Forsvarsudvalget 2014-15 (2. samling)
FOU Alm.del Bilag 11
Offentligt
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Governing Uranium
Globally
Cindy Vestergaard
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Governing Uranium project
2.5 year project -1 January 2013 to 30 October 2015
15 uranium producing/consuming countries
Up to 25 researchers, from 10 countries involved
Focus on security, safeguards, & industry practices that govern
natural uranium production and trade (up to the point of conversion)
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Open Pit
(Ranger Mine – Aus)
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Underground
McArthur River Uranium
Mine Photos: Cameco
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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In Situ Leaching (ISL)
Muyunkum and Tortkuduk
Uranium Mine, Kazakhstan (Photo courtesy of KATCO)
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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15 Countries Studied
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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GovU Country Membership
Country/Membership
NPT
Additional
Protocol
CPPNM
(and 2005
amendment)
ICSANT
NSG
NWFZ
Regional
Safeguards
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
France
India
Kazakhstan
Malawi
Namibia
Pakistan
Russia
South Africa
√
√
√
√
√
-
√
√
√
-
√
√
√
-
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
-
√
√
√√
√-
√√
√√
√√
√√
√√
√-
√-
√-
√√
√-
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
-
-
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
-
√
-
-
-
√
√
√
√
-
-
-
-
√
√
√
-
-
√
-
ABACC
-
-
Euratom
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tanzania
United Kingdom
United States
√
√
√
√
√
√
√-
√√
√-
-
√
-
-
√
√
√
-
-
-
Euratom
-
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Shifting Geographies of Production
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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History of Spot Price of U3O8
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Intl Reporting Requirements
IAEA Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements –
INFCIRC/153
– Reporting exports/imports of uranium for nuclear purposes
(paragraphs 34a and 34b)
– Full material accountancy and control 34c
– Policy Paper 18 (2003) clarified 34c to the point of uranyl nitrate
– PP21 (2013) full scope safeguards on ‘pure’ UOC
Additional Protocol
• reporting of # of mines, concentration, production output
and potential
• Unconventional resources for non-nuclear purposes
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Additional Protocol
Exploration
Component
MINING COMPONENT
MILLING COMPONENT
Underground
Mining
Ore
Stockpiling
Ore
Transported
By Road /
Conveyor Belt
Milling Process
- Crushing
- Grinding Alternate route for
secondary extraction
Primary Product
Extraction -
URANIUM
Secondary
extraction after
Primary
extraction e.g.
GOLD then
Uranium
Stock Piling
(Slimes Dams)
Uranium bearing
slurry pumped
Ore body
Open Cast
Mining
Pipelines for
Recirculation
Into boreholes
In-situ
Leaching
Uranium bearing solution pumped
CONVERSION COMPONENT
Wet Route
Pure UO
2
Pure U
Reduction to
Uranium Metal (U)
Pure UO
2
TBP Process
Transported
By Tanker
EXTRACTION COMPONENT
Preparing Yellow
Cake for
Transport
Uranium
Extraction
Yellow Cake
- Dissolve in Nitric Acid
- Solvent Extraction
- Kiln Heating Uranium
Oxide (UO
3
)
- Reduction to UO
2
Reduction
with H
2
Imp
ure UO
2
INFCIRC/153
Uranium
Tetra-Fluoride (UF4)
Wet Route
Pure UF6
Uranium
Hexafluoride (UF6)
Transported
By Truck
U
3
O
8
Calcination Yellow
Cake to Uranium
Oxide U
3
O
8
- Leaching
- Solid Liquid Separation
- Solvent Extraction
- Precipitation
- Packaging & Drying
- Ion exchange
UF6 transported
In Cylinders (48Y)
to Enrichment plant
Dry Route
Pure UF
6
Distillation
UF
6
Dry Route
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
Tailings
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Additional Protocol
Exploration
Component
MINING COMPONENT
MILLING COMPONENT
Underground
Mining
Ore
Stockpiling
Ore
Transported
By Road /
Conveyor Belt
Milling Process
- Crushing
- Grinding Alternate route for
secondary extraction
Primary Product
Extraction -
URANIUM
Secondary
extraction after
Primary
extraction e.g.
GOLD then
Uranium
Stock Piling
(Slimes Dams)
Uranium bearing
slurry pumped
Ore body
Open Cast
Mining
Pipelines for
Recirculation
Into boreholes
In-situ
Leaching
Uranium bearing solution pumped
PP18
CONVERSION COMPONENT
Wet Route
Pure UO
2
Pure U
Reduction to
Uranium Metal (U)
Pure UO
2
TBP Process
Transported
By Tanker
EXTRACTION COMPONENT
Preparing Yellow
Cake for
Transport
Uranium
Extraction
Yellow Cake
- Dissolve in Nitric Acid
- Solvent Extraction
- Kiln Heating Uranium
Oxide (UO
3
)
- Reduction to UO
2
Reduction
with H
2
Imp
ure UO
2
INFCIRC/153
Uranium
Tetra-Fluoride (UF4)
Wet Route
Pure UF6
Uranium
Hexafluoride (UF6)
Transported
By Truck
U
3
O
8
Calcination Yellow
Cake to Uranium
Oxide U
3
O
8
- Leaching
- Solid Liquid Separation
- Solvent Extraction
- Precipitation
- Packaging & Drying
- Ion exchange
UF6 transported
In Cylinders (48Y)
to Enrichment plant
Dry Route
Pure UF
6
Distillation
UF
6
Dry Route
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
Tailings
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Additional Protocol
Exploration
Component
MINING COMPONENT
MILLING COMPONENT
Underground
Mining
Ore
Stockpiling
Ore
Transported
By Road /
Conveyor Belt
Milling Process
- Crushing
- Grinding Alternate route for
secondary extraction
Primary Product
Extraction -
URANIUM
Secondary
extraction after
Primary
extraction e.g.
