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R E S U LTS R E P O RT
ASIA
AFRICA
NORTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
EUROPE
World Wide Views on Climate and Energy
F RO M TH E WO R L D ’ S C I T I Z E N S TO TH E C L I M ATE A N D E N E R GY P O L I CYM A K E R S A N D STA K E H O L D E R S
1 0 0 0 0 C IT I Z E N S, 9 7 D E BAT E S I N 76 CO U NTR I E S
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ARGENTINA
CHINESE TAIPEI - TAINAN
ZAMBIA
WORLD WIDE VIEWS ON CLIMATE AND ENERGY
From the world’s citizens to the climate and energy
policymakers and stakeholders
WWViews on Climate and Energy has succeeded, thanks to
the exemplary efforts of the national and regional partners
in the WWViews Alliance and the support of their sponsors.
We are especially grateful to the French Ministry of Ecology,
Sustainable Development and Energy (MEDDE), the French
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development
(MAEDI), the Presidency of the French National Assembly,
the French National Commission for Public Debate (CNDP),
RESULTS REPORT
Published by the Danish Board of Technology Foundation,
Missions Publiques and the French National Commission
for Public Debate, September 2015
13 French Regions through the Association des Régions de
France (Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Centre-Val-
de-Loire, Franche-Comté, Guadeloupe, Haute-Normandie,
EDITORS:
Bjørn Bedsted, Global Coordinator of WWWViews
and Head of DBT International at the Danish Board of
Technology Foundation
Yves Mathieu, Co-coordinator of WWViews on Climate
and Energy and Director of Missions Publiques
Christian Leyrit, Co-coordinator of WWViews on Climate
and Energy and President of the French National
Commission for Public Debate (CNDP)
ISBN 978-87-91614-04-0
Photos: WWViews partners
Map: Dixen Design
Illustration: [email protected]
Design: Dixen Design
This Results Report is available for download at
climateandenergy.wwviews.org
Île-de-France, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Poitou-Charentes,
Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, La Réunion, Rhône-Alpes), ENGIE
(GDF Suez), the German Federal Environment Agency, the
European Space Agency (ESA), the Fondation de France, the
Socialist and European Greens (EELV) groups of the French
Senate, the Danish KR Foundation, the Norwegian Ministry
of Climate and Environment, Grenoble-Alpes Métropole and
the city of Paris. These donations made the global coverage
and scope of WWViews on Climate and Energy possible. We
are especially indebted to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, which
has taken an active part in initiating and implementing this
global citizen consultation. Finally, we would like to express
our sincere gratitude to all the citizens around the world who
participated in WWViews on Climate and Energy.
Climate neutralized
WWViews
c/o The Danish Board of Technology Foundation
Toldbodgade 12
DK-1253 Copenhagen K
Phone: +45 33320503
E-mail: [email protected]
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Preface
Executive summary
Key findings
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46
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About the World Wide Views on Climate and Energy
World results graphic
List of national and regional partners
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IRAN
BARBADOS
GERMANY
This Results Report is published by the Danish Board of Technology, Missions Publiques and the French
National Commission for Public Debate. It has been prepared based on input from WWViews partners
and with special support from following experts and WWViews partners:
Alexander Saier
Andreas Hastrup Clemmensen
Antoine Vergne
Benjamin Jullien
Bjørn Bedsted
Carmen Bouley de Santiago
Christian Leyrit
Emma Bothorel
Félix Fournier
Gerard Wynn
Holly Borday
Hortense Philipot
Joanna Rosemond
John Stian Haukeland
Marie Hemmingsen
Nanna Finne Skovrup
Rahul Karki
Rick Worthington
Sophie Engelmann
Typhanie Scognamiglio
Yasushi Ikebe
Yves Mathieu
UNFCCC
The Danish Board of Technology
Missions Publiques
European Climate Foundation
The Danish Board of Technology
Missions Publiques
CNDP
CNDP
CNDP
GWG Energy
The Danish Board of Technology
CNDP
Saint Lucia National Trust
The Danish Board of Technology
The Danish Board of Technology
The Danish Board of Technology
ForestAction
Pomona College
CNDP
Missions Publiques
Japan Science and Technology Agency/Miraikan
Missions Publiques
Germany
Denmark
France
France
Denmark
France
France
France
France
United Kingdom
Denmark
France
Saint Lucia
Denmark
Denmark
Denmark
Nepal
USA
France
France
Japan
France
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26 debates in Europe
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4
13
31 debates in Africa
19 debates in the Americas
10 000 CITIZENS, 97 DEBATES
IN 76 COUNTRIES
COU NTRI ES PARTICI PATI NG I N WORLD WI DE
VI EWS ON CLIMATE AN D EN ERGY
• AFGHAN ISTAN
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ARGENTI NA
BAHAMAS
BANGLADESH
BAR BADOS
BEN I N
BOSN IA-H ERZEGOVI NA
BRAZI L
BU R KI NA FASO
BU RU N DI
CAMEROON
CANADA
CAPE VER DE
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C HAD
C H I LE
C H I NA
COMOROS
COSTA R ICA
DENMAR K
DOMI N ICAN R EPU BLIC
DR CONGO
ETH IOPIA
FIJ I
FRANC E
GABON
GAMBIA
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GEORGIA
GERMANY
GHANA
GR EEC E
GR ENADA
GUATEMALA
GUYANA
HAITI
I N DIA
I N DON ESIA
I RAN
ITALY
JAPAN
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21 debates in Asia Oceania
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Including 13 islands
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KENYA
KUWAIT
MADAGASCAR
MALAYSIA
MALI
MAU R ITAN IA
MAU R ITI US
MOROCCO
MOZAMBIQU E
MYANMAR
N EPAL
N IGER
N IGER IA
PAKISTAN
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PALESTI N IAN TER R ITOR I ES
PERU
PH I LI PPI N ES
PORTUGAL
ROMAN IA
RUSSIA
RWAN DA
SAI NT LUC IA
SEN EGAL
SEYC H ELLES
SOUTH AFR ICA
SOUTH KOR EA
SPAI N
SR I LAN KA
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TOGO
TU N ISIA
TU R KEY
UGAN DA
U K - SCOTLAN D
USA
VI ETNAM
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE
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PREFACE
World Wide Views on Climate and Energy (WWViews on Climate and Energy) is a global democratic
deliberation on climate change and energy transition. It gathered citizen views on international climate
change and energy policy issues and disseminated them to policymakers involved in the UNFCCC
negotiations. It is part of the ambition and ongoing efforts by partners in the World Wide Views Alliance to
help close a widening democratic gap between citizens and policymakers as policymaking grows increasingly
global in scale.
G
overnments have committed to promote “public
participation in addressing climate change and its
effects and developing adequate responses”, under Article
6 (now called Action for Climate Empowerment, ACE) of
the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
WWViews on Climate and Energy contributes to this by
giving citizens worldwide a platform for stating their
views on how to deal politically with climate change and
the energy transition. While experts, industries, strong
interest groups and NGOs have found ways to influence
and interact with international negotiations, ordinary
citizens have practically no role in this process. By
introducing the views of citizens into the negotiation
process and surrounding debates, policymakers will have
a better basis for making decisions in tune with informed
public opinion. Furthermore, by including citizens in an
informed and structured exchange of views, they are
more likely to take an interest in climate change and
energy issues, to feel more ownership of decisions, and
consequently more inclined to support the
implementation of those
decisions.
WWViews establishes a model
for the future inclusion of the
world’s citizens in global
policymaking. In principle,
the project design can enable
all nations on Earth to take part in producing comparable
results that can be clearly communicated to policymakers.
WWViews on Climate and Energy implemented 97
debates involving around 10,000 citizens in 76 countries
spanning five continents. The citizens gathered in their
respective countries to deliberate about some of the core
issues at stake in the ongoing, international discussions
and negotiations about how to deal with climate change.
They received balanced information about climate change
and energy, discussed the issues with fellow citizens and
voted individually on the questions presented to them.
They did so at daylong meetings on June 6, 2015.
