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Human DevelopmentHuman DevelopmentReport2011Report2011Bæredygtighed og Social Retfærdighed:Bæredygtighed og Social Retfærdighed:En Bedre Fremtid for AlleEn Bedre Fremtid for Alle
SAMMENDRAGSAMMENDRAG
Copyright � 2011by the United Nations Development Programme1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USAAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise without prior permission.Technical editing:UNDP Nordic O ceDesign:Gerry QuinnLayout and Production by Phoenix Design Aid A/S, Denmark. ISO 9001/ ISO 14001 certi ed and approved CO2neutral company. Printed on environmentally friendly FSC paper using vegetable-based inks.e printed matter is bio-degradable and recyclable.
FSC is an independent, non-governmental, not for pro t organization established to promotethe responsible management of the world’s forests.For a list of any errors or omissions found subsequent to printing please visit our website at www.hdr.undp.org
Human Development Report 2011 teamThe UNDP Human Development Report O ceTheHuman Development Reportis the product of a collective effort under the guidance of the Director, with research, statistics,communications and publishing staff, and a team supporting National Human Development Reports. Operations and administrationcolleagues facilitate the work of the office.
Director and lead authorJeni Klugman
ResearchFrancisco Rodríguez (Head), Shital Beejadhur, Subhra Bhattacharjee, Monalisa Chatterjee, Hyung-Jin Choi, Alan Fuchs, MamayeGebretsadik, Zachary Gidwitz, Martin Philipp Heger, Vera Kehayova, José Pineda, Emma Samman and Sarah Twigg
StatisticsMilorad Kovacevic (Head), Astra Bonini, Amie Gaye, Clara Garcia Aguña and Shreyasi Jha
Communications and publishingWilliam Orme (Head), Botagoz Abdreyeva, Carlotta Aiello, Wynne Boelt and Jean-Yves Hamel
National Human Development ReportsEva Jespersen (Deputy Director), Mary Ann Mwangi, Paola Pagliani and Tim Scott
Operations and administrationSarantuya Mend (Operations Manager), Diane Bouopda and Fe Juarez-Shanahan
Sammendrag
Human Development Report2011Bæredygtighed og Social Retfærdighed:En Bedre Fremtid for Alle
Published for theUnited NationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)
Human Development Report 2011Indholdsfortegnelse
Forord af Helen Clark, UNDP’s AdministratorSammendrag
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TabellerTabel 1:Tabel 2:Lande der klarer sig godt mht. miljø, retfærdighed ogmenneskelig udvikling. Senest tilgængelige årDe 10 lande med den laveste andel af miljømæssigeafsavn blandt de flerdimensionelt fattige.Senest tilgængelige data i perioden 2000-2010
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Hvorfor bæredygtighed og social retfærdighed?Mønstre og tendenser, udvikling og mulighederForståelse af sammenhængenePositive synergieffekter– succesfulde strategier for miljøet,social retfærdighed og menneskelig udviklingNytænkning af vores udviklingsmodel– løftestænger til forandringFigurerFigur 1:Figur 2:Figur 3:Figur 4:Figur 5:Figur 6:Figur 7:En illustration af synergier og afvejninger mellemretfærdighed og bæredygtighedScenarier, der viser de konsekvenser, som miljørisicivil have for menneskelig udvikling frem til 2050Stigende temperaturer og faldende regnmængderCO2 har en stærk positiv indflydelse på indtægt,en svag på HDI og ingen på sundhed og uddannelseNogle regioner ryddes for skov, andre genplantesog tilplantes med skovFlerdimensionelt fattigdomsindeks (MPI)– et fokus på de mest underprivilegeredeAntallet af dødsfald, der skyldes miljørisici, er højerei lande med et højt MPI-niveau
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7
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Indikatorer for menneskelig udvikling:Indeks fraHuman Development Report2011