GOLD then
Uranium
Stock Piling
(Slimes Dams)
Uranium bearing
slurry pumped
Ore body
Open Cast
Mining
Pipelines for
Recirculation
Into boreholes
In-situ
Leaching
Uranium bearing solution pumped
PP18
CONVERSION COMPONENT
Wet Route
Pure UO
2
Pure U
Reduction to
Uranium Metal (U)
Pure UO
2
TBP Process
PP21
EXTRACTION COMPONENT
Transported
By Tanker
Preparing Yellow
Cake for
Transport
Uranium
Extraction
Yellow Cake
- Dissolve in Nitric Acid
- Solvent Extraction
- Kiln Heating Uranium
Oxide (UO
3
)
- Reduction to UO
2
Reduction
with H
2
Imp
ure UO
2
INFCIRC/153
Uranium
Tetra-Fluoride (UF4)
Wet Route
Pure UF6
Uranium
Hexafluoride (UF6)
Transported
By Truck
U
3
O
8
Calcination Yellow
Cake to Uranium
Oxide U
3
O
8
- Leaching
- Solid Liquid Separation
- Solvent Extraction
- Precipitation
- Packaging & Drying
- Ion exchange
UF6 transported
In Cylinders (48Y)
to Enrichment plant
Dry Route
Pure UF
6
Distillation
UF
6
Dry Route
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
Tailings
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
1543688_0017.png
Additional Protocol
Exploration
Component
MINING COMPONENT
MILLING COMPONENT
Underground
Mining
Ore
Stockpiling
Ore
Transported
By Road /
Conveyor Belt
Milling Process
- Crushing
- Grinding Alternate route for
secondary extraction
Primary Product
Extraction -
URANIUM
Secondary
extraction after
Primary
extraction e.g.
GOLD then
Uranium
Stock Piling
(Slimes Dams)
Uranium bearing
slurry pumped
Ore body
Open Cast
Mining
Pipelines for
Recirculation
Into boreholes
In-situ
Leaching
Uranium bearing solution pumped
PP18
CONVERSION COMPONENT
Wet Route
Pure UO
2
Pure U
Reduction to
Uranium Metal (U)
Pure UO
2
TBP Process
PP21
EXTRACTION COMPONENT
Transported
By Tanker
Preparing Yellow
Cake for
Transport
Uranium
Extraction
Yellow Cake
- Dissolve in Nitric Acid
- Solvent Extraction
- Kiln Heating Uranium
Oxide (UO
3
)
- Reduction to UO
2
Reduction
with H
2
Imp
ure UO
2
INFCIRC/153
Uranium
Tetra-Fluoride (UF4)
Wet Route
Pure UF6
Uranium
Hexafluoride (UF6)
Transported
By Truck
U
3
O
8
Calcination Yellow
Cake to Uranium
Oxide U
3
O
8
- Leaching
- Solid Liquid Separation
- Solvent Extraction
- Precipitation
- Packaging & Drying
- Ion exchange
UF6 transported
In Cylinders (48Y)
to Enrichment plant
Dry Route
Pure UF
6
Distillation
UF
6
Dry Route
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
Tailings
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Four Tiered Safeguards
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Security
CPPNM (and 2005 Amendment), ICSANT,
UNSCR1540, and INFCIRC/225 (Rev5)
– Starting point of security earlier than for SG
Many producers operate in heightened security
environments
Threat assessments and security plans
Wide regulatory range, inventory and export
controls; need for regional/intl harmonisation
IAEA tecdoc – graded approach
-nuclear security culture across fuel cycle
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Inventory Controls/Tracking
Ledger system
– Slowly moving to digital age
Natl Databases
– NMMSS (USA)
– NMAS (Cda)
– NUMBAT (Aus)
Standardised forms
Regulatory & Guidance docs
Conversion bottlenecks
Barcoding
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Ready for Transport
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
1543688_0022.png
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
1543688_0023.png
Questions?
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
 FOU, Alm.del - 2014-15 (2. samling) - Bilag 11: DIIS præsentation af projektet "Governing Uranium"
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Occupational Safety
International Commission for Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
– 1mSv/yr for public
– 20 mSv/yr averaged over 5 years for radiation workers
– dose limit not to exceed 50 mSv in any single year
– Rad dose records show average U miner at 1mSv/yr
Occupation/Activity
mSv/yr
7 Hour Airline Flight
Chest x-ray
Spine X ray
Domestic Pilots
(CT) scan of the whole spine
0.02
0.10
1.0 - 1.5
2.2
10
DIIS ∙ DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES