to the Central African Republic, Cameroon, the Niger and
Libya. From Libya, they went to Malta, where they obtained
legitimate legal documents and then travelled to France. One
of his daughters is currently married to a French national and
has a young child. Determined to succeed, she is applying for
citizenship and studying at a professional college.
“Timothée’s children in Libya are deprived of their right
to education, says Ghassan Khalil, UNICEF Special
”
Representative in Libya. “I spoke with his 15-year-old daughter,
when I met the family at the gathering point in Zuwarah and
she talked to me about her love for education and how she
misses her days at school, adds Khalil.
”
Timothée stressed that he aspires to be relocated to any
European country, where he can take charge of his family in a
safe environment that will enable them to realize their dreams.
Timothée and his family are from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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12
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN LIBYA
“There are dozens of illegal prisons over which we
have no control. There are at least thirteen in Tripoli.
They are handled by the powerful armed militias
that are playing a ‘double game’. With one hand
they ask money from official government sources to
keep the migrants, to buy food, water and clothing.
With the other hand they directly control human
trafficking, using the prisons to keep migrants
waiting, until they are allowed to leave. These
militias are the armed wing of the traffickers.
“Here in Tripoli one of the most powerful armed
militias is the Sharikan one, no one can get close to
the areas they control. They pretend to arrest illegal
immigrants and keep them in their centres for a
while, with no food and no water, take all the money
they have, and then carry them to the Garabulli
area, to the waiting rafts. We have no power over
these prisons. We cannot even get close because of
risk of being killed.
A police officer from the Libyan
”
Government Interior Ministry.
The link between smuggling and trafficking on
the route through Libya is unmistakable. Broadly
speaking, smugglers charge people fees to help
them cross borders and move through countries
by illegal means – it is a business transaction used
by people everywhere in the world to overcome
barriers that prevent them from seeking safety,
protection and new opportunities. Traffickers, in
contrast with smugglers, will in addition exploit
the people they are transporting, either during the
journey or at the destination.
26
Although very little information about human
trafficking was gathered through the IOCEA interviews,
other research confirms that Libya is a major transit
hub for women being trafficked to Europe for sex.
Trafficked Nigerian girls are being sent to Europe on
the same route that the smugglers use.
27
Nigerian criminal groups typically ‘offer’ victims
an irregular migration package to Europe for an
estimated 50,000 to 70,000 Nigerian naira (roughly
250 euros) during the recruitment in Nigeria. Such
a package promises land, sea or air transportation,
making use of counterfeit documents or other
means. The person accepts the price with the
“The link between smuggling and
trafficking on the route through Libya
is unmistakable.
”
intention of paying it back by working in Europe.
Once at destination, the debt is converted into
50,000 to 70,000 euros to be paid in the form of
forced prostitution for a period that could last up to
three years or longer.
28
According to the United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime, when foreigners are trafficked, the
human-trafficking flows broadly follow the
migratory patterns. Some migrants are more
vulnerable than others, such as those from
countries with a high level of organized crime
or from countries affected by conflicts. Seventy-
nine per cent of all detected trafficking victims are
women and children.
29
However, trafficking data
are not representative at this stage, as survivors
of trafficking for sexual exploitation, who are
largely female, are more likely to be identified than
survivors of trafficking for labour exploitation. Men,
women, boys and girls are affected by trafficking for
various purposes of exploitation.
A survey of migrants and refugees in Italy by the
International Organization for Migration in Italy,
between October and November 2016 revealed that
78 per cent of children answered “yes” to at least
one of the trafficking and other exploitative practices
indicators in relation to their own experience.
30
According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime, Libya did not have provisions for a specific
trafficking in persons offence. In addition, the sea
crossing from Libya is becoming increasingly
difficult, with the European Union expanding
its support to the Libyan authorities, including
the coastguard. Along with the ongoing conflict
there, the lack of a codified trafficking offence will
continue to make women and children attempting
to reach Europe reliant on smugglers and some
even knowingly on traffickers. This will make future
improvements unlikely, at least in the short term.
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FEBRUARY 2017
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THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
13
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
The majority of women and children in the study reported
significant psychological and social impacts as a result of the
migration experience. In addition to traumatic events during the
journey, most migrants had endured difficult conditions in their
countries and communities of origin, which contributed to their
decision to migrate.