2011 HDI rank and change in rank from 2010 to 2011Human Development indicesTable 1:Table 2:Table 3:Table 4:Human Development Index and its componentsHuman Development Index and trendsInequality-adjusted Human Development IndexGender Inequality Index and related indicatorsMultidimensional Poverty IndexEnvironmental sustainabilityHuman development effects of environmental threatsPerceptions about well-being and the environmentEducation and health
181923273135394246505458
2345678
Table 5:Table 6:Table 7:Table 8:Table 9:
Table 10: Population and economy
Begrebsforklaring og forkortelserOversættelse af nøglebegreber
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human development report2011SammendraG
Forord
I 2012 vil verdens ledere mødes i Rio de Janeiro for at nå til enighed om de globale tiltag, der skaltil, for at sikre planetens fremtid og fremtidige generationers ret til at leve et sundt og tilfredsstil-lende liv, uanset hvor man bor i verden. Dette er det 21. århundredes store udviklingsudfordring.Human Development Report2011 er et vigtigt nyt bidrag til den globale dialog omkringdenne udfordring. Rapporten viser, hvordan bæredygtighed er uløseligt forbundet med degrundlæggende spørgsmål om social retfærdighed - vi taler omfairness,social lighed og bedreadgang til en højere livskvalitet. Bæredygtighed er hverken udelukkende eller hovedsagelig etmiljøanliggende, som denne rapport så overbevisende påpeger. Bæredygtighed handler i bundog grund om, hvordan vi vælger at leve vores liv udfra en forståelse af at alt hvad vi gør, har kon-sekvenser både for de 7 milliarder mennesker, der lever på jorden i dag, og for de milliarder, somkommer til i de kommende århundreder.Det er uhyre vigtigt at forstå forbindelsen mellem miljømæssig bæredygtighed og social ret-færdighed, hvis vi skal øge menneskers frihed for nulevende og fremtidige generationer. De mar-kante fremskridt i menneskelig udvikling de sidste årtier, som dokumenteret gennem de globaleHuman Development Reports,kan ikke fortsætte, uden at der på verdensplan tages dristige glo-bale skridt i retning af reducering af såvel miljørisici som social ulighed. Denne rapport peger påde måder mennesker, lokalsamfund, lande og det internationale samfund kan fremme miljømæs-sig bæredygtighed og social retfærdighed, så de bliver gensidig selvforstærkende.I de 176 lande og områder, hvor FN’s udviklingsprogram arbejder hver dag, bærer mange dår-ligt stillede mennesker en dobbelt byrde af afsavn. De er mere sårbare overfor konsekvenserne afmiljøforringelser fordi de har flere alvorlige stressfaktorer i deres liv og samtidig færre værktøjertil at håndtere dem med. De lever også med truslerne mod deres nærmiljø fra indendørs luft-forurening, urent vand og dårlig sanitet. Prognoser viser, at hvis vi fortsat undlader at mindskede alvorlige miljørisici og tillader stigende social ulighed, risikerer vi at sænke farten på årtiersvedholdende fremskridt hos verdens fattige flertal – og endda vende den globale konvergens afmenneskelig udvikling.Store misforhold i magtbalancer skaber disse mønstre. Ny analyse viser, hvordan magtu-balancer og mangel på ligestilling mellem kønnene på det nationale plan hænger nøje sammenmed begrænset adgang til rent vand og forbedret sanitet, jordforringelser og dødsfald forårsagetaf indendørs og udendørs luftforurening, som igen forstærker effekterne af en ulige indkomst-fordeling. Manglende ligestilling griber også ind i miljømæssige udfald og forværrer dem. På detglobale plan er rammerne for mellemstatsligt samarbejde ofte med til at svække udviklingslan-denes indflydelse og ekskludere marginaliserede grupper.Der er dog alternativer til social ulighed og manglende bæredygtighed. Vækst drevet af for-bruget af fossilt brændstof er ikke en forudsætning for et bedre liv set ud fra menneskelig udvik-ling i bred forstand. Investeringer, der fremmer social retfærdighed – eksempelvis adgang tilvedvarende energi, vand, sanitet og reproduktiv sundhed vil kunne fremme både bæredygtighedog menneskelig udvikling. Større ansvarlighed og demokratiske processer, til dels gennem støttetil et aktivt civilsamfund og medierne, kan også forbedre resultaterne. Vellykkede tiltag afhængeraf, hvordan samfundet styres, herunder institutioner, der er særligt opmærksomme på dårligtstillede grupper og af tværgående tiltag, som koordinerer budgetter og mekanismer på tværs afregeringsorganer og udviklingspartnere.human development report2011SammendraG
