Udenrigsudvalget 2014-15 (1. samling)
URU Alm.del Bilag 66
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United Nations
The Road to Dignity by 2030:
Ending Poverty, Transforming All Lives and Protecting the Planet
Synthesis Report of the Secretary-General
On the Post-2015 Agenda
New York
December 2014
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Table of Contents
1. A universal call to action to transform our world beyond 2015
2. A Synthesis
2.1. What we have learned from decades of development experience
2.2. What we have learned from the post-2015 process
2.3. Shared ambitions for a shared future
3. Framing the new agenda
3.1. Setting the stage
3.2. A transformational approach
3.3. Six essential elements for delivering on the SDGs
3.4. Integrating the six essential elements
4. Mobilizing the means to implement our agenda
4.1. Financing our future
4.2. Technology, science, and innovation for a sustainable future
4.3. Investing in sustainable development capacities
5. Delivering our agenda: a shared responsibility
5.1. Measuring the new dynamics
5.2. Lighting the way: the role of data in the new agenda
5.3. Gauging our progress: monitoring, evaluation, and reporting
5.4. Making the UN fit for a sustainable future
6.
Conclusion: together in a universal compact
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“We recognize that people are at the centre of sustainable development and, in this regard, we
strive for a world that is just, equitable and inclusive, and we commit to work together to promote
sustained and inclusive economic growth, social development and environmental protection and
thereby to benefit all.”
Rio+20 Outcome Document, The Future We Want
1.
A Universal Call to Action to Transform our World beyond 2015
1.
The year 2015 offers a unique opportunity for global leaders and people to end
poverty, transform the world to better meet human needs and the necessities of economic
transformation, while protecting our environment, ensuring peace and realizing human
rights.
2.
We are at a historic crossroads, and the directions we take will determine
whether we will succeed or fail on our promises. With our globalized economy and
sophisticated technology, we can decide to end the age-old ills of extreme poverty and
hunger. Or we can continue to degrade our planet and allow intolerable inequalities to
sow bitterness and despair. Our ambition is to achieve sustainable development for all.
3.
Young people will be the torch bearers of the next sustainable development
agenda through 2030. We must ensure that this transition, while protecting the planet,
leaves no one behind. We have a shared responsibility to embark on a path to inclusive
and shared prosperity in a peaceful and resilient world where human rights and the rule of
law are upheld.
4.
Transformation is our watchword. At this moment in time, we are called to lead
and act with courage. We are called to embrace change. Change in our societies. Change
in the management of our economies. Change in our relationship with our one and only
planet.
5.
In doing so, we can more fully respond to the needs of our time and deliver on
the timeless promise made at the birth of the United Nations.
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6.
Seventy years ago, in adopting the Organization’s founding Charter, the nations
of the world made a solemn commitment: “to save succeeding generations from the
scourge of war, to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of
the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small,
to establish conditions under which justice and respect for international law can be
maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger
freedom.
i
“
7.
Building on this core promise, the Declaration on the Right to Development
(1986) called for an approach that would guarantee the meaningful participation of all in
development, and the fair distribution of its benefits.
8.
Humankind has achieved impressive progress in the past seven decades. We
have reduced violence and established global institutions, a code of agreed universal
principles, and a rich tapestry of international law. We have witnessed stunning
technological progress, millions upon millions lifted from poverty, millions more
empowered, diseases defeated, life expectancies on the rise, colonialism dismantled, new
nations born, apartheid conquered, democratic practices take deeper roots, and vibrant,
economies built in all regions.
9.
Since the 1992 “Earth Summit” in Rio de Janeiro, we have identified a new
pathway to human wellbeing – the path of sustainable development. The Millennium
Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals articulated in the year 2000 placed
people at the center, generating unprecedented improvements in the lives of many around
the world. The global mobilization behind the MDGs showed that multilateral action can
make a tangible difference.
10.
Yet conditions in today’s world are a far cry from the vision of the Charter.
Amid great plenty for some, we witness pervasive poverty, gross inequalities, joblessness,
disease and deprivation for billions. Displacement is at its highest level since the Second
World War. Armed conflict, crime, terrorism, persecution, corruption, impunity and the
erosion of the rule of law are daily realities. The impacts of the global economic, food and
energy crises are still being felt. The consequences of climate change have only just
begun. These failings and shortcomings have done as much to define the modern era as
has our progress in science, technology and the mobilization of global social movements.
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11.
Our globalized world is marked by extraordinary progress alongside
unacceptable – and unsustainable – levels of want, fear, discrimination, exploitation,
injustice and environmental folly at all levels.
12.
However, we also know that these problems are not accidents of nature or the
results of phenomena beyond our control. They result from actions and omissions of
people – public institutions, the private sector, and others charged with protecting human
rights and upholding human dignity.
13.
We have the know-how and the means to address these challenges. But we need
urgent leadership and joint action now.
14.
These are universal challenges. They demand new heights of multilateral action
based on evidence and built on shared values, principles, and priorities for a common
destiny.
15.
Our global commitments under the Charter should compel us to act. Our sense
of empathy and enlightened self-interest should compel us to act. Our responsibilities as
stewards of the planet should equally compel us to act. None of today’s threats respect
boundaries drawn by human beings – whether those boundaries are national borders, or
boundaries of class, ability, age, gender, geography, ethnicity, or religion.
16.
In an irreversibly interconnected world, the challenges faced by any become the
challenges faced by each of us – sometimes gradually but often suddenly. However,
facing these vexed challenges is not only a burden; it is far more an opportunity to forge
new partnerships and alliances that can work together to advance the human condition.
17.
The MDG experience provides compelling evidence that the international
community can be mobilized to confront such complex challenges. Governments, civil
society and a wide range of international actors coalesced behind the MDGs in a multi-
front battle against poverty and disease. They generated innovative approaches, vital new
data, new resources, and new tools and technology for this struggle. Transparency was
enhanced, multilateral approaches were strengthened, and a results-based approach to
public policy was fostered. Sound public policies inspired by the MDGs, enhanced by
collective action and international cooperation, lead to remarkable successes. In two
decades since 1990, the world has halved extreme poverty, lifting 700 million out of
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extreme poverty. Between 2000 and 2010, an estimated 3.3 million deaths from malaria
were averted, and 22 million lives were saved from fighting tuberculosis. Access to
antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-infected people has saved 6.6 million lives since
1995. At the same time, gender parity in primary school enrolment, access to child and
maternal health care, and in women’s political participation improved steadily.
ii
18.
We must invest in the unfinished work of the MDGs, and use them as a
springboard into the future we want – a future free from poverty and built on human
rights, equality and sustainability. This is our duty and it must be the legacy we strive to
leave for our children.
19.
In our quest to shape a global sustainable development agenda for the years
beyond 2015, the international community has embarked upon an unprecedented process.
Never before has so broad and inclusive a consultation been undertaken on so many
matters of global concern. In two short years since the Rio + 20 Conference laid the
cornerstone for the Post-2015 process, all Member States, the entire UN system, experts,
and a cross-section of civil society, business and—most importantly-- millions of people
from all corners of the globe, have travelled this crucially important journey. This, in
itself, is reason for great hope. The creativity and shared sense of purpose that has
emerged from across the human family is proof that we can come together to innovate
and collaborate in search of solutions and the common good.
20.
Having now opened the tent wide to a broad constituency, we must recognize
that the legitimacy of this process will rest in significant measure on the degree to which
the core messages that we have heard are reflected in the final outcome. This is no time
to succumb to political expediency, or to tolerate the lowest common denominators. The
new threats that face us, and the new opportunities that present themselves, demand a
high level of ambition and a truly participatory, responsive and transformational course of
action.
21.
This includes tackling climate change. As underscored by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), climate change exacerbates threats. It makes delivering
on the sustainable development agenda more difficult because of reversing positive
trends, new uncertainties, or mounting costs of resilience.
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22.
23.
This enterprise can therefore not be business as usual.
People across the world are looking to the United Nations to rise to the
challenge with a truly transformative agenda that is both universal and adaptable to the
conditions of each country, and that places people and planet at the center. Their voices
have underscored the need for democracy, rule of law, civic space and more effective
governance and capable institutions; for new and innovative partnerships, including with
responsible business and effective local authorities; and for a data revolution, rigorous
accountability mechanisms, and renewed global partnerships. People are also stressing
that the credibility of new agenda rests on the means that are available to implement it.
24.
Three high-level international meetings in the year ahead give us the opportunity
to chart a new era of sustainable development. The first will be the International
Conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa in July, where a compact for a
global partnership can be realized. The second will be the special Summit on sustainable
development at the United Nations in September, where the world will embrace the new
agenda and a set of Sustainable Development Goals, which we hope will mark a
paradigm shift for people and planet. The third will be the 21
st
Conference of the Parties
(COP21) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris in December,
where Member States have pledged to adopt a new agreement to tackle a threat that could
make more difficult to deliver on the new development agenda.