This report analyses their answers and presents some of
the most significant results, which can be studied in
greater detail at climateandenergy.wwviews.org. The
report is aimed at policymakers and stakeholders with
prior knowledge about climate change and energy issues,
and written by the WWViews coordinators in cooperation
with 106 national and regional WWViews partners.
We hope that political decision makers will make use of
the unique insights
presented by WWViews on
Climate and Energy, and
We are very excited that World Wide Views on
carefully consider the
Climate and Energy is being organized and
views of the citizens when
happy to collaborate with such an important
formulating the climate
initiative. Bringing forward the views and the
change and energy
voices of citizens from across the globe can only
policies for the future.
contribute to a positive new universal climate
agreement in Paris in December. In supporting
this unique and novel approach, we believe we are
also making an important contribution to Article
6 of the Convention as it relates to education and
public awareness.
”
“
Christiana Figueres, Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC,
on the WWViews on Climate and Energy.
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CAMEROON
INDIA
September 2015
Bjørn Bedsted, Global Coordinator of WWViews and Head of
DBT International at the Danish Board of Technology
Foundation
Yves Mathieu, Co-coordinator of WWViews on Climate and
Energy and Director of Missions Publiques
Christian Leyrit, Co-coordinator of WWViews on Climate and
Energy and President of the French National Commission for
Public Debate (CNDP)
MAURITANIA
ITALY - TOSCANA
CANADA – MONTRÉAL
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CHILE
GEORGIA
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
DENMARK
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
T
he results from the global citizen consultations on
climate change and energy are clear: there is strong
public support for political action in order to agree on
reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit the global
temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius above pre-
industrial levels.
The WWViews results are based on well-established
principles for citizen participation and offer unique and
detailed insights into lay people’s views on climate change
and energy and the question of how to implement global
policies to deal with these issues. The participating citizens
coming from 76 countries were selected to reflect the
demographic diversity of their respective countries and
regions. They were provided with unbiased information
about climate change and energy and about the
international discussions on policy measures to handle
these issues. Citizens were given time to deliberate with
each other in order to develop their opinions.
Although results differ from country to country, there are
only minor differences between continents and between
developed and developing countries. Interestingly, young
and adult participants vote quite similarly. The
participating citizens voted on 34 predefined questions.
Following the WWViews Day national and regional
partners, experts and civil society representatives gathered
in Copenhagen to analyze the results. In this report we
focus on the key findings in the participants’ responses to
these questions. These are:
“We were delighted to co-initiate this debate and citizen
consultation and bring the voice of the ordinary woman and man
into the climate negotiations. Many cities, companies and NGOs
are voicing their support for a transformational agreement in Paris.
The view of citizens is also crystal clear – they see the threats and
they see the opportunities: the vast majority wants action now,
and they want action that is sustained over the long term to bend
the emissions down to zero by the end of the century along with
support for developing countries for their efforts.”
Christiana Figueres,
Executive Secretary of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
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FRANCE- FRANCHE COMTÉ
FIJI
BANGLADESH
BAHAMAS
1.
CHAPTER 1: A STRONG CALL FOR ACTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Citizens worldwide want their leaders to commit to ambitious climate action
Citizens want zero emissions by the end of the century
The COP21 Paris Agreement needs to open a credible path to limit global warming to
no more than 2 degrees
Climate change is an opportunity to improve life quality
Introduce carbon taxes and invest in renewable energy
2.
CHAPTER 2: COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES AND RESPECTIVE CAPABILITIES
6.
7.
8.
The ‘North-South’ gap is closing
Countries should assume responsibilities based on their respective capabilities and
emission levels
All countries must take action to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
3.
CHAPTER 3: FINANCING CLIMATE ACTION
9.
The private sector should contribute significantly to climate finance
10. High-income countries should scale up their climate finance commitments
4.
CHAPTER 4: CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
11. Citizens want to take an active part in reducing greenhouse gas emissions
12. Citizens expect to take part in deciding on climate policies
WWViews results can be studied in detail at climateandenergy.wwviews.org
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The timeline
2014
The idea
Early 2015 and onwards
February – April 2015
April – May 2015
May 2015 and onwards
June 6, 2015
June 6, 2015 and onwards
2015
The WWViews design and selecting the partners
Questions and information material for the citizens
Selecting the participating citizens and organizers trainings
The web tool
WWViews Day
Making the citizens’ views heard
ABOUT WORLD WIDE VIEWS ON CLIMATE AND ENERGY
The idea
World Wide Views on Climate and Energy is co-initiated
by the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, the Danish Board
of Technology Foundation (DBT), Missions Publiques
(MP), and the French National Commission for Public
Debate (CNDP), with the support of the French
Government host of COP21.
The WWViews method is a unique and innovative
way of engaging citizens in climate and energy policy
discussions, thereby promoting and facilitating public
participation in addressing climate change and its
effects.
The Danish Board of Technology has developed the
WWViews method in response to the emerging
democratic gap between global policymakers and
citizens, as more issues (such as desertification,
biodiversity, climate change and energy transition), and
thus decisions, become global in scale. The method was
first developed for the UN climate summit (COP15 of the
UNFCCC) in 2009 in order to involve citizens in a debate
otherwise heavily dominated by scientists, politicians
and powerful interest groups. In 2012 it was again
successfully implemented in collaboration with the UN
Secretariat to the Convention on Biological Diversity’s
(CBD) as part of the negotiation process leading up to
the biodiversity COP11 in India.
Inasmuch as citizens will have to live with the decisions
made about how to address climate changes and energy
transition, we believe it only would be fair to consult
them as part of the ongoing negotiations. Furthermore,
the approval and cooperation of citizens worldwide is
critical for decisions to be implemented successfully. In
democratic and functional terms, climate and energy
policies will not work effectively if they do not enjoy
public support.
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AFGHANISTAN
COMOROS
GREECE
The WWViews design
The WWViews design was developed in response to
the practical challenges of making global citizen
participation possible. The following criteria were
considered essential:
●
Cheap and easy: The method had to make it
feasible for potentially all countries in the world
to participate, regardless of income and general
education level.
Clear link to policymaking: It had to address issues of
immediate relevance to policymakers.
Both global and national: It had to pertain to both
national and global decision-making.
Clear and comparable results: Results had to be
comparable across countries and regions and they
had to be easy to communicate to policymakers.
Informed citizens: Citizens had to be provided with
the balanced information required to understand the
issues debated among policymakers.
Deliberation: Citizens should be given the
opportunity to discuss their views with each other
before reaching their own conclusions.
In order to meet these objectives groups of citizens
(approximately 100) meet in their respective countries
or regions to deliberate on an identical set of questions,
using identical meeting designs and information
material and the different meetings and their results
are linked through an online web tool.
The WWViews method provides policy makers with
in-depth information about trends in national and
international opinions but differs in important ways
from conventional opinion polls. Unlike opinion polls,
the WWViews method provides respondents with
balanced and scientifically based information as well
as an opportunity to deliberate for a full day with other
citizens prior to rendering their judgments. Thus,
it encourages the exploration of more substantive
questions and well-considered responses, allowing
policy makers to assess which policies will be well
received if people are properly informed about the
rationale behind them.
The method used for WWViews on Climate and Energy
has been adjusted in various ways, based on evaluations
from partners participating in WWViews on Global
Warming in 2009 and WWViews on Biodiversity in 2012
and scientific observations published in the following
years.
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TRAINING SEMINAR IN PARIS
Selecting the partners
The WWViews national and regional partners have
been responsible for organizing WWViews meetings
in their respective countries or regions. To become
partners they should preferably:
●
from the World Wide Views Alliance collaborated
in WWViews on Climate and Energy arranging 97
deliberations in 76 countries spanning five continents.