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Efter 2015 har verden brug for en ny udviklingsramme, der rækker længere end 2015 Målene(Millennium Devleopment Goals), og som afspejler social retfærdighed og bæredygtighed.Rio+20 bliver en vigtig lejlighed til at nå frem til en fælles forståelse for, hvordan vi kan kommevidere med arbejdet. Denne rapport viser, at tiltag, der integrerer social retfærdighed i politikkerog programmer, og som sætter folk i stand til at skabe ændringer på de lovmæssige og politiskearenaer, er meget lovende. Erfaringer fra lande rundt om i verden har vist potentiale for at opnåog fastholde positive synergier gennem disse tiltag.Den finansiering, der er brug for til udvikling, herunder til finansiering af miljømæssig ogsocial beskyttelse, skal være mange gange større end den nuværende officielle udviklingshjælp. Denuværende udgifter til eksempelvis energikilder med lav CO2-udledning udgør kun 1,6 procentaf selv det laveste skønnede behov, mens udgifterne til klimatilpasning og reduktion af klimafor-andringer udgør omkring 11 procent af det skønnede behov. Håbet hviler på en ny klimafinan-siering. Her er markedsmekanismer og privat støtte vigtig, men de skal understøttes af proaktiveoffentlige investeringer. Det kræver innovativ tænkning at dække finansieringsunderskuddet.Denne rapport kommer med nogle bud.Udover at finde nye finansieringskilder til at tackle de presserende miljømæssige trusler ret-færdigt er denne rapport fortaler for reformer, der fremmer social retfærdighed og medbestem-melse. Finansieringsstrømmene skal kanaliseres hen mod løsning af problemerne omkring mang-lende bæredygtighed og social uretfærdighed – og ikke skærpe eksisterende uligheder.At skabe muligheder og valg for alle er det centrale mål for menneskelig udvikling. Vi haret fælles globalt ansvar over for de mindst privilegerede blandt os, både i dag og fremover. Og vihar en moralsk forpligtigelse til at sikre, at nutiden ikke bliver fremtidens fjende. Denne rapportkan hjælpe os med at finde vejen.
Helen ClarkAdministratorFN’s Udviklingsprogram
Analysen og de politiske anbefalinger i denne rapport afspejler ikke nødvendigvis FN’s Udviklingsprograms (UNDP) eller detsdirektions synspunkter. Rapporten er en uafhængig publikation rekvireret af UNDP. Research til og udarbejdelse af rapportenblev udført i samarbejde mellem Human Development Report-teamet og en gruppe fremragende rådgivere ledet af JeniKlugman, direktør for Human Development Report Office.
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sammendrag
Dette års rapport fokuserer på udfordringenfor en bæredygtig og social retfærdig udvikling.Ud fra en fælles betragtning ses det tydeligt,at forringelser af miljøet forværre ulighederved at ramme de mennesker, der i forvejen erdårligt stillede hårdest. På samme tid forværreruligheder i menneskelig udvikling nedbryd-ningen af miljøet.Menneskelig udvikling, som handler omat øge menneskers valgmuligheder, bygger påfælles naturressourcer. For at fremme menne-skelig udvikling kræves det, at der sættes fokuspå bæredygtighed – lokalt, nationalt og globalt– og det både kan og skal gøres på en socialtretfærdig måde, som styrker menneskers ind-flydelse på deres eget liv.Vi vil sikre, at der på vejen mod styrketmiljømæssig bæredygtighed tages hensyn tilfattige menneskers bestræbelser på at få etbedre liv. Og vi peger på måder, hvorpå men-nesker, samfund, lande og det internationalesamfund kan fremme bæredygtighed og socialretfærdighed, således at disse bliver gensidigtselvforstærkende.
Argumenter for at se påbæredygtighed og socialretfærdighed i sammenhæng
Hvorfor bæredygtighed ogsocial retfærdighed?Begrebet menneskelig udvikling er vedvarenderelevant for den måde, vi ser på verden og denuværende og fremtidige udfordringer, vi stårover for.Human Development Report (HDR)havde sidste år 20-års jubilæum. I den forbin-delse fejrede rapporten begrebet menneskeligudvikling ved at fremhæve, hvordan socialretfærdighed,empowermentog bæredygtighedøger menneskers valgmuligheder. Rapportenfremhævede samtidig de iboende udfordrin-ger, der ligger i, at disse hovedaspekter af men-neskelig udvikling ikke altid følges ad.
I år udforsker vi skæringspunktet mellem mil-jømæssig bæredygtighed og social retfærdig-hed, som grundlæggende ligner hinanden ideres fokus på fordelingsmæssig retfærdighed.Vi tillægger bæredygtighed stor betydning,fordi fremtidige generationer som minimumbør have de samme muligheder, som vi har idag. Ligeledes er alle socialt ulige processeruretfærdige: Folks mulighed for at få et bedreliv bør ikke begrænses af faktorer, som de ikkeselv er herre over. Ulighed er særlig uretfærdig,når bestemte grupper enten på grund af køn,race eller fødested systematisk stilles dårligereend andre.For mere end 10 år siden argumenteredeSudhir Anand og Amartya Sen for at se påbæredygtighed og social retfærdighed i sam-menhæng. “Det ville være en grov overtrædelseaf det universelle princip,” argumenterede de,“hvis vi udelukkende fokuserede på social ret-færdighedmellemgenerationer uden samtidigat forholde os til problemet med social retfær-dighedinden forgenerationer”. Brundtland-Kommissionens rapport fra 1987 indeholdtlignende synspunkter, og det gjorde en rækkeinternationale deklarationer fra Stockholm i1972 til Johannesburg i 2002 også. På trods afdette negligeres spørgsmålet om lighed stadig imange debatter om bæredygtighed og behand-les som et separat spørgsmål uden sammen-hæng. Denne tilgang er utilstrækkelig og kan isidste ende give bagslag.Definitioner af nøglebegreber
Menneskelig udvikling er udvidelse af men-neskers frihed og evner til at leve et liv, somde værdsætter og har grund til at værdsætte.Det handler om udvidede valgmuligheder.
sammendrag
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Bæredygtig menneskeligudvikling handler omat øge de væsentligefriheder, folk hari dag og samtidiggøre en fornuftigindsats for at undgåat bringe fremtidigegenerationersfrihed i fare
Frihed og evner er mere omfattende begreberend basale behov. Mange faktorer er nødven-dige for et “godt liv”; faktorer, der kan have eniboende værdi såvel som en instrumentel værdi– vi kan for eksempel værdsætte biodiversi-tet eller naturlig skønhed uafhængig af deresbidrag til vores levestandard.Mennesker, som er dårligt stillede, er etcentralt fokus for menneskelig udvikling. Detindbefatter de mennesker, som i fremtiden villide under de mest alvorlige konsekvenser afde risici, der opstår som følge af vores hand-linger i dag. Vi beskæftiger os ikke blot med degennemsnitlige og mest sandsynlige scenarier,men også med de mindre sandsynlige, mendog stadig mulige scenarier, hvor situationenfor fattige og udsatte grupper kan gå hen ogblive katastrofal.Debatter omkring betydningen af mil-jømæssig bæredygtighed fokuserer ofte på,hvorvidt menneskeskabt kapital kan erstattenaturressourcer – hvorvidt menneskeligopfindsomhed kan mindske konsekven-serne af begrænsede naturressourcer, sådansom det tidligere er sket. Det er uvist, hvor-vidt det vil være muligt i fremtiden, og set ilyset af risikoen for en katastrofe er det klartat foretrække, at vi bevarer basale naturres-sourcer og økoprocesser, som knytter sigdertil. Dette synspunkt er også på linje med
en menneskerettighedsbaseret tilgang tiludvikling.Bæredygtig menneskelig udviklinghandler om at øge de væsentlige friheder, folkhar i dag og samtidig gøre en fornuftig ind-sats for at undgå at bringe fremtidige genera-tioners frihed i fare.En saglig og informeretoffentlig debat har afgørende betydning fordenne idé og er nødvendig for at definerehvilke risici, et samfund er villig til at accep-tere (figur 1).Den samlede stræben efter miljømæssigbæredygtighed og social retfærdighed kræverikke, at de to altid er gensidig selvforstærkende.I mange tilfælde vil det være en afvejning.Tiltag som har til formål at forbedre miljøetkan påvirke den sociale retfærdighed nega-tivt – f.eks. hvis de begrænser den økonomi-ske vækst i udviklingslandene. Denne rapportillustrerer de former for samlede påvirknin-ger, som forskellige politikker kan have, menanerkender samtidig, at disse ikke er universeltgældende, og at konteksten altid har afgørendebetydning.Rammen tilskynder særlig opmærksom-hed på identificering af de positive synergierog hensyntagen til de nødvendige afvejninger,der vil skulle foretages. Vi undersøger, hvordansamfund kan implementere løsninger, der bådeer til gavn for bæredygtighed, social retfærdig-hed og menneskelig udvikling.