25.
The stars are aligned for the world to take historic action to transform lives and
protect the planet. I urge Governments and people everywhere to fulfil their political and
moral responsibilities. This is my call to dignity, and we must respond with all our vision
and strength.
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2. A Synthesis
“All that is valuable in human society depends upon the opportunity for development accorded
the individual.”
Albert Einstein
2.1
26.
What we have learned from two decades of development experience
There is much that is new, and, indeed, transformational in the global
conversation on a Post-2015 Agenda. But the roots of this conversation are deep, and
extend to the experience of the development community in the last twenty years, and the
visionary outcomes of the global conferences of the 1990s, the 1992 Rio Earth Summit,
the Millennium Summit and the MDGs of 2000, the 2005 World Summit, the 2010 MDG
Summit, and the lead up to the Rio+20 Conference in 2012.
27.
The cornerstone for the current global process of renewal was established in Rio
de Janeiro in June of 2012, with the adoption of the
outcome document of the United
Nations Conference on Sustainable Development “The Future We Want.”
The
document described the lessons learned from two decades of development experience,
and provided an extensive assessment of the progress and gaps in the implementation of
the sustainable development agenda.
28.
While insufficient and uneven, progress has been remarkable. Only two short
decades ago, close to 40 per cent of the developing world lived in extreme poverty, and
the notion of poverty eradication seemed inconceivable.
Following profound and
consistent gains, we now know that extreme poverty can be eradicated within one more
generation. The MDGs have greatly contributed to this progress, and have taught us how
governments, business, and civil society can work together to achieve transformational
breakthroughs.
29.
We have witnessed significant progress in several Least Developed Countries
(LDCs) in the past two decades. In the same period, middle-income countries have
become new engines of global growth, lifting many of their own citizens out of poverty
and creating a sizeable middle class. Some countries have shown real progress in
reducing inequalities. Others have attained universal health coverage. Still others have
evolved into some of the world’s most advanced and digitally connected societies. Wages
have increased, social protection has been expanded, green technologies have taken root,
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and education standards have advanced. Several countries have emerged from conflict
and made steady gains on the road to reconstruction, peace and development. These wide-
ranging experiences demonstrate that vulnerability and exclusion can be overcome, and
what is possible in the years ahead.
30.
New demographic trends are changing our world. We are already a global
family of seven billion people and are likely to reach nine billion by 2050. We are an
ageing world, as people live longer and healthier lives. We are increasingly an urban
world, with more than half the world’s population living in towns and cities. And we are a
mobile world, with more than 232 million international migrants – and almost one billion
when internal migrants are counted. These trends will have direct impacts on our goals
and present both challenges and opportunities.
31.
We see how new technologies can open up more sustainable approaches and
more efficient practices. We know that the public sector can raise significantly more
revenues by reforming tax systems, fighting tax evasion, correcting inequities, and
combatting corruption. We know that there is an enormous amount of untapped and
wasted resources that can be directed to sustainable development. We know that forward-
looking companies are taking the lead by transforming their business models for
sustainable development, and that we have only scratched the surface of the potential for
ethics-driven investment by the private sector. With the right incentives, policies,
regulations and monitoring, great opportunities could abound. We know that a data
revolution is unfolding, allowing us to see more clearly than ever where we are and where
we need to go, and to ensure that everyone is counted. We know that creative initiatives
across the world are pioneering new models of sustainable production and consumption
that can be replicated. We know that governance at both the national and international
levels can be reformed to more efficiently serve 21
st
century realities. And we know that
our world today is host to the first truly globalized, interconnected, and highly mobilized
civil society, ready and able to serve as a participant, joint steward, and powerful engine
of change and transformation.
32.
33.
We have already begun to correct our course towards transformation.
The discussion on the Post-2015 Agenda has stressed the importance of the
specific conditions of each country, an advance in perspective from the MDG framework.
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Special attention was required for the most vulnerable, in particular African countries,
least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and the small island
developing States. Particular attention should also be given to the challenges faced by the
middle-income countries and countries in situations of fragility and conflict.
34.
Member States have emphasized that sustainable development must be inclusive
and people-centred. They underscored the importance of ecosystems to people’s
livelihoods, their economic, social, physical and mental well-being, as well as their
cultural heritage – “Mother Earth” as it is known in many traditions.
35.
Member States have also underscored the need to improve measures of progress,
such as gross domestic product, in order to better inform policy decisions. While
acknowledging the natural and cultural diversity of the world, they have also recognized
that all cultures and civilizations can contribute to sustainable development. Finally, they
have called for holistic and integrated approaches to sustainable development that will
guide humanity to live in harmony with the planet’s fragile ecosystems.
2.2
36.
What we have learned from the post-2015 process
The international community has come a long way in its deliberation on the new
development agenda. In July 2013, further to a request by the General Assembly, I
submitted to the membership my report
A Life of Dignity for All.
In it, I recommended
the development of a universal, integrated and human rights-based agenda for sustainable
development, addressing economic growth, social justice and environmental stewardship
and highlighting the link between peace, development and human rights – an agenda that
leaves no one behind. I called as well for rigorous review and monitoring, better and
more disaggregated data, and goals and targets that are measurable and adaptable. I
outlined a number of transformative actions that would apply to all countries
iii
.
37.
Many voices have informed this debate, and there have been valuable inputs
from a wide range of stakeholders.
(a) People around the world aired their views through the unprecedented consultations
and outreach efforts of organized civil society groups as well as the global
conversation led by the United Nations Development Group on
A Million Voices:
The World We Want, Delivering on the Post-2015 Agenda: Opportunities at the
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National and Local Level,
and
MY World Survey.
Millions of people especially
young persons, took part in these processes, through national, thematic, and on-line
consultations and surveys, as mirrored in the
Global Youth Call
and the outcome of
the
65
th
Annual UN DPI/NGO Conference.
The direct and active engagement of
parliamentarians, business and civil society has also been critical.
(b) The leaders of the
High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015
Development Agenda
called for five “transformative shifts” that leave no one behind
by 1) ending extreme poverty, 2) placing sustainable development at the core, 3)
transforming economies for decent jobs and inclusive growth, 4) building peaceful
societies as well as open, transparent, accountable governance, and 5) forging a new
global partnership for sustainable development.
(c) The academics and scientists convened through the
Sustainable Development
Solutions Network
recommended the adoption of a science-based and action-
oriented agenda, integrating four interdependent dimensions of sustainable
development (economic, social, environmental, and governance).
(d) The key role of business in the post-2015 agenda was distilled in the report of
the UN
Global Compact.
Companies are ready to change how they do business and
contribute by transforming markets from within and making production, consumption
and the allocation of capital more inclusive and sustainable.
(e) The report of the
Regional Commissions
highlighted the importance of regional
efforts in adapting globally agreed goals and policy priorities to nationally specific
realities.
(f) The experiences and expertise of the UN system were put forward in the report of the
UN System Task Team
on the Post-2015 Agenda and the work of the Technical
Support Team (TST).
(g) At the Principal level, leadership and guidance was received through the
UN System
Chief Executives Board for Coordination.
(h) The members of the
High-Level Panel on Global Sustainability
recommended a
sustainable path to enhance human well-being, further global justice, strengthen
gender equity and preserve the Earth’s life-support systems for future generations.
38.
Throughout 2014, Member States exchanged views and consolidated their ideas
through the work of existing UN development entities.
ECOSOC
and its functional and
regional commissions, committees and expert bodies have identified the potential
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elements of the post-2015 review and monitoring framework, and explored how to adapt
the UN development system and its operational activities to respond to changes in the
development landscape. The
Development Cooperation Forum
provided useful policy
space for stakeholders to discuss the implications of a unified and universal agenda, the
global partnership, modalities for more effective review and monitoring, and concrete
actions by Southern development cooperation partners on common challenges.
The
High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development
(HLPF) has, from its
inaugural session in 2013, turned its attention to the post-2015 agenda, with leaders
calling for a coherent approach and noting the important role the Forum can play in
reviewing and monitoring.
39.
Now, at the end of 2014, we positively note the completion of the
intergovernmental processes established by the Rio + 20 Conference.
40.
In a series of
structured dialogues on technology
in the General Assembly
iv
,
possible arrangements were considered for a facilitation mechanism to promote the
development, transfer, and dissemination of clean and environmentally sound
technologies.
41.