Some partners were self-financed but several partners,
especially from developing countries benefited greatly
from the financial support of Ségolène Royal, the
French Minister of Ecology, Sustainable Development
and Energy, which providing financial support to 61
countries. Many of these partners were identified
thanks to Laurent Fabius, the French Minister of
Foreign Affairs and International Development, who
mobilized French Embassies and their diplomatic
network to select local organizers. This support secured
an unprecedented global coverage. Consequently,
WWViews on Climate and Energy is the largest global
citizen consultation ever.
have some experience with citizen participation
methods
be unbiased with regards to climate change and
energy transition
be able to follow the common guidelines
self- or co-finance their participation in WWViews
●
●
●
First, partners already part of the World Wide Views
Alliance were invited to join. This global network
of partners typically includes public councils,
parliamentary technology assessment institutions,
non-governmental civil society organizations, and
universities. It is a network of partners sharing the
ambition of making public participation an integral
part of global governance. The network was established
for WWViews on Global Warming and WWViews on
Biodiversity and has now been supplemented with
a number of new partners worldwide. 106 partners
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Questions and information
material for the citizens
The questions posed to the citizens worldwide were
selected so as to be of direct relevance to the ongoing
international discussions about how to deal with
climate change and with a view to provide decision
makers with information about public opinion on
different policy measures to do so. WWViews partners,
industry groups, civil society representatives and
climate experts were involved in selecting the questions
in order to ensure their relevance. The questions had
to be identical in all countries in order to allow for
cross-national comparisons. To ensure comparability of
results and clear communication to policymakers, the
questions and response choices were predefined. 29 of
the 34 questions chosen were clustered in 5 themes:
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●
●
●
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A Scientific Advisory Board was established to review
whether the information given in the booklet was
accurate, sufficient, and balanced, considering the
questions that citizens deliberated on, and both
questions and information material were tested in
four focus group interviews in Japan, The United States
of America, France and Uganda. This design assured
the input of experts as well as ordinary citizens in the
development of the questions to be discussed and the
information informing those discussions.
MEMBERS of the Scientific Advisory Board:
Doreen Stabinsky: Professor, College of the
Atlantic of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC). United States of
America
Hervé Casterman: President of the AFG
(Association Francaise du Gaz) Environment
Commission. France
John Akintayo Adedoyin: Professor, University
of Botswana. Lead-author in WGI of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Botswana
Joseph Katongo Kanyanga: Assistant Director,
Zambia Meteorological Department. Lead-
author in WGI of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change. Zambia
Koko Warner: Academic officer, United
Nations University. Lead-author in WGII of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Germany
Ria Voorhaar: Head - International
Communications Coordination Climate Action
Network – International. Germany
Saleemul Huq: Director, ICCCAD. Coordinating
lead-author in WGII of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Bangladesh
Importance of tackling climate change
Tools to tackle climate change
UN negotiations and national commitments
Fairness and distribution of efforts
Making and keeping climate promises
The remaining 5 questions focused on evaluating the
event. In some countries, WWViews partners added an
additional session with questions and deliberations
on national issues and some allowed participants to
formulate their own recommendations to national
policymakers.
Prior to the citizen consultations participants received
balanced information from a 32-pages booklet written
by journalist and analyst Gerard Wynn in close
collaboration with the Danish Board of Technology. The
booklet provided basic information about the science of
climate change and different points of view on how to
deal with it.
Information videos (each 4-10 minutes long) were made
by the Austrian research and science communication
company Biofaction for each of the five themes,
repeating the most essential information available
in the booklet and ensuring that all citizens would
participate in the meetings with the necessary
information. All WWViews information material was
translated into local languages.
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GHANA
SOUTH KOREA
ETHIOPIA
The web tool
A special web tool was designed for the purpose of
instant collection and presentation of the results from
the WWViews meetings. The tool allows for statistical
presentation and easy comparison of results between
countries and various international groupings (i.e.
continents, developed and developing countries). The
web tool is easy to navigate for anyone interested and
can be explored under “Results” at climateandenergy.
wwviews.org. Also, all raw data can be downloaded for
detailed analysis.
CHAD
“Citizens are concerned by poverty, land
deterioration and drought. Climate change affects
everyone, but rural inhabitants suffer from it. So
rich countries must help poor countries in order
that all of them as far as they are concerned can
reduce their GHG emissions. Let’s raise awerness
to improve Sahelian people resiliency to the
environmental transformations.”
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CANADA - WATERLOO
CAPE VERDE
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Training seminar
The coordinators of WWViews on Climate and
Energy organized four training seminars to prepare
project managers in the participating countries for
the WWViews Day. Most met for the two seminars
organized in Paris, France. However, to accommodate
the global coverage of WWViews on Climate and Energy
two decentralized training seminars were organized in
the Caribbean (Guadeloupe) and the Indian Ocean (La
Reunion) respectively. All project managers from the
WWViews national and regional partner institutions
also participated in 8 online training seminars focusing
on key elements of the WWViews method.
Selecting the participating
citizens
Guidelines for selecting the participating citizens
were made in order to ensure the reliability of the
results: The citizens at each meeting should reflect the
demographic distribution in their country or region
with regards to age, gender, occupation, education
and geographical zone of residency (i.e. city and
countryside). A further criterion was that they should
not be experts on climate and energy issues, neither
as scientists nor as stakeholders. Where appropriate,
the national partners added further demographic
criteria of relevance to their national context. Finally,
in countries where statistics of membership of
environmental organizations were available, this was
also used as selection criteria in order to avoid an
overrepresentation of participants more concerned with
global warming than the population at large.
Based on reports from the partners, the guidelines have
been followed, albeit with some local variation due to
economic and other practical limitations. While most
meetings ended up with fewer than 100 citizens, some
ended up with more than 100 citizens on the WWViews
Day. The global average was 89 citizens per meeting.
Some countries or regions recruited citizens from their
entire geographical area, whereas others recruited from
a smaller area in order to cut expenses.
Nevertheless, the sample of citizens consulted in
WWViews is large and diverse enough to, give a clear
sense of general trends in national and international
public opinion.
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TURKEY
CHAD
GUYANA
WWViews Day
TH E WORLD
On June 6, 2015 the first WWViews meeting started
at 9 am in Fiji. The last one finished 27 hours later
in Arizona, USA. Meetings were held in seventy-six
countries. As the day progressed, citizens voted on
alternative answers to the predefined questions. These
results were instantly reported at climateandenergy.
wwviews.org so that anyone with Internet access
could – and still can – compare answers to the various
questions across countries, regions, political and
economic groupings, etc.
Photos and videos from the various meetings were
continuously uploaded to a media share server. Video
interviews with citizens were made available as well.
Most countries arranged link ups to other countries via
Skype. Others presented pictures and results from other
countries to their participants.
TH E MEETI NG
Each thematic session was introduced by the head
facilitator and an information video. The participants
then engaged in moderated discussions at their tables,
the purpose of which was to give all participants time
to listen to other opinions and reflect prior to voting.
Group facilitators were trained in advance to provide
unbiased facilitation at the tables. Each thematic
session concluded with citizens casting their votes
anonymously on alternative answers to a total of 34
questions (five to eight questions in each session). Votes
were counted by the staff and immediately reported
to climateandenergy.wwviews.org thereby enabling
international, quantitative comparisons.
Most meetings were either opened or closed by
ministers or high-level government officials. The
citizens were apprised of the means by which
policymakers would be informed of the results. Two
short video messages from Christiana Figueres, UNFCCC
Executive Secretary and Ségolène Royal, France’s
Minister of Ecology, Sustainable Development and
Energy welcoming citizens on June 6, were screened at
the beginning of the deliberation at every site around
the world.
All meetings followed the same schedule: the citizens,
divided into tables of 5-8 people, were led through a
program, divided into five thematic sessions, by a head
facilitator and a number of group facilitators.
NIGER
“I thought that as citizens we were only victims
while we are in part actors of this climate
change” said Boubacar, a farmer. / “Thanks
to this debate on climate and energy, I feel
more concerned than ever by the fight against
climate change” Hamsatou, a pupil. / “We are
not polluting, we are poor and vulnerable. We
suffer and live unfairly the fatal effects of this
phenomenon. Who can and hast to help us?”
worries Abdou, a student.