Some of the migrant women said they were forced to leave
their children in their country of origin with family, friends or
neighbours. Although most of the married women (representing
three quarters of those interviewed) brought at least one child
with them, more children were left behind.
While in transit very few participants reported that they were
able to send money to help support their children back home.
This situation resulted in psychological stress for both the
mothers and their children – as well as the caregivers in home
communities.
© UNICEF/UN013352/LEMOYNE
A child stands in a room at
the Abu Salim detention
centre, in Tripoli, Libya,
where 60 women,
20 children and 115 men
were being held when
UNICEF visited on
29 January 2017
.
Conditions at the centre
are poor, with dozens of
people crowded into small
spaces on old mattresses.
Because of the centre’s
location in Tripoli, however,
it is frequently visited by
journalists and general
conditions appear far less
desperate than at centres
in the countryside. In spite
of this, migrants are locked
in their rooms for almost
24 hours a day.
© UNICEF/UN052793/ROMENZI
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14
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
CONCLUSION
There is no let-up in the number of children and women forced
to make the journey to Italy. In January 2017 the height of
,
winter, 4,463 people had to rely on smugglers for the passage
to Italy.
31
In the last week of January alone, a staggering 1,852
people made the dangerous crossing, eight times higher than
the same week in the previous year.
32
The number of those dying during the crossing via the Central
Mediterranean Route is climbing too. An estimated 228 deaths
in all are reported so far this year − 1 in 21 migrants in January,
compared to 1 in 24 in December 2016, and 1 in 41 for the
entire year 2016. UNICEF estimates that 40 children died in
January alone.
The Central Mediterranean Route has become a massive people
smuggling operation, which has grown out of control for the
lack of safe and alternative migration systems. It exploits porous
and corrupt border security, the sparse Saharan terrain and the
vacuum created by the Libyan conflict.
33
It is time to stop the exploitation, abuse, and death of women and
children on this route of misery. Women and children deserve to be
protected from violence, exploitation and abuse along their journey.
They should not have to put their lives in the hands of smugglers.
They should be afforded safe and legal pathways to a better life.
“The Central Mediterranean Sea Route is
now a thoroughly criminalized enterprise
with children and women bearing the cost.
The smugglers and traffickers are winning.
It is what happens when there are no
safe and legal alternatives. It is time the
international community comprehensively
addresses this issue in particular protecting
children on their journey.
”
Justin Forsyth, UNICEF Deputy Executive Director.
Girls and young women from Eritrea read paperwork as they wait for basic health check-
ups after disembarking from an Italian coastguard vessel in Messina, Sicily.
They were part of a contingent of more than 3,000 people attempting to cross the dan-
gerous Mediterranean Sea who were rescued by the Italian navy during a single week-
end in May 2015.
For most of the passengers, the long, arduous journey – crammed into unseaworthy
vessels by smugglers who forced them to turn over their documents and possessions –
was a terrifying ordeal.
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A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
15
Policy recommendations for the Central Mediterranean crisis
All concerned parties − Libya, neighbouring
countries, the African Union, the European
Union, international and national organizations
with support from the donor community − should
prioritize the following actions:
1. Develop and support a regional initiative on the Central
Mediterranean Route focusing on children at risk
not only to ensure comprehensive and sustainable
child protection interventions but also to prevent and
respond to violence, abuse and exploitation of children.
The initiative will include support for robust civil
registry systems enabling birth registration, preventing
and addressing trafficking; victim support; protection
and rehabilitation services, especially for children; and
post-return reintegration.
2. Facilitate a high-level dialogue among states along the
main route used by children to engage in a regional
approach to prevent abuse and protect children;
establish a process whereby cross-border mechanisms
could be put in place to help reunify families provided it
is in the best interest of the child; develop transnational
cooperation mechanisms among child protection
authorities including European Union countries; and
facilitate family tracing and best interest assessments
of the children.
3. Provide safe and legal pathways for children fleeing
from armed conflict, persecution and violence, or
seeking better opportunities.
In Libya
1. Put an immediate end to the detention of children for
immigration control purposes and develop alternatives
to detention centres for migrant women and children.
2. Support relevant authorities in implementing urgent
prevention and response programmes to address the
specific protection risks faced by migrant children
in Libya, including capacity-building initiatives
for government officials, support to civil society
organizations and human rights groups. Once put in
place, these programmes will help strengthen service
delivery and child rights monitoring, including inside
detention facilities, and build up investment in child
protection and case management services.