The
Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development
Financing
delivered its report on options for an effective sustainable development
financing strategy in August 2014.
v
The Committee proposed a basket of more than 100
options for policy makers, together with recommendations for a global partnership that
encompasses key aspects of aid, trade, debt, taxation, and financial market stability. It
recommended individual, country-owned financing strategies, rooted in enabling national
policy environments, and complemented by a reformed international enabling
environment. It recognized that all sources of financing would need to be employed,
public and private, national and international.
42.
Throughout 2014, the
President of General Assembly
convened a series of
valuable gatherings. These included
three high-level events
on the contributions of
women, youth, and civil society, on human rights and the rule of law, and on the
contributions of North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation, and Information
and Communications Technology (ICT) for development.
Three thematic debates
were
held on the role of partnerships, on ensuring stable and peaceful societies, and on water,
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sanitation and sustainable energy. These were followed by a Dialogue on Accountability
in the General Assembly and in each region under the auspices of the respective UN
Regional Commission. In September of 2014, the President convened a
High-Level
Stocktaking Event on the Post-2015 Development Agenda.
vi
43.
Importantly, the
Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals
delivered the results of its historic deliberations in July 2014, providing a narrative
grounded in the Rio+20 outcome document and emphasizing poverty eradication,
environmental sustainability, inclusive growth, equality and a people-centred agenda for
sustainable development.
44.
Following more than a year of inclusive and intensive consultative deliberations,
the Open Working Group proposed 17 specific goals with 169 associated targets
vii
, which
it described as “action-oriented, global in nature, and universally applicable”, taking into
account different national realities, capacities and levels of development. It sought to
combine aspirational global targets with country-specific targets to be set nationally.
45.
In addition to reinforcing the commitment to the unfinished MDGs, the SDGs
break new ground with goals on inequalities, economic growth, decent jobs, cities and
human settlements, industrialization, energy, climate change, sustainable consumption
and production, peace, justice and institutions. The environmental dimension of the
agenda is articulated across the whole agenda. The SDGs are underpinned with a goal on
global partnerships for the means of implementation.
46.
Mechanisms to review the implementation of goals will be needed, and the
availability of and access to data would need to be improved, including the disaggregation
of information by gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic
location, and other characteristics relevant to national contexts.
47.
Finally, the recent report of my
Independent Expert Advisory Group on the
Data Revolution for Sustainable Development
called for the closing of key data gaps,
between developed and developing countries, between information-rich and information-
poor people, and between the private and public sectors. It underscored the importance of
increasing access to quality data, remedying inequalities in the areas of access to
information, data literacy, promoting civic space and enhancing the sharing of data and
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information. It also called for the strengthening of national institutions to provide
capacities for statistics and the interface with new technologies.
2.1
48.
Shared ambitions for a shared future
Across all of these contributions and milestones, a common understanding has
emerged that there must be a
universal agenda.
Humankind faces the same global
challenges; today’s problems transcend borders; even in the richest countries, there can be
destitution and exclusion. Universality implies that all countries will need to change, each
with its own approach, but each with a sense of the global common good. Universality is
the core attribute of human rights and intergenerational justice. It compels us to think in
terms of shared responsibilities for a shared future. It demands policy coherence.
Universality embodies a new global partnership for sustainable development in the spirit
of the UN Charter.
49.
All voices have called for a
people-centred
and
planet-sensitive
agenda to
ensure human dignity, equality, environmental stewardship, healthy economies, freedom
from want and fear, and a renewed global partnership for sustainable development.
Tackling climate change and fostering sustainable development agendas are two mutually
reinforcing sides of the same coin. To achieve these ends, all have called for a
transformational
and
universal
post-2015 agenda, buttressed by science and evidence,
and built on the principles of human rights and the rule of law, equality and sustainability.
50.
All contributions underlined that we should continue the march of the MDGs.
But they have also stressed that Member States will need to fill key
sustainable
development gaps
left by the MDGs, such as the multi-dimensional aspects of poverty,
decent work for young people, social protection and labour rights for all. They have asked
for inclusive, sustainable cities, infrastructure and industrialization. They have called for
strengthening effective, accountable, participatory and inclusive governance; for free
expression, information, and association; for fair justice systems; and for peaceful
societies and personal security for all.
51.
All voices have demanded that we
leave no one behind,
ensuring equality, non-
discrimination, equity and inclusion at all levels. We must pay special attention to the
people, groups and countries most in need. This is the century of women: we will not
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realize our full potential if half of humanity continues to be held back. We also need to
include the poor, children, adolescents, youth, and the aged, as well as the unemployed,
rural populations, slum dwellers, persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples, migrants,
refugees and displaced persons, vulnerable groups and minorities. These also include
those affected by climate change, those living in LDCs, landlocked countries, small-
island developing states, middle-income countries, conflict countries or in areas under
occupation, in places struck by complex medical and humanitarian emergencies or in
situations affected by terrorism. And they have called for an end to all forms of gender
inequality, gender-based discrimination, and violence against women, children and young
boys and girls.
52.
The public discourse has underscored the call for the urgent need to recognize
and address the trust deficit between governments, institutions and the people. Providing
an enabling environment to build
inclusive and peaceful societies,
ensure social
cohesion and respect for the rule of law will require rebuilding institutions at the country
level to ensure that the gains from peace are not reversed.
53.
All want action to
address climate change,
to accelerate the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions, and to keep the rise in global average temperature below 2
degrees Celsius on the basis of equity for present and future generations and in
accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.
All also want to
preserve our oceans, marine resources, terrestrial ecosystems and
forests.
54.
All call for meaningful
transformations of our economies.
They call for
making our patterns of growth more inclusive, sustained and sustainable. People want
decent jobs, social protection, robust agricultural systems and rural prosperity, sustainable
cities, inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and resilient infrastructure and
sustainable energy for all. These transformations will also help tackle climate change. We
have also heard strong calls to reform international trade, ensure effective regulation of
markets and financial actors, and to take vigorous action to fight corruption, curb illicit
financial flows, combat money laundering and tax evasion, and recover stolen and hidden
assets.
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55.
All inputs have underscored the need to
integrate economic, social and
environmental dimensions
across the new agenda. To make this happen, they want
norm-based policy coherence at all levels, corresponding reform of global governance
mechanisms, and
a renewed effective global partnership
for sustainable development.
These, they tell us, should be based on solidarity, cooperation, mutual accountability, and
the participation of governments and all stakeholders.
56.
All have asked for
a rigorous and participatory review and monitoring
framework
to hold governments, businesses, and international organizations accountable
to the people for results, and to ensure that no harm is done to the planet. And they have
called for
a data revolution
to make information and data more available, more
accessible, and more broadly disaggregated, as well as for measurable goals and targets,
and a participatory mechanism to review implementation at the national, regional, and
global levels.
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3. Framing the New Agenda
“Overcoming poverty is not a task of charity, it is an act of justice. Like slavery and apartheid,
poverty is not natural. It is man-made and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of
human beings. Sometimes it falls on a generation to be great. You can be that generation. Let
your greatness bloom.”
Nelson Mandela
3.1
57.
Setting the stage
At this moment, a truly universal and transformational course is being set. From
the 2010 Summit on the MDGs, to Rio+20, and the outcome of the Open Working
Group,
viii
a remarkably consistent vision has emerged.
58.
Because human dignity and planetary sustainability cannot be reduced to a
simple formula, because their constituent elements are so interdependent, and because
sustainable development is a complex phenomenon, the proposal by the Open Working
Group of such a far-reaching set of goals and targets is to be welcomed as a remarkable
step forward in the international community’s quest for effective solutions to an
increasingly complex global agenda.
59.
As Secretary-General of the United Nations, I therefore welcome the outcome
produced by the Open Working Group (Table 1). I congratulate the leadership and all
who participated in its ground-breaking work. I take positive note of the decision of the
General Assembly that the proposal of the Group be the main basis for the post-2015
intergovernmental process.
60.
In the coming months, the Member States of the United Nations will negotiate
the final parameters of the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda. That Agenda
should include a compelling and principled narrative, building on the outcomes of the
major global conferences , including the Millennium Summit, the 2005 Summit Outcome,
the 2010 Summit on the MDGs, the outcome of Rio+20, and the voices of the people as
conveyed in the post-2015 process. The Agenda should also call for full consistency with
current political commitments and existing obligations under international law. It should
include concrete goals together with measurable and achievable targets. This should
demonstrate the important interrelationship between the goals and targets. Importantly, it
must respond to the capacity challenges of countries with varying capabilities and weaker
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institutions. Countries must not be overly burdened by an agenda that creates additional
challenges rather than alleviate burdens. The Agenda will require serious commitments
for financing and other means of implementation, including those to be agreed in Addis
Ababa in July 2015 and Paris in December 2015. And it should include strong, inclusive
public mechanisms at all levels for reporting, monitoring progress, learning lessons, and
ensuring mutual accountability.