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HAITI
INDONESIA
MALAYSIA
Welcome to WWViews Day
Information videos
Deliberation in groups
Voting after each
thematic session
Goodbye and thank you
for participating
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UK (SCOTLAND)
FRANCE - AUVERGNE
NIGER
Making the citizens’
views heard
The outcomes of WWViews on Climate and Energy
are being disseminated globally. The target groups
for receiving the WWViews results are politicians,
negotiators and interest groups engaged in the ongoing
climate change negotiations. The WWViews results
are especially significant for climate and energy
policymakers and stakeholders because they represent
the informed and considered views of a broad range of
citizens from across the world concerning the complex
issues to be addressed in the UN negotiations.
This is why the WWViews coordination team has set
up a comprehensive dissemination strategy aimed at
presenting and discussing the results of WWViews
with the relevant policy makers and stakeholders.
Dissemination began in June with a press conference
at the UNFCCC negotiations in Bonn together with
UNFCCC’s Executive Secretary Christiana Figueres and
included additional presentations for negotiation and
stakeholder groups. Next, the results were presented
at the United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe (UNECE). This was then followed by a plenary
presentation at the World Summit Climate & Territories
in Lyon, France.
Several activities are planned to take place following the
publication of this report, including more presentations
at pre-COP negotiations in Bonn, a side-event at the UN
General Assembly in New York, a presentation at the
French National Assembly, and several presentations at
COP21.
In addition to the
presentations made by
the global coordinators,
all national and regional
WWViews partners have
employed their own
strategies to reach key target
groups. The goal is to make
those engaged in climate and
energy policy aware of the
results and to take them into
consideration.
From dawn in Fiji to dusk in
Arizona the many votes and
recommendations were instantly
reported on climateandenergy.
wwviews.org and available for
comparisons. They still are.
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GAMBIA
UGANDA
PAKISTAN
THE RESULTS REPORT
The WWViews Results Report is one of the main instruments
for making citizens’ views heard.
T
he key findings in this report highlight those results
that the authors find to be most significant and
interesting to policy makers. We invite others to explore
the results to see what they find to be significant. The key
findings have been chosen in a process which included
input from several WWViews partners and a workshop in
Copenhagen with civil society representatives,
international experts and WWViews partners. The 12 key
findings were identified in the workshop and subsequently
developed and refined by an editorial group.
The key findings are structured in the following way:
firstly, a clear message to decision makers (the key
finding); secondly factual observations from the WWViews
voting results that underpin the message (sometimes the
same observations underpin more than one key finding);
and thirdly, an assessment drawn from the observations.
The key findings are structured in four chapters:
1
A Strong Call for Action
.
2.
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and
Respective Capabilities
3.
Financing Climate Action
4.
Citizen Participation
ARGENTINA
“Great experience! To fight against
climate change is to protect our
future! An incredible work day!
Let’s hope governments will listen
to what citizens from 76 countries
debated to curb climate change. For
us, for our children, but mostly for
the children of our children!”
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CHAPTER 1: A STRONG CALL FOR ACTION
1) Citizens worldwide want their
leaders to commit to ambitious
climate action
And they want those commitments to
be made now.
OBSERVATIONS
●
ASSESSMENT
63% of participants worldwide think that
policy makers should decide in Paris to
do whatever it takes to limit temperature
increase to less than 2 degrees Celsius by
2100. 70% of participants think climate
change is primarily a global responsibility
and 71% want the UN climate negotiations
to do more to tackle climate change.
89% of participants think climate change
should be a national priority, while 79%
of participants think that their country
should reduce its greenhouse gas emissions,
even if other countries do not.
Almost all participants worldwide (97%)
are concerned about the effects of climate
change, of which 78% are “very concerned”.
The proportion of “very concerned” citizens
has increased in comparison to the 2009
results from World Wide Views on Global
Warming, where 62% of participants were
“very concerned” about climate change.
Participants from developing countries are
more concerned (10 percentage points) than
those from developed countries, but less
supportive (8 percentage points) of doing
whatever it takes.
●
The WWViews results show a clear worldwide support by
citizens for their politicians to take ambitious action
against climate change. Although citizens have a clear
preference for making a global agreement on climate
change, they also support action in their own countries,
irrespective of whether steps are taken globally or in other
countries. This is consistent with the view among
participants that tackling climate change is an
opportunity rather than a threat. The clear message to
policy makers is that failure to make a global agreement
will not be accepted as an excuse for inaction at the
national level.
The strong support for taking action also reflects the high
level of concern citizens have for the effects of climate
change. Based on a similar question that was asked in
2009, it is reasonable to conclude that the proportion of
citizens who are “very concerned” has increased over the
past six years.
While responses do not differ much among participants
from different countries, it is nonetheless interesting to
see that citizens from developing countries are more
concerned than citizens from developed countries, but
also less supportive of doing whatever it takes to limit the
temperature increase.
●
●
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NIGERIA
FRANCE - LA RÉUNION
RUSSIA
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CHAPTER 1: A STRONG CALL FOR ACTION
2)Citizens want zero emissions by
the end of the century
And many want to stop the exploration of fossil fuels.
OBSERVATIONS
●
ASSESSMENT
97% of WWViews participants want a Paris
agreement to include a long-term goal for
zero emissions at the end of this century.
Two-thirds of participants want this goal
to be legally binding for all countries. 17%
think it should be legally binding only for
developed and emerging nations.
45% of participants worldwide are in
favor of stopping exploration for all new
fossil fuel reserves. An additional 17%
support stopping exploration for coal only,
meaning that 62% are in favor of stopping
the exploration for coal. 23% think that
exploration of fussil fuels should continue.
Policy makers have a clear public mandate to act towards
securing a deal in Paris that includes a long-term goal for
zero emissions by 2100. The fact that a clear majority of
participants want this goal to be legally binding further
strengthens the mandate.
It is interesting to compare the support for a long-term
goal with participants’ views on the exploration for fossil
fuels, which is one of the main keys to reaching the long-
term goal. Considering the consequences of making a
decision to stop the exploration for fossil fuels, the support
for doing so is significant. Although a plurality of
participants from some of the countries with substantial
oil, coal, and gas reserves (Russia and Iran) prefer to
continue exploring, in other resource rich countries
(China, USA, India, Indonesia, Canada, South Africa, UK
(Scotland), Germany, Nigeria and Kuwait) the relative
majority favors stopping the exploration for all fossil fuels.
Nonetheless, with less than majority support for stopping
all exploration in most countries, and 15% (the highest
percentage of all questions) stating that they do not know
or do not wish to answer, more consideration of this issue
will be important in the immediate future if the path
toward the long term goal of zero emissions is to become
clearer.
●
COSTA RICA
PHILIPPINES
FRANCE - CENTRE-VAL DE LOIRE
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5. How should the world deal with exploration for new fossil fuel reserves?
5.  How  should  the  world  deal  with  explora3on  for  new  fossil  fuel  
reserves?  
45,20%  
41,78%  
a.  Stop  explora8on  for  all  fossil  fuel  reserves  
b.  Stop  only  the  explora8on  for  coal  
17,27%  
14,98%  
The  World  
Top  fossil  fuel  producing  countries  
c.  The  world  should  con8nue  to  explore  
22,67%  
23,59%  
d.  Don’t  know  /  Do  not  wish  to  answer  
14,86%  
19,65%  
2.5.  HOW  SHOULD  THE  WORLD  DEAL  WITH  EXPLORATION  FOR  NEW  FOSSIL  FUEL  RESERVES?  
a.  Stop  exploraLon  for  all  fossil  fuel  reserves  
WORLD  
CANADA  
USA    
UK  (SCOTLAND)  
GERMANY  
SOUTH  AFRICA  
KUWAIT  
INDIA  
INDONESIA  
NIGERIA  
CHINA  
IRAN  
RUSSIA  
19,63%  
18,99%  
27,27%  
13,08%  
16,46%  
38,78%  
35,42%  
26,26%  
40,19%  
40,51%  
59,15%  
56,00%  
50,70%  
48,98%  
47,83%  
45,71%  
10,20%  
23,96%  
11,11%  
0,00%  
15,24%  
17,35%  
22,92%  
35,35%  
27,10%  
24,05%  
15,49%  
18,37%  
34,78%  
25,71%  
33,67%  
17,71%  
45,20%  
71,59%  
7,17%  
20,00%  
18,31%  
22,45%  
17,39%  
13,33%  
b.  Stop  only  the  exploraLon  for  coal  
c.  The  world  should  conLnue  to  explore  
17,27%  
d.  Don’t  know  /  Do  not  wish  to  answer  
22,67%  
8,25%  
22,67%  
11,00%  
10,12%  
14,86%  
10,05%  
11,01%  
13,00%  
15,49%  
10,20%  
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CHAPTER 1: A STRONG CALL FOR ACTION
3)The COP21 Paris Agreement needs
to open a credible path to limit global
warming to no more than 2 degrees
Commitments should be legally
binding, and progress should be
transparent and subject to control.
OBSERVATION
●
ASSESSMENT
63% of the citizens worldwide think that
the world should decide in Paris to do
whatever it takes to limit temperature
increase to less than 2 degrees Celsius by
2100.
71% of participants worldwide think the
Paris Agreement should include legally
binding, national short-term goals for
all countries. Another 14% think that
such goals should be legally binding
for developed nations only. Similarly,
68% think that a long-term goal of zero
emissions at the end of this century should
be legally binding for all countries, and
another 17% that it should be legally
binding for developed and emerging
nations only.
Regarding the flexibility of climate
commitments and their accountability, 92%
of participants feel countries should agree
in Paris to update their climate action
commitments every 5 years, and 90% think
that countries should publish an annual
report on their emissions and report on
progress towards meeting their pledge for
climate actions. 61% express that a UN level
body should have the authority to make
reviews that assess the sufficiency and
fairness of individual countries’ climate
action, and 50% think that any country
should have the right to inspect another’s
reporting of mitigation and adaptation
efforts, while another 28% think that only
donor countries should have the right to
inspect receiving countries.
●
Although the results show several differences between
countries, these are less significant than the general trend
worldwide: Citizens express strong support for limiting
global warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius by 2100
compared to preindustrial times as agreed by the
international community in Copenhagen in 2009.
The strong support for both short- and long-term goals, that
are legally binding, show that citizens want to make sure
that commitments made are also being met. The even
stronger support for countries to update their climate
commitments every 5 years and submit yearly progress
reports also shows that citizens want to hold their
politicians accountable for promises made. Although not as
strong, citizens’ support for giving countries the right to
inspect each other further strengthens their demand for
transparency on countries’ implementation of climate
plans with many calling for the UN to take the lead in
making sure these plans are fair and sufficient.
Consequently, citizens are calling for the UN to have greater
authority.
It is therefore reasonable to conclude that citizens broadly
support the key design features under discussion at the UN
that could help strengthen the level of ambition of the
agreement and maximize its ability to steer the world
towards a 2 degrees Celsius pathway.
●
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GUATEMALA
KENYA
USA - ARIZONA
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CHAPTER 1: A STRONG CALL FOR ACTION
4)
Climate change is an opportunity
to improve life quality
Measures to fight climate change are
seen as an opportunity rather than a
threat.
OBSERVATIONS
●
ASSESSMENT
66% of WWViews participants see measures
to fight climate change mostly as an
opportunity to improve their quality of life.
27% of citizens consider such measures to
be mostly a threat to their quality of life.
There is little variation in the results
between regional and income groups.
●
●
The WWViews results reflect that the global majority of
citizens envisage measures to tackle climate change as an
opportunity to improve the quality of life - whether it is to
pursue a trajectory of low emissions for mitigation efforts
or to enhance adaptation actions. This is a significant and
somewhat surprising finding, as tools to tackle climate
change have been framed as a burden rather than an
opportunity in many media and policy discussions to date.
On the other hand, some have argued for framing such
measures as an opportunity. The WWViews results show
that citizens are more convinced by such arguments and
support this way of framing discussions on how to tackle
climate change. For lower income countries, it is often
argued that mitigation action may harm economic
growth, and, therefore, slow progress on poverty
eradication, health care and other development
challenges. It is therefore noteworthy that participants
from low-income economies responded in the same way as
participants from the rest of the world.
This sends a strong signal to politicians regardless of their
country’s income bracket to focus on potential synergies
between enhanced life quality and actions towards climate
change solutions.
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CHAPTER 1: A STRONG CALL FOR ACTION
5)
Introduce carbon taxes and
invest in renewable energy
Citizens also wish to support the
research and development of low-
carbon technology.
OBSERVATIONS
●
ASSESSMENT
88% of participants globally support a
dynamic and flexible carbon tax system to
some degree whether it is according to the
level of development or emissions.
When asked to pick two approaches for
making large-scale cuts in greenhouse gas
emissions, participants worldwide prefer
to subsidize renewable energy (56%) or to
support the development of low-carbon
technology (46%).
Since participants could choose two answer options
for this question, percentages can add up to as
much as 200.
●
The results show a clear and widespread support for a
carbon tax system of some sort, with most citizens favoring
a system in which costs will increase gradually for
countries that do not reduce their emissions. Differences
between support from citizens from different country
groups (such as LDC’s and OPEC countries) and from the
rest of the world are small and insignificant. Only 1 out of
10 participants worldwide does not support a carbon tax
system, sending an unequivocal message to policy makers
on citizens’ readiness to support a move towards carbon
taxation.
In contrast to the clear support for carbon taxation, carbon
pricing does not rank high (21%) when participants are
asked to select their preferred approaches for making
large-scale cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. The fact that
citizens prefer to subsidize renewable energy and to
support the research and development of low-carbon
technology indicates a widespread support for the
implementation of existing and new technologies in order
to cut emissions and bring forward an energy transition.
In general, citizens prefer incentives and subsidies as a
mechanism for making large-scale cuts in greenhouse gas
emissions. In spite of this, the results still show that they
acknowledge, and are aware of, the wide array of solutions
needed, including mechanisms such as taxation and
carbon pricing, if large-scale cuts are to be made feasible.
FRANCE - BASSE-NORMANDIE
USA - BOSTON
NEPAL
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CHAPTER 1: A STRONG CALL FOR ACTION
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CHAPTER 2: COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES
AND RESPECTIVE CAPABILITIES
6)The ‘North-South’ gap is closing
Citizens from developed and
developing countries mostly agree on
how to deal with climate change.
OBSERVATIONS
●
ASSESSMENT
The differences between responses from
participants from developed and developing
countries are generally small (an average
of 4,2 percentage points). They are most
prominent in questions concerning
finance and the level of efforts put into
mitigation actions, where citizens from
developing countries are approximately
10 percentage points more supportive of
policies placing a greater responsibility on
developed countries. The same pattern can
be seen when comparing responses from
EU participants with African ones, and
responses from citizens of high-income
economies with those of low-income
economies.
The high degree of convergence between the views of
citizens in developed and developing countries is quite
remarkable. Citizens from North and South generally
share their assessment of the nature of the challenge
posed by climate change and their views on how to deal
with it. This sends a strong signal to policy makers and
negotiators to focus more on shared interests and less on
what is perceived to be special and national interests.
Despite the strong convergence, attention should be paid
to the small differences when it comes to the level of
responsibility, which is a key issue in the negotiations.
While citizens agree that responsibilities should be
differentiated, they diverge on the degree to which these
responsibilities should be differentiated. This indicates a
small but real difference in opinion between North and
South in what is fair and what is not. Considering the
differences in living conditions, what may be most
remarkable is the small magnitude of these differences.
TOP  10  DIVERGENCES  BETWEEN  DEVELOPED  VS.  DEVELOPING  COUNTRIES  
81%  
68%  
59%  
46%  
29%  
17%  
20%  
7%  
31%  
21%  
9%  
22%  
10%  
43%  
81%  
68%  
61%  
48%  
31%  
16%  
The  outcomes  of  the  UN  climate  
nego:a:ons  since  1992  have  done  
enough  to  tackle  climate  change.  