FIGUR 1
en illustration af synergier og afvejninger mellem retfærdighed ogbæredygtighedDenne ramme tilskynder særlig fokus på identificering af de positive synergier mellem de to målog afvejningen af disse.
mønstre og tendenser,udvikling og mulighederDer er stigende bevis for en omfattende mil-jøtilbagegang over hele verden og en poten-tiel forværring i fremtiden. Da omfanget afde fremtidige forandringer er usikre, opstillervi i rapporten en række mulige scenarier ogundersøger deres betydning for menneskeligudvikling. Vores udgangspunkt og hovedte-maet i HDR 2010 er den enorme fremgang,der er sket i den menneskelige udvikling overde seneste årtier – med tre advarsler:• Stigningen i indkomster har været for-bundet med tilbagegang inden for vigtigemiljøindikatorer såsom CO2-udledning,jord- og vandkvalitet samt størrelsen afskovarealer.
Expand access torenewableenergy1Subsidize coalRestrict access2in developing4to publiccountriesforests3SubsidizegasolineconsumptionGREATESTLEAST
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human development report2011SammendraG
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• Indkomstfordelingen er blevet forvær-ret på landeniveau i store dele af verden,selvom forskellene inden for sundhed oguddannelse er blevet mindre.• Der er en gennemsnitlig tendens til atempowermentgår hånd i hånd med et sti-gendeHuman Development Index(HDI),men tendensen bærer præg af betydeligvariation.Ifølge simulationer udarbejdet til dennerapport vil HDI i år 2050 være 8 procent lavereend udgangspunktet, og det er i scenariet “mil-jøudfordring”, der tager højde for den globaleopvarmnings negative effekter på landbrugs-produktion, adgang til rent vand og forbedretsanitet og på forurening (og 12 procent lavere iSydasien og Afrika Syd for Sahara). I det merekritiske scenarie “miljøkatastrofe”, som forud-ser omfattende skovfældning og jordforringel-ser, dramatisk fald i biodiversitet og mere eks-treme vejrforhold, vil det globale HDI værecirka 15 procent lavere end udgangspunktet.Figur 2 illustrerer omfanget af det tab ogde risici, vores børnebørn står over for, hvis viikke gør noget for at stoppe og begrænse denuværende tendenser. Miljøkatastrofe-scena-riet vil føre til et vendepunkt i udviklingslan-dene før år 2050, så deres HDI ikke længere vilkonvergere mod de rige landes HDI.Ifølge denne prognose er det i mange til-fælde de dårligst stillede, der fortsat vil bærekonsekvenserne af miljøforringelserne, påtrods af de kun i meget begrænset omfanghar bidraget til problemerne. Eksempelvis harlande med den laveste HDI bidraget mindst tilde globale klimaforandringer, men samtidig erdet disse lande, som har oplevet det største faldog de største variationer i regnmængde (figur3), hvilket har konsekvenser for deres land-brugsproduktion og livsgrundlag.Udledning pr. indbygger er langt højerei lande med meget højt HDI end i lande medlavt, middel og højt HDI til sammen på grundaf mere energi-intensive aktiviteter – bilkørsel,opvarmning og nedkøling af boliger og forret-ninger og forbrug af forarbejdede og emballe-rede fødevarer. En gennemsnitsperson, der bori et land med et meget højt HDI, udleder mereend fire gange så meget CO2 og omkring dob-belt så meget methan og dinitrogenoxid som en