Table 1. Sustainable development goals
Goal 1
Goal 2
Goal 3
Goal 4
Goal 5
Goal 6
Goal 7
Goal 8
Goal 9
Goal 10
Goal 11
Goal 12
Goal 13
Goal 14
Goal 15
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation
Reduce inequality within and among countries
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity
loss
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to
justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development
Goal 16
Goal 17
* Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary
international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
Source: Report of the Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals
(A/68/970).
61.
Success will equally depend on the power of the new agenda to inspire and
mobilize essential actors, new partnerships, key constituencies, and the broader global
citizenry. For this, we will need an agenda that resonates with the experiences and needs
of people, that can be understood, and embraced. The agenda and goals should also be
received at the country level in a way that would ensure a transition of the MDGs to the
broader and more transformative sustainable development agenda and effectively become
an integral part of national and regional visions and plans.
62.
In this regard, we must recall and take note of the mandate given to the General
Assembly by the member states at the Rio+20 Conference, where they declared that the
"SDGs should be action-oriented, concise and easy to communicate, limited in number,
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aspirational, global in nature and universally applicable to all countries while taking into
account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting
national policies and priorities" (Paragraph 247).
63.
Member States have agreed that the agenda laid out by the Open Working
Group is the main basis for the Post-2015 intergovernmental process. We now have the
opportunity to frame the goals and targets in a way that reflects the ambition of a
universal and transformative agenda. I note, in particular, the possibility to maintain the
17 goals and rearrange them in a focused and concise manner that enables the necessary
global awareness and implementation at the country level.
3.2
64.
A transformational approach
I wish to propose an integrated set of six essential elements, that taken together,
will aim to facilitate the deliberations of Member States ahead of the special Summit on
sustainable development in September 2015, and enable them to arrive at the concise and
aspirational agenda mandated by the Rio + 20 Conference.
65.
The essential elements underscore the urgency of a universal call to commit to a
set of principles that, applied together, can bring about a truly universal transformation of
sustainable development. Thus, as we implement the new agenda, we must:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
commit to a universal approach, and with solutions that address all countries and all
groups;
integrate sustainability in all activities, mindful of economic, environmental and
social impacts;
address inequalities in all areas, agreeing that no goal or target be considered met
unless met for all social and economic groups;
ensure that all actions respect and advance human rights, in full coherence with
international standards;
address the drivers of climate change and its consequences;
base our analysis in credible data and evidence, enhancing data capacity, availability,
disaggregation, literacy and sharing;
expand our global partnership for means of implementation to maximum effect, and
full participation, including multi-stakeholder, issue-based coalitions; and
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•
anchor the new compact in a renewed commitment to international solidarity,
commensurate with the ability of each country to contribute.
3.3. Six essential elements for delivering on the SDGs
66.
The following six essential elements would help frame and reinforce the universal,
integrated and transformative nature of a sustainable development agenda and ensure that
the ambition expressed by Member States in the outcome of the Open Working Group
translates, communicates and is delivered at the country level (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Six essential elements for delivering the SDGs
Dignity: to end poverty and fight inequalities
67.
Eradicating poverty by 2030 is the overarching objective of the sustainable
development agenda. We live in a world of plenty, and in a moment of enormous
scientific promise. And yet, for hundreds and hundreds of millions across the globe, this
is also an age of gnawing deprivation. The defining challenge of our time is to close the
gap between our determination to ensure a life of dignity for all on the one hand, and the
reality of persisting poverty and deepening inequality on the other.
68.
While we have made important progress in recent years, addressing gender
inequality and realizing women’s rights remains a key challenge in all regions of the
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world. It should by now be recognized that no society can reach its full potential if whole
segments of that society, especially young people, are excluded from participating in,
contributing to, and benefiting from development. Other dimensions of inequality
continue to persist, and in some cases have worsened. Income inequality specifically is
one of the most visible aspects of a broader and more complex issue, one that entails
inequality of opportunity. This is a universal challenge that the whole world must address.
The agenda must accommodate the voices of women, youth and minorities, seek the prior
and informed consent of indigenous peoples, remove obstacles to full participation by
persons with disabilities, older persons, adolescents and youth, and empower the poor. It
must not exclude migrants, refugees, displaced persons, or persons affected by conflict
and occupation.
People: to ensure healthy lives, knowledge, and the inclusion of women and
children
69.
Millions of people, especially women and children, have been left behind in the
unfinished work of the MDGs. We must ensure women, youth and children have access
to the full range of health services. We must ensure zero tolerance of violence against or
exploitation of women and girls. Women and girls must have equal access to financial
services, and the right to own land and other assets. All children and adolescents have a
right to education and must have a safe environment in which to learn. Human
development is also the respect of human rights.
70.
The agenda must address universal health-care coverage, access and
affordability; end preventable maternal, new-born and child deaths and malnutrition;
ensure the availability of essential medicines; realize women’s reproductive health and
rights; ensure immunization coverage; eradicate malaria and realize the vision of a future
free of AIDS and tuberculosis; reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases,
including mental illness, nervous system injuries and road accidents; and promote healthy
behaviours, including those related to water, sanitation and hygiene.
71.
Today, more than ever, the realities of 1.8 billion youth and adolescents
represent a dynamic, informed, and globally connected engine for change. Integrating
their needs, rights to choice and their voices in the new agenda, will be a key factor for
success. It is essential that young people receive relevant skills and high-quality education
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and life-long learning, from early childhood development to post-primary schooling,
including life skills and vocational education and training, as well as science, sports and
culture. Teachers must be given the means to deliver learning and knowledge in response
to a safe global workplace, driven by technology.
Prosperity: to grow a strong, inclusive, and transformative economy
72.
Economic growth should lead to shared prosperity. As such, the strength of an
economy must be measured by the degree to which it meets the needs of people, and on
how sustainably and equitably it does so. We need inclusive growth, built on decent jobs,
livelihoods and rising real incomes for all and measured in ways that go beyond GDP and
account for human well-being, sustainability and equity. Ensuring that all people,
including women, persons with disabilities, youth, aged, and migrants have decent
employment, social protection, and access to financial services, will be a hallmark of our
economic success.
73.
Innovation and investments in sustainable and resilient infrastructure,
settlement, industrialization, small and medium enterprises, energy and technology can
both generate employment, and remedy negative environmental trends. An enabled,
properly regulated, responsible and profitable private sector is critical for employment,
living wages, growth, and revenues for public programmes. Transforming business
models for creating shared value is vital for growing inclusive and sustainable economies.
74.
The world’s richness of natural resources also provides a formidable economic
opportunity, if it is translated not only into GDP growth but into shared prosperity.
Sustainable approaches to landscape management (including agriculture and forests),
industrialization (including manufacturing and productive capacities), access to energy
and water and sanitation, are key drivers of sustainable production and consumption, job
creation, as well as sustainable and equitable growth. They drive sustainable management
of natural resources and tackle climate change.
Planet: to protect our ecosystems for all societies and our children
75.
To respect our planetary boundaries we need to equitably address climate
change, halt biodiversity loss, and address desertification and unsustainable land use. We
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must protect wildlife, safeguard forests and mountains, and reduce disaster risk and build
resiliencies. We must protect our oceans, seas, rivers and atmosphere as our global
heritage, and achieve climate justice. We must promote sustainable agriculture, fisheries
and food systems; foster sustainable management of water resources, and of waste and
chemicals; foster renewable and more efficient energy; decouple economic growth from
environmental
degradation,
advance
sustainable
industrialisation
and
resilient
infrastructure; ensure sustainable consumption and production; and achieve sustainable
management of marine and terrestrial ecosystems and land use.
76.
Sustainable development is at risk as evidence proves that warming of the
climate system is now undeniable and human activities are its primary cause. We must
limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius if we are to avoid the worst
effects of climate change. Carbon dioxide is the largest contributor to human-induced
climate change. Fossil fuels usage and deforestation are its two main sources. Increasing
warming will make severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts more likely. The longer
we wait to take action towards sustainable production and consumption, the more it will
cost to solve the problem and the greater the technological challenges will be. Adaptation
can reduce some risks and impact of climate change. Most urgently, we must adopt a
meaningful, universal climate agreement by the end of 2015.
Justice: to promote safe and peaceful societies, and strong institutions
77.
Effective governance for sustainable development demands that public
institutions in all countries and at all levels be inclusive, participatory, and accountable to
the people. Laws and institutions must protect human rights and fundamental freedoms.
All must be free from fear and violence, without discrimination. We also know that
participatory democracy, free, safe, and peaceful societies are both enablers and outcomes
of development.
78.