3. Step up investment in strengthening national child
protection services and systems in Libya for all
children regardless of their legal status.
4. Provide training to border control agents, police and
military forces working in detention centres, and other
officials in contact with migrant women and children on
the Convention on the Rights of the Child, human rights
law and other relevant standards related to migration.
5. Assist the Libyan Government to establish a
national screening and profiling system to deal with
unaccompanied and separated children, in addition to
building national capacity to deal with unaccompanied
and separated children.
6. Continue to advocate for access to militia-run
detention facilities.
7 Build a larger evidence base on the situation and
.
urgent needs of migrant women and children in Libya,
with attention to the situation of unaccompanied and
separated children.
8. Address racism, xenophobia and discrimination against
migrant and refugee children coming from sub-Saharan
Africa. All public social services should be made
available for all the children regardless of their status.
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16
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
UNICEF’s Six Policy Asks for Uprooted Children
• Protect child refugees and migrants, particularly
unaccompanied children, from exploitation
and violence.
Introduce measures to strengthen
child protection systems, including the training of
social and child protection workers and working
with NGOs and professional groups. Clamp
down on trafficking, not only through enhanced
law enforcement but also by creating more
opportunities for safe and regular movement, and
by providing better support to migrant children
through the systematic appointment of qualified
guardians. Provide better access to information
regarding their own situation and the management
of their cases; and access to legal assistance.
Governments should also develop clearer guidance
for case officers when determining the migration
status of children to prevent the return of children
and families to persecution, dangerous or life-
threatening situations, using the ‘best interest of
the child’ principle to guide legal decision-making
in all cases.
• End the detention of children seeking refugee
status or migrating by introducing a range of
practical alternatives.
Children are particularly
vulnerable to physical and psychological violence.
Given the negative impact of detention on child
development, introduce practical alternatives to
detention wherever children (or their families) are
involved. Examples of alternatives to detention
include: the surrender of passport and regular
reporting requirements; guarantors or bailees who
may be family members or community supporters;
foster care and supervised independent living
arrangements for unaccompanied and separated
children; and compulsory registration with authorities.
• Keep families together as the best way to
protect children and give them legal status.
Develop clear policy guidance to keep children
from being separated from their parents during
border control processing and any migrant legal
processes. States should speed up procedures
and make it easier for children to reunite with their
families, including with their extended families
in destination countries. States should pursue
all practical measures to reunify children with
their families. Children born to migrant parents
need legal identity for their future well-being.
Governments should provide birth registration and/
or other identity documents to enable children to
access services and avoid statelessness.
• Keep all refugee and migrant children learning
and give them access to health and other
quality services.
An increased collective effort by
governments, communities and the private sector
is needed to provide education, health, shelter,
nutrition, water and sanitation, and access to legal
and psychosocial support for these children. A
child’s migration status should never be a barrier to
accessing essential services.
• Press for action on the underlying causes
of large-scale movements of refugees and
migrants.
Address the root causes of conflict,
violence and extreme poverty in countries of origin
and entrenched discrimination of certain population
groups. This should include increasing access
to education and social protection; expanding
opportunities for family income and youth
employment; and fostering more accountable and
transparent governance. Governments should
facilitate community dialogue and engagement
towards peaceful conflict resolution, tolerance
and a more inclusive society; and should take
measures against gang violence.
• Promote measures to combat xenophobia,
discrimination and marginalization in countries
of transit and destination.
Coalitions of NGOs,
communities, private sector, religious groups
and political leaders should take responsibility for
influencing public opinion to prevent the rise of
xenophobia and discrimination toward refugees.
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FEBRUARY 2017
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
17
UNICEF IN ACTION
UNICEF is responding to the needs of children who are on the
move, stranded or seeking asylum in Europe. Since the start of
the response in late 2015, UNICEF provided 182,500 refugee
and migrant children with a wide range of services. UNICEF and
partners facilitated training and capacity development for more
than 1,000 social workers in countries throughout the region.
UNICEF is expanding and significantly scaling up its Mediterranean
programme to support refugee and migrant children in Greece
and Italy. UNICEF teams continue to conduct outreach to meet
children’s needs in contexts of shifting routes and heightened
vulnerability to smuggling and trafficking networks. In Greece
and Italy, UNICEF will continue to expand operations to support
government efforts to improve reunification and better protect
children by providing state institutions with technical assistance on
reception, accommodation, safeguarding and alternative care and
foster family options. UNICEF is advocating throughout Europe
for a comprehensive response to the crisis in Europe for more
durable solutions beyond a short-term response.
UNICEF works in the source countries of migrant children. For
example, during the crisis in the Syrian Arab Republic last year,
UNICEF reached approximately 1.1 million children with informal and
formal education. More than 1 million children received child protection
and psychosocial support. In Nigeria, home to many children on
the Central Mediterranean Migration Route, UNICEF treated nearly
160,000 children suffering from severe acute malnutrition; provided
4.2 million people with emergency primary health care; reached more
than 185,000 children with psychosocial support; and equipped nearly
107
,000 children with access to education.
UNICEF is planning to further strengthen the evidence base
on the situation of unaccompanied and separated children in
coordination with the UNICEF team in Italy. Findings from such
evidence will be used to help shape future UNICEF-supported
programming particularly on options for alternatives to detention.
In the meantime, UNICEF is currently working with 19 partners in
Libya to address the protection and humanitarian needs of the most
vulnerable children in the country, including migrant children. Despite
the persistent access and security challenges, approximately 42,000
children were reached with structured, sustained psychosocial
support services throughout 2016. Recreational activities for
277 unaccompanied and separated children are being provided at
the Gharyan Al-Hamra detention centre.
In Benghazi and Sabha, UNICEF national partners are supporting
migrant boys and girls to attend catch-up and remedial
classes in safe learning environments. The classes, which are
conducted in Arabic, also include Mine Risk Education. Up to
date, approximately 11,000 affected school-aged children have
benefited from such UNICEF-supported programmes.
Following the spread of scabies in migrants’ detention centres,
UNICEF in cooperation with the NGO International Medical
Corps, implemented sensitization and educational activities
focusing on good hygiene practices. This activity covered
13 detention centres.
UNICEF continues its advocacy efforts towards upholding
the rights of migrant women and children in Libya, including
those municipalities with which UNICEF signed memoranda of
cooperation under the Together for Children campaign launched in
April 2015. In addition, municipal councils have been consistently
encouraged through advocacy from UNICEF to respect the rights
of refugees and migrants, and to promote the principles of the
Convention on the Rights of the Child and especially the principle
of non-discrimination.
In Italy, in collaboration with partner INTERSOS, joint coastguard
and UNICEF teams, composed of educators and cultural
mediators, were mandated to support the identification,
assistance and protection of unaccompanied and separated
children during rescue operations at sea and on arrival of children
at port. In addition, UNICEF has supported the establishment of
child-friendly spaces on all coastguard rescue ships to provide
immediate psychosocial support to children rescued at sea and
the distribution of dignity kit for girls and women. Since January
2017 380 unaccompanied and separated children have been
,
identified and registered on the rescue boats.
UNICEF is scaling up its support to improve minimum standards
in reception centres hosting unaccompanied and separated
children, including access to psychosocial and legal support,
education and social inclusion activities
Sicily and Calabria, two regions hosting the highest number of
unaccompanied and separated children, respectively 41 per cent
and 9 per cent of the total number, have been prioritized. Since
the beginning of the operation, in August 2016, 690 children
have been reached with protection and education activities in
Palermo. By scaling up its interventions in other provinces of
Sicily and in Calabria, UNICEF aims to provide direct support to
2,000 additional unaccompanied and separated children. In pilot
centres, to date, 55 social workers have benefited from on-the-
job training and coaching.
In partnership with the University of Palermo, UNICEF is training
an initial group of 100 frontline workers with a plan to reach 1,000
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THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
more, from Sicily, Calabria and other regions through partnership
with local universities. The training package, which focuses
on adolescents and cultural diversity, is aiming at developing
the knowledge and skills necessary for the implementation of
minimum standards.
UNICEF has developed strong partnerships with ombudspersons,
municipalities, judges and other key actors to reinforce child
protection systems through the extension of a pool of 200
volunteer guardians.
In addition, mobile teams are being established to monitor and
identify refugee and migrant children at risk in urban and border
areas. Since 2017 349 unaccompanied and separated children,
,
who had dropped out of the formal system, have been reached
by mobile teams and referred to services.
METHODOLOGY
The study is based on 122 interviews with
migrants in Libya that included exchanges with
women and children who were interviewed
outside detention centres in urban and rural
areas, plus women in detention centres run by
the Department for Combating Illegal Migration
(DCIM) under Libya’s Ministry of Interior. The
interviewees came from a dozen countries across
different regions, from the Middle East to North
Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. IOCEA conducted
interviews for the study between October 2015
and May 2016, and a Tufts University researcher
carried out key informant interviews during
September 2016 in Tunis, Tunisia.
Data collection by IOCEA took place primarily in
northwestern Libya. The complex political and
security situation prevented the research team
from conducting interviews in the eastern or
southern parts of the country, or in unofficial
detention centres operated by militia forces.
Urgent efforts should be made to cover these
hard-to-reach areas and sites in future research.
In Libya, IOCEA also held 12 key informant
interviews with local mayors, health workers
and detention centre managers, as well as
representatives of the Ministry of Interior and the
Libyan Navy. In Tunis, the Tufts University researcher
interviewed officials from several humanitarian
organizations supporting programmes inside Libya:
the Danish Refugee Council, the International
Medical Corps, the International Organization for
Migration, the United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees and the United Nations Support
Mission in Libya.
The interview data were analysed initially by
the research team in Libya, then by the Tufts
University researcher, who helped finalize the
analysis. The research team also performed the
desk review of existing literature on migration
through Libya, which forms an integral part of the
study. The study itself was drafted by IOCEA and
Tufts University in September and October 2016,
and validated by participants in a workshop held in
Tunis, on 22 November 2016.
It is important to recognize that the qualitative
study commissioned by UNICEF and carried out by
IOCEA was not designed to reflect broad patterns.
As indicated previously, the findings are based
on interviews with only a relatively small sample
of women and children in parts of northwestern
Libya and do not represent the entire population
of migrant women and children. The research
was intended to provide new insights into the
unique experience of this specific group while
in transit, including interviewees’ experience in
detention. The researchers took strong measures
to ensure the safety of the participants and the
confidentiality of the information they shared.
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UNICEF - CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY 2017
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
19
Endnotes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
International Organization for Migration,
DTM Libya Round 6 Report,
IOM, Geneva, September
2016, p 16.
Ibid, p. 20.
International Organization for Migration, ‘Libya’,
<www.iom.int/countries/libya>.
United Nations Children’s Fund, ‘Refugee and Migrant Crisis Europe’,
Humanitarian Situation
Report,
UNICEF, New York, no. 19, January 2017, p. 2.
Ibid., p. 2.
During 2016, 181,436 migrants arrived in Italy by sea. Of those, 28,223 or 16 per cent were
children. Over the same period, 4,579 migrants died or went missing on the Central Mediterranean
Route. Calculation of child victims is based on the monthly numbers of sea arrivals and deaths.
Frontex (European Border and Coastguard Agency), ‘Profiting from Misery – How smugglers
bring people to Europe’,
<http://frontex.europa.eu/feature-stories/profiting-from-misery-how-
smugglers-bring-people-to-europe-tQtYUH>.
International Organization for Migration, ‘Mixed Migration Flows in the Mediterranean and
Beyond’,
<http://migration.iom.int/docs/2016_Flows_to_Europe_Overview.pdf>.
United Nations Childrens Fund, ‘Refugee and Migrant Crisis Europe’,
Humanitarian Situation
Report,
UNICEF, New York, no. 19, January 2017, p. 3.
19. UN High Commissioner for Refugees, ‘Libya Detention Centres: Detention Centres in which
UNHCR and Partners are carrying out activities’, UNHCR, Libya, 15 January 2017,
<www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/LY/DetainedAndDehumanised_en.pdf>.
20. United Nations Support Mission in Libya/Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights, ‘Detained and Dehumanised – Report on human rights abuses against migrants in Libya’,
13 December 2016,
<www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/LY/DetainedAndDehumanised_en.pdf>.
21. United Nations Support Mission in Libya, ‘The situation of migrants in transit through Libya en
route to Europe’, Briefing Note, May 2015; Save the Children, ‘Save the Children Egypt-Libya-
Tunisia Assessment’, June 2015.
22. Key informant interview on women and children migrants in Libya conducted in Tunis, Tunisia, by
Tufts University.
23. United Nations Support Mission in Libya/Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights, ‘Detained and Dehumanised – Report on human rights abuses against migrants in Libya’,
13 December 2016,
<www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/LY/DetainedAndDehumanised_en.pdf>.
24. Ibid.
25. United Nations Support Mission in Libya, Key informant interview on women and children migrants
in Libya, conducted in Tunis, Tunisia by Tufts University, UNSMIL, 27 September 2016.