FIGUR 2
scenarier, der viser de konsekvenser, som miljørisici vil have formenneskelig udvikling frem til 2050HDI1.0
Very high HDIcountries0.9
Base caseEnvironmental challengeEnvironmental disaster
0.8
0.7
Low, mediumand high HDIcountries
Base caseEnvironmental challengeEnvironmental disaster
0.6
0.5
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0.3
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
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Note:See text for explanation of scenarios.Source:HDRO calculations based on data from the HDRO database and B. Hughes, M. Irfan, J. Moyer, D. Rothman, and J. Solórzano,2011, “Forecasting the Impacts of Environmental Constraints on Human Development,” Human Development Research Paper, UnitedNations Development Programme, New York, who draw on forecasts from International Futures, Version 6.42.
person, der bor i et land med et lavt, middel ellerhøjt HDI – og ca. 30 gange mere CO2 end enperson, der bor i et land med et lavt HDI. Engennemsnitsperson i Storbritannien udleder påto måneder den samme mængde drivhusgas somen person, der bor i et land med et lavt HDI,forbruger på et år. Og en gennemsnitspersoni Qatar – som er det land, der har den størsteudledning pr. indbygger – forbruger den sammemængde på kun 10 dage, selvom mængden herafspejler såvel forbrug som produktion af varer,der forbruges andre steder i verden.Mens tre fjerdedele af væksten i udlednin-ger siden 1970 kommer fra lande med lavt,middel og højt HDI, forbliver det samledeniveau af drivhusgasser meget højere i landemed meget højt HDI. Og dette gælder ogsåuden, at der tages hensyn til flytningen af kul-stofintensiv produktion til fattigere lande, hvisproduktion i vid udstrækning eksporteres tilrige lande.sammendrag
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FIGUR 3
stigende temperaturer og faldende regnmængderLevels and changes in climate variability by HDI groupLevelsAveragevalue,2000s0.740.660.64(degrees Celsius)
Temperature
0.84
(millimetres per month)
Precipitation
Averagevalue,1951–1980
Very highHDIVery highHDIHighHDIMediumHDILowHDI–1.49
HighHDI–0.07
MediumHDI
LowHDI
–2.89–4.16Change in variability (percentage points)1.38
(degrees Celsius)
Temperature
(millimetres per month)
PrecipitationHighHDI
Averagevalue,1951–1980
Very high HighHDIHDI–0.17
MediumHDI–0.08
LowHDI–0.15
Very highHDI
MediumHDILowHDI–0.65
Averagevalue,2000s–1.35population for 1951–1980.Source:HDRO calculations based on data from the University of Delaware.