Access to fair justice systems, accountable institutions of democratic
governance, measures to combat corruption and curb illicit financial flows, and
safeguards to protect personal security are integral to sustainable development. An
enabling environment under the rule of law must be secured for the free, active and
meaningful engagement of civil society and advocates reflecting the voices of women,
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minorities, LGBT groups, indigenous peoples, youth, adolescents and older persons.
Press freedom and access to information, freedom of expression, assembly and
association are enablers of sustainable development. The practice of child, early and
forced marriage must be ended everywhere. The rule of law must be strengthened at the
national and international level, to secure justice for all.
79.
We need to rebuild and reintegrate societies better after crises and conflicts. We
must address state fragility, support internally displaced persons and contribute to
resilience of people and communities. Reconciliation, peacebuilding and state-building
are critical for countries to overcome fragility and develop cohesive societies, and strong
institutions. These investments are essential to retaining the gains of development and
avoiding reversals in the future.
Partnership: to catalyse global solidarity for sustainable development
80.
A revitalized global partnership for sustainable development must be built on
the foundations agreed in the Millennium Declaration and in Monterrey and
Johannesburg.
It must be effective in mobilizing the means and in creating the
Mobilizing the support to implement the
environment to implement our agenda.
ambitious new agenda will require political will and action on all fronts: domestic and
international, public and private, through aid and trade, regulation, taxation and
investment.
81.
Implementation is not just about quantity. It is also about doing things together,
uniting around the problem. Inclusive partnerships must be a key feature of
implementation, at all levels: global, regional, national and local. We know the extent to
which this may be transformative. The sustainable development goals provide a platform
for aligning private action and public policies. Transformative partnerships are built upon
principles and values, a shared vision, and shared goals: placing people and planet at the
center. They include the participation of all relevant stakeholders. Mutual accountability
is at the center. This means principled and responsible public-private-people partnerships.
3.4.
82.
Integrating the six essential elements
Sustainable development must be an integrated agenda for economic,
Its strength lies in the interweaving of its
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dimensions. This integration provides the basis for economic models that benefit people
and the environment; for environmental solutions that contribute to progress; for social
approaches that add to economic dynamism and allow for the preservation and
sustainable use of the environmental common; and for reinforcing human rights, equality,
and sustainability.
Responding to all goals as a cohesive and integrated whole will be
critical to ensuring the transformations needed at scale.
83.
The agenda itself mirrors the broader international human rights framework,
including elements of economic, social, cultural, civil, and political rights, as well as the
right to development. Specific targets are set for disadvantaged groups. Indicators will
need to be broadly disaggregated across all goals and targets.
84.
The essential elements are further integrated by the application of the principle
of universality. In addressing them to all countries and all people we take account of
environmental, economic, and social interdependence, while also recognizing the realities
of differentiated national needs and capacities.
85.
Finally, the new framework provides a much-needed opportunity to integrate the
broader United Nations agenda, with its inextricably linked and mutually interdependent
peace and security, development, and human rights objectives.
86.
All of this will have important implications for the way that all partners pursue
sustainable development, requiring transformations in approaches to leadership, policy
coherence, strategy, and collaboration. It will also have a beneficial unifying effect on the
organization of work within the UN system at the global, regional and country levels.
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4. Mobilizing the Means to Implement Our Agenda
“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.”
Mahatma
Gandhi
4.1 Financing our future
87.
Sustainable development is a complex challenge, with urgent requirements
which have resulted in enormous financing needs. The means to finance the goals agreed
will not be found in one solution, nor borne by one set of actors. All financing streams
need to be optimized towards sustainable development, and coordinated for the greatest
impact. An integrated development agenda demands an equally synergistic financial
framework. Governments should work to better
align the financing frameworks
that
developed out of two major strands of development debate – the Monterrey and the Rio
processes. In addition, Government should also be mindful of the need for coherence and
alignment with climate finance (Figure 1).
88.
The global conversation on sustainable development finance is progressing. The
Open Working Group has proposed a number of targets on means of implementation. The
Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing
presented policy options, organized around different financing streams: domestic public,
domestic private, international public, international private and blended finance. These
streams address the public, private, national and international facets of the financing
challenge to raise new and additional resources, reallocate existing ones and create a
supportive enabling environment. The establishment of new institutions of South-South
Cooperation, such as the BRICS Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank,
present new opportunities to finance sustainable development investments.
ix
89.
I welcome the policy options presented by the Committee and encourage
countries to scale up ambition and enhance specificity to meet the demands of the
new agenda.
To these ends, as Member States prepare for Addis Ababa, it will fall to
them to set an agreed and ambitious course for sustainable development financing beyond
2015.
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Figure 1. Flows of funds from international and national financing sources to sustainable
development
*The size of boxes does not represent financing volumes/importance. **There can be cases where
international public finance also directly supports the implementation of international objectives.
***Sovereign wealth funds handle public money, but are managed like private investors.
Source: Report of the International Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing
(A/69/315).
90.
All public funds must positively impact the poorest and most vulnerable in all
societies. Official Development Assistance (ODA) and other international public funds
will continue to play a central and catalytic role, particularly in vulnerable countries, as
will a strategic approach and systematic progress in utilization. Member States of the
United Nations should honour their commitments in full and in a timely manner. ODA
must both respond to the unfinished business of the MDGs and address the transition to
the new sustainable development agenda. In the current debate on modernizing ODA, it is
necessary to underscore the importance of more effective and better targeted ODA
funding that leverages other resources. This must include more focus on Least Developed
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Countries, Land-locked Developing Countries, Small Islands Developing States, and
countries in vulnerable situations.
91.
Responsibility for raising the domestic public revenues necessary for the core
economic and social functions – for example to ensure a social protection floor and to
remedy exclusion – rests primarily with each national government. National laws and
policies are to dedicate adequate and timely resources to these purposes, while public
institutions are to act in the public interest. This includes environmentally and socially
sound policies, promotion of human rights, strong institutions and the rule of law.
However, domestic efforts need to be complemented by a supportive international
environment.
92.
Urgent action is needed to mobilize, redirect, and unlock the transformative
power of trillions of dollars of private resources to deliver on sustainable development
objectives. Long-term investments, including foreign direct investment (FDI), are needed
in critical sectors, especially in developing countries. These include sustainable energy,
infrastructure and transport, as well as information and communications technologies.
The public sector will need to set a clear direction. Review and monitoring frameworks,
regulations and incentive structures that enable such investments must be retooled to
attract investments and reinforce sustainable development. National oversight
mechanisms such as supreme audit institutions and oversight functions by legislature
should be strengthened.
93.
Efforts to increase the effectiveness of development cooperation need to be
enhanced based on basic principles of country ownership, results focus, inclusive
partnerships, transparency and accountability.
94.
Long-term decarbonization of our economies; access to energy, water and food;
and sustainable agriculture, industry, infrastructure or transport will ultimately be
achieved through the same investments at the project level.
In addition, it will be
important to consider that many of the investments to achieve the SDGs will take place at
the sub-national level and led by local authorities.
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95.
In addition, we must move, seriously and expeditiously, to correct the inequities
that have long plagued the international system, to the disadvantage of developing
countries. We need a more equitable multilateral trading system, a conclusion of the
Doha round, and better access to technology, to medicines, and to long-term investments
for developing countries. We need a more fair representation of emerging and developing
countries in international financial and economic decision-making, better regulation and
more stability in the international financial and monetary systems, and sustainable debt
solutions. We must continue to remedy the policy incoherence between current modes of
international governance in matters of trade, finance, and investment on the one hand, and
our norms and standards for labour, the environment, human rights, equality, and
sustainability on the other.
96.
As preparations for the Third International Conference on Financing for
Development in Addis Ababa get underway, there are high expectations for concrete
outcomes that would finance sustainable development and set the stage for a successful
outcome of the COP21 in Paris.
97.
I urge Member States to consider and agree in particular to the following:
98.
All developed countries should meet the 0.7% target and agree to concrete
timetables to meet ODA commitments, including the Istanbul commitments to LDCs
of 0.15% of GNI by 2015
. It is important to ensure that the
proportion of ODA going to
LDCs does not decline
but continues to increase, be better targeted, more efficient, more
transparent, and that leverages additional resources. Smooth transition of countries
graduating from least developed country status is vital to ensure that these countries are
eased onto a sustainable development path without any disruption to their development
plans, programmes and projects. Provision should be made to increase funding to
facilitate capacities to implement tax reforms, thus improving domestic resource
mobilization. All other international commitments also need to be met.
99.
Any effort to
modernize ODA and measures of development finance
should
be considered in an open and transparent forum with the widest possible participation of
donor and recipient countries and other relevant stakeholders.
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100.
Levels of concessionality
should take into account different development
stages, circumstances and multiple dimensions of poverty, and the particular type of
investment made.