The  outcomes  of  the  UN  climate  
nego:a:ons  since  1992  have  not  
done  enough  to  tackle  climate  
change.  
ACer  2020,  high-­‐income  countries  
should  pay  more  than  already  
agreed  on  for  mi:ga:on  and  
adapta:on  in  low-­‐income  countries  
($100  billion  in  2020)  
The  efforts  of  developing  countries  
should  depend  on  funding  from  
developed  countries.  
Any  country  should  have  a  right  to  
inspect  others  
Climate  change  is  a  na:onal  
priority  and  it  should  be  
Climate  change  is  not  a  na:onal  
priority  but  it  should  be  
All  developing  countries  should  be  
treated  the  same  way  
I'm  moderately  concerned  about  
the  impacts  of  climate  change  
Annex  1  
Non-­‐Annex  1  
Only  donor  countries  should  be  
allowed  to  inspect  receiving  
countries  
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CHAPTER 2: COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES
AND RESPECTIVE CAPABILITIES
7)Countries should assume
responsibilities based on their respective
capabilities and emission levels
Distinguishing between Annex-1 (developed) and non-Annex
1 (developing) countries is seen as less relevant.
OBSERVATIONS
●
55% of participants worldwide think that richer
developing countries ‘should be treated as a third
group, with bigger responsibilities than the poorest,
least developed countries, but smaller responsibilities
than developed nations’. 23% even call for
richer developing countries to assume the same
responsibilities as developed nations. Interestingly,
participants from countries that are classified as non-
Annex 1 in the climate change convention but are
also high-income or upper-middle-income economies
are generally in agreement with participants from
the rest of the world.
71% of participants worldwide see current or future
emissions and economic capabilities as the best
basis for setting such ambitions. Citizens from
developed and developing countries almost agree on
this, with developing countries favoring economic
capabilities at a slightly higher rate than developed
country citizens. Globally, only 21% of citizens favor
using historical emissions as the basis for setting
the ambition of national climate contributions with
a few countries such as Uganda, Iran, Brazil, Cape
Verde and Mozambique ranking historical emissions
as the top choice.
capable, rather than being stagnant in the Annex-1 and
non-Annex 1 categories. The fact that citizens from
countries most likely to be affected by such a change in
policy support it equally as much as the global average,
sends a strong signal to policy makers from those
countries in particular. It also echoes results from
WWViews on Global Warming in 2009, where participants
from growing economies voted in favor of introducing
targets for emission reductions for their countries, even
though such targets were not on the negotiation table.
The overall strong support worldwide for letting current
or future emissions and economic capabilities set the
ambition of national climate contributions also confirms
the call for moving away from defined groupings towards
a more diversified approach. One of the key discussions
underlying both former and current negotiations is the
question of whether or not it is fair for developed
countries to ask emerging economies to reduce emissions,
considering that burning fossil fuels has historically been
key to reaching current living standards. It is therefore
interesting that citizens see historical emissions as the
least relevant basis for setting the ambition of national
climate contributions, compared to using current or
future emissions and economic capabilities as the basis for
setting such ambitions. Although differences of opinion
exist among developed and developing countries, they are
not as big, nor as significant as the overall majority
support for current and future emissions and capabilities
as the basis for determining the fairness of national
climate commitments being set.
These results send a strong signal to decision makers from
all nations when considering the relevant basis for setting
the ambition for their respective national climate
contribution under a new, global agreement.
●
ASSESSMENT
Overall, there is little citizen support for treating all
developing countries in the same way. This reflects the
general trend seen in recent climate negotiations to de-
emphasize defined groupings and instead consider the
capabilities of individual nations. WWViews results show
that citizens no longer see the defined lines between North
and South; developed and developing countries as relevant
country categorizations. They wish to see countries step up
efforts gradually as they become more wealthy and
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4. Should all developing countries be treated as one group, as presently, or should richer developing countries have to do more?
4.  Should  all  developing  countries  be  treated  as  one  group,  as  presently,  or  
4.  Should  all  developing  countries  be  
ave  to  do  
as  one  group,  as  
should  richer  developing  countries  h
treated  
more?  
18,89%  
presently,  or  should  richer  developing  countries  have  to  do  more?  
treated  the  same  way  
18,20%  
18,20%  
4.  Should  all  developing  countries  be  treated  as  one  group,  a
developing countries
s  
Richer
presently,  or  should  r
hould  have  
eveloping  countries  have  to  do  more?  
icher  d
(countries participating in
b.  Richer  developing  countries  s
naEons  
18,89%  
a.  All  developing  countries  should  be  
treated  the  same  way  
18,20%  
c.  Richer  developing  countries  should  be  
c.  Richer  developing  
as  a  third  group,  
e  t
ith  bigger  
countries  should  b
w
reated  
treated  
as  a  third  group,  with  bigger  responsibiliEes  than  
responsibiliEes  than  the  poorest,  least  
b.  Richer  developing  
the  poorest,  
s
east  developed  countries,  but  
countries  
l
hould  h
countries,  but  smaller  
developed  
ave  
22,99%  
smaller  responsibiliEes  than  developed  naEons  
the  same  responsibiliEes  as  developed  
18,26%  
naEons  
2,79%  
d.  Don’t  know  /  Do  not  wish  to  answer  
2,79%  
3,46%  
c.  Richer  developing  c
d.  Don’t  know  /  Do  not  wish  to  answer  
ountries  should  be  
3,46%  
treated  as  a  third  group,  with  bigger  
responsibiliEes  than  the  poorest,  least  
developed  countries,  but  smaller  
b.  Richer  developing  countries  should  have  the  
the  same  responsibiliEes  as  developed  
same  responsibiliEes  as  developed  naEons  
22,99%  
22,99%  
a.  All  developing  countries  should  be  treated  the  
be  
a.  All  developing  countries  should  
same  way  
18,89%  
18,26%  
18,26%  
55,34%  
55,34%  
60,08%  
WWViews that are classified
as non-Annex 1 in the climate
The  World  
The  World  
change convention but are also
Richer  developing  countries  
high-income or upper-middle-
Richer  developing  countries  
income economies)
60,08%  
The  World  
55,34%  
60,08%  
Richer  developing  countries  
d.  Don’t  know  /  Do  not  wish  to  answer  
3,46%  
RICHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN WWVIEWS ON CLIMATE AND ENERGY
2,79%  
UPPER-MIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMIES
Argentina
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
China
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
Fiji
Gabon
Grenada
Iran
Malaysia
Mauritius
Saint Lucia
Seychelles
South Africa
Tunisia
HIGH-INCOME ECONOMIES
Bahamas
Barbados
Chile
Kuwait
South Korea
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CHAPTER 2: COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES
AND RESPECTIVE CAPABILITIES
8)
All countries must take action to
reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
Even if others do not.
OBSERVATIONS
●
79% of participants want their countries to take
measures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
even if others do not. 17% want their countries to do
so only if many other countries take measures.
Participants from Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
are less supportive (68%) than the global average
for taking independent action irrespective of other
countries, whereas participants from Small Islands
Developing States (SIDS) are more supportive (86%)
than the global average.
Participants from most of the countries with the
highest emissions were more in favor of seeing their
countries take action regardless of others than the
global average, such as United States (95%), India
(84), Russia (80%), Brazil (95%), Japan (85%), Germany
(87%), South Korea (81%), and Canada (94%); with the
exception of China (57%).
●
participants from SIDS are more supportive of acting
regardless of others may well be explained by the fact that
climate change has disproportionately greater impact on
the security, environment and socio-economic
development of SIDS. The smaller support from
participants from LDCs for acting regardless of other
countries may be explained by a lack of financial and
technical resources to curb the GHG emissions.
Nevertheless, 68% want their countries take action even if
other do not.
This strong support worldwide for taking action regardless
of others’ actions corresponds well with the high level of
concern citizens have about the effects of climate change,
the urgency with which they think it should be addressed,
and with their view that tackling climate change is an
opportunity rather than a threat. Although they do wish to
see a global agreement, they nonetheless want their
countries to act regardless of commitments made by
others. It can be implied that citizens are less concerned
with making others take actions and more concerned with
doing so themselves.