–0.98–1.38
Note:Change in variability is the difference in the coefficients of variation between 1951–1980 and the 2000s, weighted by average
Verden rundt har stigende HDI væretledsaget af miljøforringelser – selvom stør-stedelen af skaden kan føres tilbage til øko-nomisk vækst. Sammenlign det første ogtredje kvardrat i figur 4. Lande med høje ind-tægter har generelt højere CO2-udledningpr. indbygger. Men der er ingen forbindelsemellem niveauet af CO2-udledninger ogsundheds- og uddannelseskomponenterne iHDI. Dette resultat er intuitivt: Aktivite-ter, der udleder CO2 i atmosfæren, er dem,der er forbundet med produktion af varer og4human development report2011SammendraG
ikke med levering af sundheds- og uddan-nelsesydelser. Resultater viser også den uli-neære forbindelse mellem CO2-udledningpr. indbygger og HDI-komponenter: Lilleeller ingen forbindelse ved lavt HDI, menmed en stigning i HDI nås på et tidspunktet ‘vendepunkt’, hvor der ses en stærk posi-tiv sammenhæng mellem CO2-udledning ogindtægt.Lande med hurtige forbedringer i HDIhar også oplevet kraftige stigninger i CO2-udledning pr. indbygger. Snarere end et øje-bliksbillede af sammenhængen fremhæverdisse ændringer over tid, hvad morgendagenbringer som resultat af udviklingen i dag.Endnu engang driver indkomstændringertendensen.Men disse sammenhænge gælder ikke foralle miljøindikatorer. Vores analyse påviserkun en svag positiv sammenhæng mellemeksempelvis HDI og skovfældning. Hvor-for adskiller CO2-udledninger sig fra andremiljøtrusler? Vi mener, at hvor der er endirekte forbindelse mellem miljø og livskva-litet, som ved forurening, er de miljømæssigeresultater større i udviklede lande; hvor for-bindelsen er mere diffus, er resultatet megetsvagere. Når vi ser på sammenhængen mel-lem miljørisici og HDI, når vi frem til tregenerelle resultater:• Miljømæssige afsavn i husstanden – inden-dørs luftforurening, utilstrækkelig adgangtil rent vand og forbedret sanitet – er værrei lande med lavt HDI og bliver mindre,efterhånden som HDI stiger.• Miljørisici, som påvirker samfundet, såsomluftforurening i byerne, synes først at stigeog derefter falde i takt med udviklingen;nogle mener, at en omvendt U-formetkurve beskriver denne sammenhæng.• Miljørisici med global effekt – dvs. driv-husgasudledninger – stiger typisk i taktmed HDI.HDI er ikke i sig selv den egentlige driv-kraft bag disse forandringer. Indtægter og øko-nomisk vækst spiller en vigtig rolle i forklarin-gen, men sammenhængen er ikke fuldkommenendegyldig. Risikomønstrene påvirkes af detkomplekse samspil mellem bredere kræfter:For eksempel tillader international handel,
FIGUR 4
CO2 har en stærk og positiv indflydelse på indtægt, en svag på HdI og ingen på sundhed og uddannelseCarbon dioxide emissions per capita(tonnes)35302520151050
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
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0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
–0.3
–0.2
–0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Income component of the HDINote:Data are for 2007.Source:HDRO calculations, based on data from the HDRO database.
HDI
Health and education (nonincome)components of the HDI
at lande kan outsource produktion af varer,der skader miljøet. Omfattende udnyttelse afnaturressourcer til kommercielle formål bela-ster anderledes end udnyttelse af naturressour-cer til selvforsyning, og den miljømæssige pro-fil for land og by er meget forskellig. Endeligbetyder politikker og den politiske kontekstrigtig meget.Det skal hertil understreges, at mønstreneikke er givet. Mange lande har opnået storefremskridt med hensyn til både HDI, socialretfærdighed og miljømæssig bæredygtighed.I tråd med vores fokus på positive synergierforeslår vi en flerdimensionel strategi til atidentificere de lande, der har været bedre endandre i samme region til at fremme social ret-færdighed, hæve HDI, reducere husstandesindendørs luftforurening og øge adgang til rentvand, og som er de bedste både regionalt ogTabel 1
globalt inden for miljømæssig bæredygtighed(tabel 1). Miljømæssig bæredygtighed vurde-res ud fra drivhusgasudledning, vandforbrugog skovrydning. På grund af ufuldkommendata og andre forhold, som gør sammenlig-ning vanskelig, er resultaterne illustrative sna-rere end de giver et fuldkomment billede. Kunét land, nemlig Costa Rica, ligger over denregionale median på alle kriterier, mens de treandre, som ligger i top, scorer uensartet på deforskellige indikatorer. Sverige er bemærkel-sesværdig og skiller sig ud fra det regionale ogglobale gennemsnit på grund af landets indsatsomkring genplantning af skovområder.Vores liste viser, at lande på tværs af regio-ner, udviklingstrin og strukturelle karakteri-stika kan vedtage politikker, der bidrager tilmiljømæssig bæredygtighed, social retfærdig-hed og de vigtigste dimensioner i HDI. Dette
Lande der klarer sig godt mht. miljø, retfærdighed og menneskelig udvikling, senest tilgængelige årGlobal threatsGreenhouse gasemissions✔✔Local impactsEquity and human developmentHDIOverall loss(percent of regional (percent of regionalmedian)median)10410310310277918970
CountryCosta RicaGermanyPhilippinesSweden
Deforestation✔✔✔✔
Water use✔✔✔
Water access✔✔✔✔
Air pollution✔✔✔✔
Note:These countries all pass the criteria of absolute thresholds for global threats as defined in the full Report (chapter 2, note 80), perform better than the median of their respective regional peers both in thehuman development and inequality dimensions and perform better than the regional median for local impacts.