101.
All countries are encouraged to adopt their own
national sustainable
development financing strategies
that take account of all financing flows, based on
continuing dialogue among relevant government entities and other stakeholders. Such
strategies should review and strengthen the domestic policy, the legal and institutional
environment and the policy coherence for sustainable development. All financing flows,
including climate finance, should build stronger country ownership and lead to greater
use of country strategies and systems. In order to be effective, the component parts of
sustainable development financing strategies must have associated investible pipelines.
National visions and plans and annual budgets and medium-term expenditure frameworks
should be aligned with national sustainable development strategies.
102.
Fiscal and macro-economic policies
must include low carbon solutions for
sustainable development and the need to invest in adaptation and resilience. Carbon
pricing, through different approaches, should be a key consideration. Harmful fossil fuel
subsidies, both direct and indirect, should be phased out. Agricultural export subsidies
should be removed.
103.
The
regulatory frameworks, incentives and risk-return profiles
that enable
private investments and business models, as well as public procurement policies, must be
aligned with the SDGs.
104.
All countries should consider adopting policies to encourage
responsible and
accountable investment of private finance
in sustainable development, and requiring
companies to undertake mandatory
Economic Environment Social and Governance
(EESG) reporting
, accompanied with regulatory changes that ensure that investor
incentives are aligned with sustainable development goals. Transition periods and
technical support would be needed to this effect, especially for small and medium
enterprises.
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105.
We should work to ensure
investment policies that are in line with the UN’s
Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, core labour
standards
of the ILO,
and United Nations environmental standards. It should also adequately balance investor
preferences with the needs of the people in countries in which they operate.
106.
Policies are needed to stimulate and support entrepreneurship and to increase
access to finance for small and medium-sized enterprises
, including through the use of
development banks and other financial intermediaries.
107.
Countries should strive to provide
universal access to financial services
,
emphasizing inclusive access across income, gender, geography, age, and other groups.
Specific barriers to women’s access to finance should be eliminated. They should expand
financial literacy and establish strong consumer protection agencies.
108.
Blended financing platforms
could have a great potential, particularly where
there is a benefit to the public sector. Where they are considered, however, it is important
to ensure that these arrangements are subject to safeguards to verify that they contribute
to sustainable development. They must not replace or compromise state responsibilities
for delivering on social needs. Such policies also need to ensure fair returns to the public,
while incorporating social, environmental, labour, human rights, and gender equality
considerations. In addition, risk should be managed through diversification and the use of
multiple simultaneous projects, allowing for gains in some projects to offset losses in
others.
109.
Member States may wish to call on the
International Financial Institutions to
consider establishing a process
to examine the role, scale and functioning of multilateral
and regional development finance institutions to make them more responsive to the
sustainable development agenda.
110.
While the additional commitments which have been made for climate finance
should be honoured, the use of these and other financing flows should not lead to
fragmentation but rather to coherence and strengthened cross-linkages within the pillars
of sustainable development. An expert technical group should be tasked with developing
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and presenting to Member States a
coherent framework that accounts for climate
finance and ODA
.
111.
South-South cooperation and the significant efforts of solidarity by emerging
economies is encouraging.
More countries will need to commit to increasing their
contribution to international public financing and set targets and timelines to do so.
In turn,
South-South technical assistance and the sharing of experiences
through
regional fora should be promoted.
112.
I also strongly encourage countries to consider using
innovative ways to raise
additional resources
to fund sustainable development at scale, drawing from a number
of options, including, inter alia, various tax (e.g., financial transaction taxes, carbon tax,
airline ticket levies) and non-tax (e.g., emission allowances) mechanisms.
113.
We must
strengthen international coordination of macroeconomic policies
of major economies and the management of global liquidity, and consider more
systematic issuance of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) for continued assistance, and
countercyclical macroeconomic management.
114.
We must vigorously implement
comprehensive and adequate financial
regulations in all countries
, as the risk of another global financial crisis has not been
sufficiently reduced. However, the design of regulations needs to take into account their
impact on financial inclusion and incentives for investment in sustainable development.
115.
Effectively
addressing illicit flows is urgent.
We need more vigorous
implementation of the UN Convention against Corruption, as well as measures to
overcome impediments to the return of stolen assets. Member States should consider
measures to ensure information exchange, judicial cooperation and the establishment of
an
intergovernmental committee on tax cooperation
, under the auspices of the United
Nations.
116.
Let us also enhance international efforts to s
trengthen arrangements for
transparent, orderly and participatory sovereign debt restructuring
. As an
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immediate step, let us bring together relevant authorities and other stakeholders to
develop an informal forum on sovereign debt, while continuing ongoing discussions.
117.
Efforts should be intensified to
reduce costs on the transfer of remittances
, in
a manner fully respecting the rights of migrants. I welcome the commitment of G20
countries to reduce the global average cost of transferring remittances to five per cent.
4.2 Technology, Science and Innovation for a Sustainable Future
118.
We live in a period of unprecedented technological innovation and change.
New technologies are unlocking possibilities for sustainable development. The solutions
that they can generate, and the levels of access that they can enable, will be crucial to our
vision for the world beyond 2015.
119.
However, access to vital and environmentally sound technologies is today
unevenly spread, both within and between countries, with the poor and many developing
countries essentially locked out. Large amounts of public resources are allocated to
military budgets, while comparatively less is spent on research and development for
public goods. Public funding often subsidizes private sector research, at times leading to
the public being priced out of the benefits through disadvantageous licensing and patent.
This also leads to frequent subsidies of innovations that are not aligned with promoting
sustainable consumption and production patterns. Furthermore, we have a long way to go
to reach the necessary level of participation of women and girls in science, technology
(including ICTs), engineering, and mathematics for the world in the 21st century.
120.
A sustainable future will require that we act now to phase out unsustainable
technologies, to invest in innovation and the development of clean and sound
technologies for sustainable development. We must ensure that they are fairly priced, and
broadly disseminated and fairly absorbed, including to and by developing countries.
121.
Developing countries, and LDCs in particular, will need the support that will
allow them to benefit from enhanced access to these technologies, and, ultimately, to
expand domestic innovation and the development of their own technological solutions.
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122.
Historically, significant technological advances have often resulted from multi-
stakeholder, solution-driven initiatives. Achieving our sustainable development goals
will similarly require solution-driven technology partnerships among a variety of actors.
123.
We must establish effective modalities for multi-stakeholder cooperation and
sharing the costs for the Research, Development, Demonstration, and Diffusion
(RDD&D) for new technologies across all stakeholders: public, private, civil society,
philanthropic, and other sectors, and inclusive of indigenous knowledge. We must move
to prepare concrete initiatives, including those leveraging technology, ready to launch at
the commencement of the new agenda and set bold technological goals and resource
mobilization targets. And we must facilitate access to the benefits of technology for all,
including the poorest, while ensuring that intellectual property regime creates the right
incentives for the technological innovation needed for sustainable development. The
urgency is particularly great in the case of low-carbon technologies as part of our efforts
to mitigate human-induced climate change.
124.
There are a number of ongoing international initiatives aimed at accelerating the
development, diffusion and transfer of appropriate, especially environmentally sound,
technologies. Thus far, however, ambition has not matched the challenges at hand.
125.
Having taken into account the recommendations of the structured dialogues of
the General Assembly, I propose to establish an
online, global platform building on and
complementing existing initiatives, and with the participation of all relevant
stakeholders
, in order to: (a) map existing technology facilitation initiatives, needs and
gaps, including in areas vital for sustainable development, including agriculture, cities
and health; (b) enhance international cooperation and coordination in this field,
addressing fragmentation and facilitating synergies, including within the UN system; and
(c) promote networking, information sharing, knowledge transfer, and technical
assistance, to advance the scaling up of clean technology initiatives.
126.
At the same time, I call upon all Member States to
(a) urgently finalize
arrangements for the establishment of the proposed Technology Bank and the
Science, Technology, and Innovation Capacity Building Mechanism for LDCs, (b)
significantly scale up cooperation for the sharing of technologies, strengthening
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knowledge and capacity building for usage, innovation capacities, including ICTs,
(c) make the adjustments necessary in the national and international policy
frameworks to facilitate these actions, (d) substantially progress in the development,
transfer, and dissemination of such technologies and knowledge to developing
countries on favorable, concessional, and preferential terms; (e) ensure that our
global intellectual property regimes and the application of TRIPS flexibilities are
fully consistent with and contribute to the goals of sustainable development; (f)
make specific commitments to shifting public resources out of harmful technologies,
and into our sustainable development goals; and (g) promote the accelearation of the
innovation-to-market-to-public good cycle of clean and environmentally sound
technologies.
4.3
127.
Investing in capacities for sustainable development
To achieve our goals, countries need to integrate them in national planning,
policy, budgets, law, and institutions. They will require integrated institutions that are
effective and human resources equipped with the skills and capacities to deliver
sustainable development. Governments, in consultation with all stakeholders, will need to
review national strategies and policies to support progress towards the goals, consistent
with national priorities.
128.
These strategies will also have to be reviewed, and implemented at the local
level, with the full engagement of local authorities. In many instances, subnational and
local authorities, including mayors, are already leading the charge for sustainable
development. Institutional and human capacities will, in many cases, need to be
strengthened for effective implementation and monitoring.
This includes bolstering
capacities to assess needs, collect data and formulate responses across sectors and
institutions.
129.
Executive institutions, parliaments and the judiciary will need the capacity to
perform their functions in this endeavour. Also institutions of civil society must have the
capacity to perform their critical, independent role.
130.
Developing countries will need support for capacity building. LDCs and post-
conflict countries will have particularly urgent needs. For this, the United Nations is
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working to revitalize and improve its role in capacity development.
x
Here too, ambition
will need to be scaled up, especially in the immediate term, not only by the United
Nations, but by all partners in the process.
131.
As we seek to build capacities and to help the new agenda to take root,
volunteerism can be another powerful and cross-cutting means of implementation.
Volunteerism can help to expand and mobilize constituencies, and to engage people in
national planning and implementation for sustainable development goals. And volunteer
groups can help to localize the new agenda by providing new spaces of interaction
between governments and people for concrete and scalable actions.
132.
Finally, we must also mobilize the power of culture in the transformative change
we seek. Our world is a remarkable mosaic of diverse cultures, informing our evolving
understanding of sustainable development. We still have much to learn from cultures as
we build the world we want. If we are to succeed, the new agenda cannot remain the
exclusive domain of institutions and governments. It must be embraced by people.
Culture, in different aspects, will thus be an important force in supporting the new
agenda.
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5. Delivering Our Agenda: a Shared Responsibility
“Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny,
poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities
as well as intolerance and overactivity of repressive states.”
Amartya Sen
5.1
133.
Measuring the new dynamics
Progress in sustainable development will depend on vibrant economies and
inclusive growth to keep pace with growing populations and longer life expectancies, and
to generate employment, wages, and revenues for social programmes. But for making our
economies inclusive and sustainable, our understanding of economic performance, and
our metrics for gauging it, must be broader, deeper and more precise.
134.
We need to reconsider how to account for sustainable production and
consumption patterns in national accounting. Measures that do not distinguish between
socially and environmentally harmful activities on the one hand, and social goods on the
other, that do not account for equity and the distribution of costs and benefits, and do not
include impacts on future generations, will not help us to navigate to a sustainable future.
135.
Member States have recognized the importance of building on existing
initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that go
beyond gross domestic product. Thus, work on
developing alternative measures or
progress, beyond GDP, must receive the dedicated attention of the United Nations,
international financial institutions, the scientific community, and public institutions
.
These metrics must be squarely focused on measuring social progress, human well-
being, justice, security, equality, and sustainability. Poverty measures should reflect
the multi-dimensional nature of poverty. New measures of subjective wellbeing are
potentially important new tools for policy-making.
136.
To realize the sustainable development agenda, we also need measurable targets
and technically rigorous indicators. Here too, Member States have advanced the process
significantly, by proposing an array of targets, which bring a strong integrating effect, and
go a long way in defining the substance of what we need to achieve. However while
many remain robust and responsive to the goals, others serve better the ongoing work of
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developing indicators for the agenda. A few of the targets are less ambitious than already
agreed and some better placed where commitments to policy change can be ensured.
137.
What is needed now is a technical review to ensure that each is framed in
language that is specific, measurable, achievable, and consistent with existing United
Nations standards and agreements, while preserving the important political balance that
they represent. To these ends,
the technical experts of the United Nations System are
available to review the targets, including on the means of implementation, and to
compare and align the level of ambition represented by each to that of existing
international targets, commitments, standards, and agreements thus strengthening
the overall framework of the goals. This will also contribute to coherence in the
discussion on financing for development.
138.
In addition, where a proposed target is stated in measurable terms, but no
quantitative target has been specified,
Member States may wish to seek the input of the
United Nations System, in consultation with its partners in academia and the
scientific community, on evidence for attaching specific global target levels
.
139.
A set of applicable indicators will also need to be identified to allow us to
collect, compare, and analyse reliable data, to do so at the adequate level of
disaggregation, as of 2016. For this purpose,
Member States may decide to task the
United Nations System, in consultation with other relevant experts and through a
multi-stakeholder dialogue, to develop a draft set of indicators
.
5.2. Lighting the way: the role of data in the new agenda
140.
We seek an evidence-based course for realizing sustainable development. For
this, we must face the complex challenges this presents, and as a response to the varying
country realities and capabilities.
141.
As indicated by my Independent Expert Advisory Group on the Data Revolution
for Sustainable Development, the world must acquire a new ‘data literacy’ in order to be
equipped with the tools, methodologies, capacities, and information necessary to shine a
light on the challenges of responding to the new agenda.
Enhanced national and
international statistical capacities, rigorous indicators, reliable and timely data sets, new
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and non-traditional data sources, and broader and systematic disaggregation to reveal
inequities will all be fundamental to implementing it.
142.
In all of this, we must maximize our commitment to public transparency,
information sharing, participatory monitoring and open data, while never compromising
on the obligation to protect the right to privacy. And we must significantly scale up
support to countries and national statistical offices with critical needs for capacities to
produce, collect, disaggregate, analyse, and share data crucial to the new agenda.
143.
To these ends,
I recommend that, under the auspices of the UN Statistical
Commission, a comprehensive programme of action on data be established. This
includes the building of a global consensus, applicable principles and standards for
data, a web of data innovation networks to advance innovation and analysis, a new
innovative financing stream to support national data capacities, and a global data
partnership to promote leadership and governance
.
144.
Specifically, we will carry out in close cooperation with country experts an in-
depth
analysis of the existing data and information gaps
and, thus, determine the scale
of the investments needed to establish a modern SDG monitoring system. We will
catalyze a multi-stakeholder
Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data
, to
mobilize and coordinate the actions required to make the data revolution serve sustainable
development, promoting initiatives such as the holding of inclusive ‘
World Fora on
Sustainable Development Data
’.
5.3.
145.
Gauging our progress: Monitoring, evaluation and reporting
If we are to succeed, the new agenda must become part of the contract between
people, including civil society and responsible business, and their governments—national
and local.
Parliaments must be strengthened to deepen democracy and carry out their
constitutional mandates of oversight. All companies must pay their taxes, respect labour
standards, human rights, and the environment. Empowered civil society actors, through
action and advocacy, must rally to the cause, and contribute to a sustainable, equitable,
and prosperous future.
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146.
We must now embrace a culture of shared responsibility, one based on agreed
universal norms, global commitments, shared rules and evidence, collective action, and
benchmarking for progress. The new paradigm of accountability that we seek is not one
of conditionality or North to South, nor South to North, but rather one of all actors —
governments, international institutions, private sector actors, and organizations of civil
societies, and in all countries, to the people themselves. This is the real test of people-
centred, planet-sensitive development.
147.
Such a model can only be built on national ownership, broad participation, and
full transparency. To be effective, it must be aligned with the post-2015 agenda and its
new goals. To be efficient, it must be streamlined and employ existing mechanisms and
processes. To be evidence-based, it must be grounded in the data revolution, and the
indicators and data that emerge therefrom. To be truly universal, it must apply to all
actors—in both the public and the private sectors
xi
, at both the national and international
levels. It must include opportunities for mutual review, and mutual support at the regional
and global levels.
148.
In recent months, United Nations consultations have emphasized the need for a
voluntary, state-led, participatory, evidence-based, and multi-tiered process to monitor
progress.
xii
149.
Thus, a universal review process constructed on these principles could be
initiated at the national level, and would inform the national, regional, and global level
reviews.
At all levels, review discussions should be public, participatory, broadly
accessible, and based on facts, data, scientific findings, and evidence-based evaluations.
The principal components might include:
i.
A country-led, national component for accountability
. In the overall
review process, this national segment, as that closest to the people, should be
the most significant.
It would be built on existing national and local
mechanisms and processes, with broad, multi-stakeholder participation,
including national and local government, parliaments, civil society, science,
academia and business. It would establish benchmarks, review the national
policy framework, chart progress, learn lessons, consider solutions, follow-up,
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and report thereon. For this, a government report, a national stakeholder report
with contributions from national non-governmental actors, as well as a report
compiling existing information and data from United Nations agencies and
international financial institutions, all based upon globally-harmonized
formats, would constitute the main written inputs on individual country
progress.
ii.