Negotiators and politicians would be ill advised to put too
much emphasis on letting their own commitments depend
on others’ as citizens are likely to judge them by their own.
●
ASSESSMENT
Overall there is a strong support worldwide for taking
national measures to cut GHG emissions in each country
regardless of the action from other countries. The fact that
4.  
take measure to
ountry   ake  measure  to  reduce  its  
4. Should your country
Should  your  c
reduce its
t
greenhouse gas emissions?
greenhouse  gas  emissions?  
a.  Yes,  even  if  many  other  countries  do  not  take  
measures  
17,01%  
26,54%  
9,26%  
1,79%  
2,41%  
1,16%  
2,21%  
3,04%  
4,06%  
68,01%  
78,99%  
85,53%  
b.  Yes,  but  only  if  many  other  countries  take  
measures  
The  World  
LDCs  
SIDS  
c.  No,  we  should  not  intervene  in  this  maEer  
d.  Don’t  know  /  Do  not  wish  to  answer  
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CHAPTER 3: FINANCING CLIMATE ACTION
9)
The private sector should contribute
significantly to climate finance
But citizens may prefer to see other societal actors in charge of deciding on how to
tackle climate change
OBSERVATIONS
●
54% of participants worldwide would like
to see half or more of climate finance offers
from developed countries covered by the
private sector. 32% think that private sector
contributions should only count for a small
part of such offers.
Only 11% of WWViews participants think
that businesses and the private sector
should be the primary actor responsible
for tackling climate change. Instead,
citizens think that climate change is
mainly a global responsibility and/or the
responsibility of citizens and civil society
initiatives and of national governments.
explanations for this, but it seems fair to interpret this
result as a clear indication that citizens wish to see the
private sector contribute substantially to climate finance.
Although the results indicate that citizens do not expect
the private sector to be the primary party responsible for
tackling climate change, they still wish to see the private
sector play a prominent role.
Another interpretation may be that although citizens want
the private sector to help finance solutions needed, they do
not think they should be much involved in making
decisions on what those solutions might be.
Thus, it is worthwhile to consider whether public
perception is at odds with that of many policy makers and
business leaders who wish to see the private sector play a
much more active role in developing and implementing
solutions for tackling climate change.
Regardless, there seems to be a need for a continued
dialogue among policy makers, business leaders and
citizens in order to clarify the kind of role the private
sector should have in future efforts for tackling climate
change.
●
ASSESSMENT
Although the WWViews information material
explained the risks that allowing the private
sector to play a greater role in contributing to
climate finance could reduce the contribution
from public expenditures and leadership, most
citizens still favor letting private sector
contributions account for at least half or more of
the total contribution. There may be several
FRANCE - GUADELOUPE
ZIMBABWE
FRANCE - POITOU-CHARENTES
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CHAPTER 3: FINANCING CLIMATE ACTION
SENEGAL
SAINT LUCIA
TOGO
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CHAPTER 3: FINANCING CLIMATE ACTION
10)
High-income countries should scale up
their climate finance commitments
And pay more for mitigation and adaptation in low-income countries than the already agreed
$100 billion annually from 2020.
OBSERVATIONS
●
79% of all WWViews participants call for high-income
countries to scale up climate financial commitments.
69% of participants from high-income countries
agree while 15% do not.
82% of participants worldwide think that developing
countries’ efforts should depend on funding
from developed countries, either partly (63%) or
completely (19%). Participants from low-income
economies support this view more strongly with 27%
saying that their efforts should depend completely
on such funding.
●
agreed on for mitigation and adaptation in low-income
countries ($100 billion per year from 2020). Although
smaller than the world average, support from citizens
from high income countries is remarkably high. Combined
with the fact that the majority of citizens worldwide think
that efforts of developing countries should depend partly
on funding from developed countries, it is clear that
citizens find it highly important that high-income
countries pay more than already agreed on.
Citizens want greater commitments from the COP21
negotiations, which are more concerned with clarifying
how to honor the promises made in Copenhagen (COP 15)
and Cancun (COP 16), than with making new and scaled up
promises. It is clear that citizens worldwide will expect
that a Paris Agreement should at least clarify how
promises already made will be met. It is also clear, that
such promises are no longer sufficient and that new ones
are expected.
ASSESSMENT
The clear majority of the citizens around the world say
that high-income countries should pay more than already
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CHAPTER 4: CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
11)
Citizens want to take an active part in
reducing greenhouse gas emissions
They see their own role as critical
OBSERVATIONS
●
48% of WWViews participants worldwide
think that it is primarily the responsibility
of citizens and civil society initiatives to
tackle climate change. They rate the global
responsibility (through an international
climate agreement or treaty) highest at
70%, and national and local authority
responsibility lower at 32% and 7%
respectively.
Since participants could choose two answer options
for this question, percentages can add up to as much
as 200.
ASSESSMENT
●
71% think that the outcomes of UN climate
negotiations since 1992 have not done
enough to tackle climate change.
78% of WWViews participants consider
education programs on climate change for
the broader public to be one of the most
relevant instruments to aid in reducing the
level of greenhouse gas emissions.
Since participants could choose two answer options
for this question, percentages can add up to as much
as 200.
While clearly recognizing the tackling of climate change as
a predominantly global responsibility, it is quite
interesting to see that citizens rate the responsibility of
citizens and civil society initiatives second – ahead of
national and local authorities. Thus, citizens show a strong
preference for taking action themselves, which
corresponds with the high concern shown on climate
change and their view that the outcomes of UN
negotiations since 1992 have not done enough to tackle
climate change. This reaffirms the same sentiment
expressed in World Wide Views on Global Warming (2009),
when citizens were asked at the end of the deliberation to
submit a recommendation to policy makers, and nearly
40% focused their recommendations on actions that would
help citizens reduce their carbon footprint.
The strong support for education programs is a clear signal
that citizens want to be part of an informed and active
citizenry, which can play an active role in tackling climate
change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The citizens’ views challenge policy makers to design
policies and governance processes that include citizens as
actors in the energy transition they are calling for.
●
DR CONGO
GABON
GRENADA
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CHAPTER 4: CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
JAPAN
BURUNDI
KUWAIT
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CHAPTER 4: CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
12)
Citizens expect to take part in deciding
on climate policies
They believe they have a role to play in the UN climate negotiations and they have
great confidence in the WWViews method
OBSERVATIONS
●
ASSESSMENT
83% of participants believe that WWViews
results will be used in a meaningful way
for political decision making in relation to
COP21 and 97% think that similar processes
should be arranged in the future.
“June 6 was a great day for taking
democratic action on climate. It was not
a day without a future impact; it was not
an end but a beginning (…). This major
citizen consultation is therefore a direct
contribution to the mobilization that will
help us take decisions at the end of the year,
that are commensurate with the climate
emergency but also with the incredible
opportunities that the decarbonization of
our economies and our societies provides”.
Ms. Ségolène Royal, French Minister of
Ecology, Sustainable Development and
Energy (MEDDE).
The strong support for arranging deliberative processes
like WWViews in the future and the belief that it has a
meaningful role to play in the COP21 decision making
process, clearly indicates that citizens want to take part
in deciding what policies should be put in place in order
to address climate change. They want their views to be
heard and see themselves as participants in the decision
making process, rather than subjects of decisions made
by others. This is consistent with results from WWViews
on Global Warming (2009) and WWViews on Biodiversity
(2012), in which the WWViews method was also clearly
seen as an important tool for including citizens in the
UN negotiations.
Politicians and other decision makers would be well
advised to take this into consideration in future climate
negotiations and to pay due attention to Article 6 (now
called Action for Climate Empowerment, ACE) of the UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change. With this
Article, parties to the convention commit themselves to
promoting “public participation in addressing climate
change and its effects and developing adequate
responses”. Citizens clearly expect such participation to
take place.