26. The Inter-Agency Coordination Group against Trafficking in Persons, ‘What is the difference
between trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants?’, ICAT, issue no. 1, October 2016,
<http://icat.network/sites/default/files/publications/documents/UNODC-IB-01-draft4.pdf>.
27. Save the Children,
Young Invisible and Enslaved: The child victims at the heart of trafficking and
exploitation in Italy,
Save the Children Italia Onlus, Rome, November 2016, p. 9.
28. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014,
UNODC,
Vienna, 2014, p. 56.
29. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2016,
UNODC,
Vienna, 2016, p. 1.
30. International Organization for Migration, ‘Mixed Migration Flows in the Mediterranean and
Beyond – Analysis: Flow monitoring surveys – The human trafficking and other exploitative
practices prevalence indication survey’, Geneva, September–November 2016, p. 4.
31. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, ‘Refugees/Migrants Response
– Mediterranean’, UNHCR Weekly Update, Week Jan 23–29,
<http://bit.ly/2kfPPKC>.
32. International Organization for Migration, ‘Missing Migrant Project’,
<https://missingmigrants.iom
.int/mediterranean>.
33. Joint Europol and INTERPOL Report on Migrant Smuggling Networks Executive Summary, 2016, p. 4,
<www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/ep-ip_report_executive_summary.pdf>.
7.
8.
9.
10. International Organization for Migration, ‘Missing Migrant Project’,
<https://missingmigrants.iom
.int/mediterranean>.
11. United Nations Children’s Fund, ‘Refugee and Migrant Crisis Europe’,
Humanitarian Situation
Report,
UNICEF, New York, no. 19, January 2017, p. 2.
12. United Nations Children’s Fund, ‘Migrants in Libya: Insights into the experience of women and
children in transit’, Briefing Paper Draft, UNICEF, New York, February 2017.
13. Kubai, Anne, ‘Trafficking of Ethiopian Women to Europe – Making choices, taking risks, and
implications’,
African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal,
vol. 9, no. 2, 2015, pp. 166–
183; and Gerard, Alison, and Sharon Pickering, ‘Gender, Securitization and Transit: Refugee
women and the journey to the EU’,
Journal of Refugee Studies,
vol. 27, no. 3, 2013, pp. 338–359.
14. Ibid.
15. International Organization for Migration, Key informant interview on women and children migrants
in Libya conducted in Tunis, Tunisia, by Tufts University and UNSMIL, IOM, Libya, 26 September
2016; and Key informant interview on women and children migrants in Libya, interview conducted
in Tunis, Tunisia, by Tufts University, 27 September 2016.
16. Ibid.
17. International Organization for Migration, ‘Libya’,
<www.iom.int/countries/libya>.
18. Save the Children estimated in 2015 that there were 700 children in immigration detention
(Reference: Save the Children, ‘Save the Children Egypt-Libya-Tunisia Assessment Report’,
22 June 2015). Others put the number at 20 children per detention centre at least (Key Informant,
as cited by Save the Children in the report).
© UNICEF/UN019997/GILBERTSON VII PHOTO
Lovette, 16, a migrant from Nigeria, at
Rainbow, a government-run centre in Palermo,
Sicily, for unaccompanied girls. Rainbow
provides shelter, food, education and legal
help for unaccompanied asylum seekers.
Of the 150,000 migrants and refugees who
arrived in Italy in 2015, the majority were
leaving African nations, including Eritrea,
Nigeria and the Sudan.
 URU, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 121: Ny UNICEF-rapport om flygtningeruten over Middelhavet
1728271_0020.png
February 2017
UNICEF
DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN
CHILD ALERT
UNICEF
A
NOVEMBER 2015
THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN MIGRATION ROUTE
20
EL NIÑO’S IMPACT ON CHILDREN
2017
UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
FEBRUARY
A WAKE-UP CALL
3
A Deadly Journey for Children
The Central Mediterranean Migration Route
For further information, please contact:
Christopher Tidey
[email protected]
+1 917 340 3017
© United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
February 2017
Child Alert is a briefing series that presents the core
challenges for children in a given crisis location at a given
time. This issue focuses on refugee and migrant children
who are routinely suffering sexual violence, exploitation,
abuse and detention along the Central Mediterranean
migration route from North Africa to Italy. A robust system
of safe and legal passage is essential to ensure the safety
of children on the move.