A regional component for peer reviewing
, tailored to regional and
sub-regional needs, and undertaken by existing mechanisms in a participatory,
multi-stakeholder process, to consider national reports, identify regional
trends, obstacles, commonalities, best practices and lessons learned, and to
generate solutions and mutual support and solutions. Regional reviews would
incorporate and build on the experiences and successes of mechanisms such as
the Regional Economic Commissions, the Africa Peer Review Mechanism, the
Asia-Pacific Forum on Sustainable Development, the ECE Environmental
Performance Reviews, and the OECD/DAC Peer Reviews.
iii.
A global component for knowledge sharing
, as a forum for
participatory, multi-stakeholder, and, importantly, universal review, starting at
the launch of the new agenda. This would be convened annually under the
auspices of the high level political forum (HLPF). It would provide a periodic
occasion for individual countries to voluntarily present national reviews of
progress, to discuss lessons learned in each country’s implementation of the
agenda, and the opportunity to review both short-term outputs and long-term
outcomes of the impact on attaining the goals. Member States should consider
multi-annual reviews under HLPF in a five-year cycle.
iv.
A thematic component
, to chart global progress at regular intervals on
the sustainable development framework, to help to identify challenges and
bottlenecks, and to mobilize action to address them. While such thematic
reviews could be carried out under the auspices of the HLPF, they would rely
on relevant coordination and review “platforms.”
These could include
existing specialized or functional commissions, councils, or committees that
convene United Nations and other multilateral entities, relevant treaty body
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reviews and outcomes, as well as Member States, partners from civil society,
science, academia and the private sector, and would monitor and advance each
respective thematic area. Existing partnerships could also be linked to such
platforms, in order to ensure efficient and effective action and accountability.
To support and complement the process, and to ensure continuous gauging of
progress, the United Nations would provide annual global thematic reports
aggregating available data, together with the Global sustainable Development
Report, mandated by Rio+20.
v.
A component to review the global partnership for sustainable
development
. The essential element of Partnership and its mobilization of the
means necessary for implementation must also be kept under active review.
As they prepare for the Third Conference on Financing for Development in
Addis Ababa, Member States should seize the opportunity to consider how
existing structures and processes can help review and strengthen the global
partnership for sustainable development, including the Global Partnership for
Effective Development Cooperation. An important additional role for the
review process under this component will be to address the respective
conference tracks targeting the special conditions and needs of LDCs, LLDCs,
and SIDS.
150.
The current structure of our intergovernmental bodies can accommodate the
universal review process described above. The establishment of the HLPF, which meets
under the auspices of ECOSOC and the General Assembly, as well as the United Nations
Environment Assembly, were important institutional innovations emerging from
Rio+20. And the reform of ECOSOC has been another important step forward.
5.4
151.
Making the UN fit for transformation
This new, universal, sustainable development agenda requires an international
community that is “fit for purpose” in order to support countries to implement a new
generation of sustainable development goals. All who would be engaged in its
implementation will need to embrace its new parameters and its transformative elements.
The United Nations is no exception given its role in leading and shaping the sustainable
development agenda to 2030
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152.
A UN system that is “fit for purpose” to deliver on the post-2015 agenda is one
that is relevant, innovative, agile, inclusive, coordinated and results-oriented. It is guided
by universal human rights and international norms, integrates the UN’s normative
frameworks with its operational activities, and is responsive to the differentiated needs of
countries. It provides specialized advice when requested, and is equally adept at ensuring
an integrated approach, working across disciplines with relevant skill sets to better
support Member States in addressing complex multisectoral challenges. It forges effective
partnerships to leverage external partners’ expertise, capacities and resources. Such a
system requires shared goals, visionary and committed leadership, and a global, highly-
skilled and adaptable international civil service. And it must reach the highest standards
of accountability, transparency and impact.
153.
In doing so, the UN system is committed to working more collaboratively to
leverage the expertise and capacities of all its organizations in support of sustainable
development. At the country level, UN Country Teams will provide coherent support to
national stakeholders to implement their new post-2015 development strategies while
accelerating implementation of the standard operating procedures for “delivering as one”
in order to achieve greater results for sustainable development. Emphasis will also be
placed on using data and evidence more effectively and transparently and developing
greater analytical capacity for addressing inequalities, risk and vulnerability. The UN
system will continue to pursue the development of more innovative and integrated
business models and the implementation of modern operational practices to gain
efficiencies and enhanced impact.
154.
Ongoing efforts will also be deepened to ensure that a high-performing, mobile
and diverse workforce is in place to support the new post-2015 sustainable development
agenda. It must be able to leverage the respective expertise and specializations of UN
agencies to work across disciplines and functions to better address complex multi-sectoral
challenges. An independent, highly skilled, engaged international civil service that can
meet the ever-changing needs of the international community is our major comparative
advantage. We will invest in attracting, retaining and deploying high-performing staff
across locations, mandates and business models.
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155.
Critically, for the UN to be more “fit for purpose”, Member States must also be
more coherent in their support, in particular as it relates to governance and funding of the
UN system. Sustained development financing for longer-term support and that enables
pooling of resources and brings together development and humanitarian financing will be
critical as will more coherent UN funding mechanisms that unite rather than fragment the
development policy framework.
156.
In this context, Members States may wish to reinforce current actions being
taken as well as take initiatives to ensure that the UN system is “fit for purpose” to
support this new transformative agenda and achieve coordination and coherence of
development actors at country level.
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6. Conclusion: Together in a Universal Compact
157.
Today’s world is a troubled world; one in turmoil and turbulence, with no
shortage of painful political upheavals. Societies are under serious strain, stemming from
the erosion of our common values, climate change and growing inequalities, to migration
pressures and borderless pandemics. It is also a time in which the strength of national and
international institutions is being seriously tested. The nature and scope of this daunting
array of enormous challenges necessitate that both inaction and business-as-usual must be
dismissed as options.
If the global community does not exercise national and
international leadership in the service of our peoples, we risk further fragmentation,
impunity and strife, endangering both the planet itself as well as a future of peace,
sustainable development and respect of human rights. Simply put, this generation is
charged with a duty to transform our societies.
158.
2015 is hence the time for global action. During this single year we have the
unequivocal opportunity and responsibility to adopt sustainable development, to
restructure the global financial system in line with our needs, and to respond finally and
urgently to the challenge of human-induced climate change. Never before has the world
had to face such a complex agenda in a single year. And this unique opportunity will not
come again in our generation.
159.
We must take the first, determined steps toward a sustainable and dignified
future. Transformation is our aim. We must transform our economies, our environment,
and our societies. We must change old mindsets, behaviours, and destructive patterns.
We must embrace the integrated essential elements of Dignity, People, Prosperity,
Planet, Justice and Partnership.
We must build cohesive societies, in pursuit of
international peace and stability. And, we must prioritise good international solutions
through the prism of being in the national interest of every Member State.
160.
Such a future is possible if we collectively mobilise political will and the
necessary resources to strengthen our nations and the multilateral system. We have the
means and methods to meet these challenges if we decide to employ them and work
together. If the Member States now mobilise the world around action for sustainable
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development - nationally and internationally - the United Nations will have proved its
value as the primary universal body living up to the principles and purposes of the UN
Charter.
161.
Overall, our work now is a sobering and inspiring challenge. We are on the
threshold of the most important year of development since the founding of the United
Nations itself. We must give meaning to this Organization’s promise “to reaffirm faith in
the dignity and worth of the human person” and to take the world forward to a sustainable
future. With this extraordinary process and the unprecedented leadership that it has
witnessed, we have an historic opportunity and duty to act, boldly, vigorously and
expeditiously, to turn reality into a life of dignity for all, leaving no one behind.
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Endnotes
United Nations Charter, Preamble.
Millennium Development Goals Report 2014
iii
United Nations Secretary-General,
A life of dignity for all : accelerating progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and
advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015,
New York, 26 July 2013 (A/68/202).
iv
Report of the General Assembly Structured Dialogues on Possible arrangements for a facilitation mechanism to promote the development,
transfer, and dissemination of clean and environmentally sound technologies,
United Nations, New York, August 2014.
v
United Nations, Report of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing, New York, 8 August
2014.
vi
See United Nations, High-Level Stocktaking Event on the Post-2015 Development Agenda: Contributions to the 2015 Secretary-General’s
Synthesis Report, Informal Summary, New York, September 2014.
vii
United Nations, Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals,
Proposal of the Open Working Group on Sustainable
Development Goals,
New York, 19 July 2014.
viii
A/68/202
ix
United Nations, Report of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing, New York, 8 August
2014.
x
See Quadrennial Comprehensive Policy Review of United Nations Operational Activities for Development.
ii
i
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