FRANCE - PROVENCE-ALPES-CÔTE D’AZUR
PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES
USA - MINNESOTA
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CHAPTER 4: CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
PORTUGAL
FRANCE - ILE-DE-FRANCE
MOZAMBIQUE
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ANNEX
World results
The percentages given here and on the results page at climateandenergy.wwviews.org are calculated in the following way:
Where more than one meeting has taken place in a country, equal weight is given to the results from each meeting,
regardless of the number of participants when calculating the country percentages. The same principle applies to group
categories, such as regions, developed/developing countries and the world total: the votes from each country are given
equal weight when calculating the average percentages. At the online results page, comparisons can be made between
different WWViews meetings, countries, regions and other groupings. The total number of votes is listed for each
answering option. In total, there were 9378 participants (4724 female and 4654 male).
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SRI LANKA
SPAIN
FRANCE - RHÔNE-ALPES
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RWANDA
VIETNAM
MYANMAR
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SEYCHELLES
MAURITIUS
BRAZIL
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FRANCE – GRENOBLE
FRANCE - NORD-PAS DE CALAIS
CHINESE TAIPEI - TAIPEI
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NATIONAL AND REGIONAL WWVIEWS PARTNERS
WWViews is structured as a global alliance of institutions, including public councils, parliamentary technology assessment
institutions, civil society organizations and universities. The 106 national and regional Partners from the WWViews
Alliance in 76 countries facilitated 97 deliberations June 6, 2015.
Afghanistan
Groupe Énergies Renouvelables,
Environnement et Solidarités -
GERES
Argentina
Red Argentina de Municipios frente
al Cambio Climático
Bahamas
Caribbean Youth Environment
Network - CYEN Bahamas
Cape Verde
Association pour la Défense
de l´Environnement et le
Développement
Chad
Université de N’Djamena
Chile
ONG Adapt-Chile
China
Global Village of Beijing; Friends
of Nature
La Réunion
Nord-Pas de Calais
Poitou-Charentes
Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur
Rhône-Alpes
Gabon
AGNU
Gambia
Young Volunteers for the
Environment-The Gambia
Bangladesh
University of Dhaka
Barbados
Caribbean Youth Environment
Network - CYEN Barbados
Comoros
French School Henri Matisse
Costa Rica
Costa Rica Limpia
Georgia
Geo-Eco Alliance
Germany
Nexus
Benin
Jeunes Volontaires pour
l’Environnement
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Social Innovation Incubator
”Munja” (OIA)
Brazil
Instituto Brasileiro da Diversidade
- IBD
Burkina Faso
Corade
Burundi
Action Volontaire pour la
Denmark
The Danish Board of Technology
Dominican Republic
Fundación Global Democracia y
Desarollo (Funglode)
DR Congo
CODED; Jeunes Volontaires
pour l’Environnement; Actions
Communautaires pour le
Développement Intégral, RCP-
Network
Ghana
Community and Family Aid
Foundation
Greece
Medical School of National and
Kapodistrian University of Athens
Grenada
Caribbean Youth Environment
Network - CYEN Grenada
Guatemala
Centro Mesoamericano de Estudios
sobre Tecnología Apropiada -
Cemat
Caribbean Youth Environment
Network - CYEN Guyana
Lutte Contre les Changements
Climatiques et les Effets
Negatifs du Soufre du Diesel -
AVOCHACLISD
Ethiopia
Ethiopian Youth Climate Coalition
(EYCC)
Fiji
Guyana
The University of Fiji
Cameroon
Action pour un Développement
Équitable, Intégré et Durable -
ADEID
Canada, Toronto
University of Waterloo and Balsillie
School of International Affairs
Canada, Montréal
Office de consultation publique de
Montréal
France
(French regions and 1 metropole)
Aquitaine
Auvergne
Basse-Normandie
Haiti
Caribbean Youth Environment
Network - CYEN Haiti
India
The Energy and Resources Institute
- TERI
Indonesia
Peduli Konservasi Alam Indonesia -
PEKA Indonesia Foundation
Centre-Val de Loire
Franche-Comté
Grenoble Métropole
Guadeloupe
Haute-Normandie
Ile-de-France
Iran
Eghtesad Online News Agency
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W O R L D W I D E V I E W S O N C L I M AT E A N D E N E R G Y
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NATIONAL AND REGIONAL WWVIEWS PARTNERS
Italy
RegionAbruzzo
Region Toscana
Japan
Japan Science and Technology
Agency
Pakistan
Sustainable Development Policy
Institute
Palestinian Territory
The Applied Research Institute-
Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Chinese Taipei
National Taiwan University
organized 3 debates
Togo
Jeunes Volontaires pour
l’Environnement
Kenya
National Environment Trust Fund
Kuwait
Kuwait Scientific Center
Peru
Pontificia Universidad Católica del
Perú
Philippines
SeameoInnotech
Portugal
Instituto de Ciências Sociais da
Universidade de Lisboa
Romania
Colectiva Reciproca
Russia
Russian Socio Ecological Union
Climate Secretariat
Rwanda
Tunisia
Monastir Regional Council
Turkey
Turkish Foundation for Combating
Soil Erosion - TEMA
Madagascar
Région Vakinankaratra
Région Atsinanana
Malaysia
Malaysian Nature Society
Uganda
Choice Africa
UK - Scotland
Keep Scotland Beautiful -Eco-
Schools Scotland
Mali
Association Malienne d’Eveil au
Développement Durable - AMEDD
Mauritania
ONG BiodiverCités; Association
USA, Saint-Paul, Minnesota
Jefferson Center
USA, Fort Collins, Colorado
Colorado State University
USA, Boston, Massachusetts
USA, Phoenix, Arizona
Arizona State University
USA, Research Partners
Expert and Citizen Assessment of
Science and Technology (ECAST)
The Loka Institute
Museum of Science Boston
des Maires et parlementaires du
Gorgol - AMPG
Nile Basin Discourse Forum
Mauritius
Plateforme Citoyenne
Morocco
Association des Enseignants des
Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre -
AESVT MAROC
Arquitectos Sin Fronteras España
- Grupo Mozambique
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia National Trust
Senegal
Université Gaston Berger
Seychelles
Environment Education Section,
Ministry of Environment, Energy &
Climate Change
OneWorld Sustainable Investments
Mozambique
South Africa
Vietnam
Urban-Rural Solutions Co
Zambia
Talent Africa
Myanmar
Green Lotus
Nepal
ForestAction Nepal
South Korea
The Catholic University of Korea
Spain
”la Caixa” Foundation; Asociación
Española de Comunicación
Científica
Niger
Réseau de la Jeunesse Nigérienne
sur les Changements Climatiques
Nigeria
Obafemi Awolowo University
Campus
Zimbabwe
Young Volunteers for the
Environment – Zimbabwe
Sri Lanka
Munasinghe Institute for
Development
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F R O M T H E W O R L D ’ S C I T I Z E N S TO T H E C L I M AT E A N D E N E R G Y P O L I C YM A K E R S A N D S TA K E H O L D E R S
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ASIA
AFRICA
NORTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
EUROPE
World Wide Views on Climate and Energy involved 10,000 citizens coming from 76 countries spanning five continents. The citizens gathered
in their respective nations to deliberate about the core issues at stake in the December, 2015 UN negotiations on climate change and energy
transition. They received balanced information about climate change and energy transition, discussed with fellow citizens, and expressed their
own views. They did so in daylong meetings on June 6, 2015.
V I S IT C L I M AT E A N D E N E R GY.W W V I E WS.O R G F O R :
• Contact information for partners
• Information about the coordinators
• Information videos for citizens
• Information booklet for citizens
• Media packages
• Photos and videos from WWViews meetings
• Results in full
• Synthesis of the WWViews Results
• Additional information about WWViews
WORLD WIDE VIEWS ON CLIMATE AND ENERGY WAS MADE POSSIBLE THANKS TO THE GENEROUS CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FOLLOWING INSTITUTIONS:
WWViews •
c/o The Danish Board of Technology Foundation • Toldbodgade 12 • DK-1253 Copenhagen K • Phone: +45 33320503 • E-mail: [email protected]