Miljø- og Fødevareudvalget 2016-17
MOF Alm.del Bilag 250
Offentligt
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Plastics or Polymers
– After all What’s the difference?
Anders E. Daugaard
Associate Prof.
Danish Polymer Centre
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Plastics – Imagine life without!
Source: Sandra Krautwaschl, Plastik Freie Zone
2
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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The oil age world production 1859-2050
Source: http://scimaps.org/mapdetail/the_oil_age_world_oi_73
3
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Current production of plastics
Source:Plastics Europe and Nova-Institute
4
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Challenges for the future of plastics
• Feedstock for polymers (chemistry, bioprocesses)
– Biomass
– Oil/coal
• Monomers & new polymers (chemistry and polymer chemistry)
– Traditional processes
– New methods – Enzymatic polymerization? Bacterial synthesis?
• Plastics/Materials (materials science)
– Plastics as we know them
– Tomorrows materials – superior properties
• End-of-life? (environmental engineering)
– How do we dispose and reuse the polymers we have used?
– Design parameters?
5
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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What is a Polymer?
Poly (many)
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
mer (repeat unit)
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Repeat
Unit
H
H
H
Monomer
Polymonomer
=>
HH
}
H
H
H
n
Polymer
Polyethylene
6
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Industrial use of polymers
•
•
•
•
•
Plastics
Fibers
Rubbers (elastomers)
Coatings & Adhesives
Composites
• Polymers used in industrial applications:
– Formulation
– Fillers, additives, stabilizers, blockers, flame retardants, …
Composition of a plastic
0wt%
25wt%
50wt%
75wt%
100wt%
Polymer
Reinforcing
Fillers (particles)
7
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
1723554_0008.png
Plastic Pyramid
PI
High Performance Plastics
0.1 mil. Ton/year
PEI
150
o
C
Engineering Plastics
10 mil. Ton/year
ABS
Comodity Plastics
140 mil. Ton/year
PVC
PC
PPO
PET/PBT
POM
PP
PS
PE-LD
PA
100
o
C
PE-HD
Amorphous
8
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Semicrystaline
Polymers
Price / Performance
PTFE
PEEK
PPS
200
o
C
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Polymers world-wide – percentage in
market
•HDPE : 13%, LDPE : 19 %, PP : 11 %
•PS : 9 %, PVC : 15 %
•ABS : 3 %
•Phenolics, polyesters: 11 %
•Urea-melamine: 4 %
•Urethanes: 4 %
9
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Biobased polymers
10
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
1723554_0012.png
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
1723554_0013.png
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
1723554_0014.png
Bioplastics produced
Source: Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites, Nova-institute (2015)
14
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Processing of Plastics – Main Classes
• Thermoplastic (termoplast)
– can be reversibly cooled & reheated, i.e. recycled
– heat until soft, shape as desired, then cool
– ex: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene.
• Thermoset (hærdeplast)
– when heated forms a molecular network
(chemical reaction)
– degrades (doesn’t melt) when heated
– a prepolymer molded into desired shape, then
chemical reaction occurs
•
ex:
paints, unsaturated Polyesters, epoxies, formaldehyde resins
(Phenol/FA; Urea/FA; Melamine/FA), vulcanized rubber, elastomers (e.g.
PDMS)
15
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Composites – Polymers with fillers
• Combination of fillers
– Glass fiber / Carbon fiber
- Chalk, others
• Matrix
– Typically thermosets
– Epoxy
– Unsaturated polyesters
• Nanocomposites
– Similar, but with other amounts of
fillers
– Carbon Nanotubes
– Nanoclays
16
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Outlook
• Monomers
– Many new and existing monomers can now be produced from
biobased raw materials.
– Which ones will be the most usefull ones?
• Materials
– The increasing amount of new monomers will lead to development of
a range of new polymeric materials
– Properties based on chemistry
• End-of-life challenges
– Recycling
– Bio-degradable materials?
– Intelligent design
• Overall we are looking at a new age of polymer development that could
become as central to the future use of plastics as the 1930-1950ies.
17
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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18
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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End-of-Life challenges on the way to a
sustainable solution
• Polymers in general (Biobased polymers/petrochemical based polymers)
– Recycling
– Stabilizers, additives
– Non-intended additives
– Industrial waste
– Complex combinations of polymers
• Biodegradable polymers
– Composting(e.g. PLA) is it compatible?
– Recycling – PLA processing is difficult, reuse even more so
– Do we even want most polymer materials to degrade?
19
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Poly(lactide) or poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
OH
O
Hydrolysis
H
HO
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
OH
Fermentation
O
HO
OH
-H
2
O
O
O
O
ROP
SnOct
O
O
O
n
Lactic acid
Lactide
PLA
Sources of starch
• PLA properties
– Production > 100.000 tonnes/year.
– Comopostible app. 100% in 45 days
– T
g
of 60
o
C, T
m
160
o
C
– Properties compare to PS
20
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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New polymer system for replacement of PET:
PEF developed by Avantium
•
PEF oxygen barrier is 10 times better than PET
•
The T
g
of PEF is 86°C compared to the T
g
of PET
•
PEF carbon dioxide barrier is 4 times better
of 74
o
C
than PET
•
The T
m
of PEF is 235
o
C compared to the T
m
of
•
PEF water barrier is 2 times better than PET
o
PET of 265 C
Avantium.com
21
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Polymer Additives
•Most well known is
propably plasticizers
•Why use additives?
•How much?
22
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Polymer Additives
• Improve mechanical properties, processability, durability, etc.
• Fillers
– Added to improve tensile strength & abrasion resistance,
toughness & decrease cost
– E.g: Carbon black, silica gel, wood flour, glass, limestone,
talc, etc.
• Plasticizers
– Added to reduce the glass transition temperature Tg below
room temperature
– Presence of plasticizer transforms brittle polymer to a ductile
one
– Commonly added to PVC - otherwise it is brittle
23
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Polymer Additives (cont.)
• Stabilizers
– Antioxidants
– UV protectants
• Lubricants
– Added to allow easier processing
– polymer “slides” through dies easier
– ex: sodium stearate
• Colorants
– Dyes and pigments
• Flame Retardants
– Substances containing chlorine, fluorine, and boron
24
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers
 MOF, Alm.del - 2016-17 - Bilag 250: Faktaark og præsentationer fra temamødet om plast den 8/2-17
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Protection agains UV light
• Blockers
– Carbon black
– Titanium dioxide
• Stabilizers
– Hindered amines
– Stabilize radicals inside the polymer
– Cd, Zn, Pb – stabilize HCl from PVC
• Absorbers
– Benzophenones/benzotriazoles
– Absorb and reemit at less harmfull wavelenghts
25
DTU Chemical Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark
Polymers