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FIGUR 5
nogle regioner ryddes for skov, andre genplantes og tilplantesmed skovForest cover shares and rates of change by region, 1990–2010 (millions of square kilometres)Forest area, 2010Arab StatesEast Asia andthe PacificEurope andCentral AsiaLatin Americaand theCaribbeanSouth AsiaSub-SaharanAfricaVery high HDIHigh HDIMedium HDILow HDI6.726.58–0.810.935.85–0.700.884.709.009.47–0.930.02
Change in forest area, 1990–2010–0.070.100.06
10.1016.80–0.71
0.11
0.03
Source:HDRO calculations based on data from World Bank, 2011,World Development Indicators,Washington, DC: World Bank.
års rapport gennemgår de politikker og pro-grammer, der har ført til succes og understre-ger samtidig betydningen af lokale forhold ogkontekst.Mere generelt viser de miljømæssige ten-denser over de seneste årtier en tilbagegangpå flere fronter med negative konsekvenser formenneskelig udvikling og ikke mindst for demillioner af mennesker, der er direkte afhæn-gige af naturressourcer for deres livsgrundlag.• Globalt set er næsten 40 procent jord ble-vet forringet på grund af jorderosion, ned-sat frugtbarhed og overdreven græsning.Jordproduktiviteten er faldende med etskønnet udbyttetab på helt op til 50 pro-cent i de mest negative scenarier.• Landbrug tegner sig for 70-85 procent afvandforbruget, og det skønnes, at der i 20procent af verdens samlede kornproduk-tion ikke bruges vand på en bæredygtigmåde, hvilket bringer fremtidig landbrugs-vækst i fare.
• Skovrydning er en stor udfordring. Mel-lem 1990 og 2010 oplevede Latinamerika,Caribien samt Afrika Syd for Sahara destørste tab af skovområder, efterfulgt afde arabiske stater (figur 5). I de resterenderegioner har der været en mindre tilvækstaf skovområder.• Ørkendannelse truer de tørre områder, derer hjemsted for omkring en tredjedel af ver-dens befolkning. Nogle områder er specieltsårbare – især Afrika Syd for Sahara, hvorde tørre områder er yderst følsomme, ogtilpasningsevnen er lav.Negative miljøfaktorer forventes at fåverdens fødevarepriser til at stige med 30-50procent i faste priser i de kommende årtier, ogder vil blive større prisustabilitet med nega-tive konsekvenser for fattige husstande. De1,3 milliarder mennesker, der er afhængige aflandbrug, fiskeri, skovbrug og jagt står over forde største risici. Byrden af miljøforringelserog klimaforandringer vil sandsynligvis skabeuligheder på tværs af grupperne af forskelligegrunde:• I landområder er mange fattiges indtægtdybt afhængig af naturressourcer. Selv folk,som ikke normalt er afhængige af naturres-sourcer, bliver det måske som en overlevel-sesstrategi i hårde tider.• Hvordan miljøforringelser vil påvirke folkafhænger af, om de er nettoproducentereller nettoforbrugere af naturressourcer,om de producerer til selvforsyning eller tilmarkedet, og hvor let de kan skifte mellemdisse aktiviteter og sprede deres indtjeningud på andre typer beskæftigelse.• I dag lever omkring 350 millioner menne-sker, mange af dem fattige, i eller nær skove,som de er afhængige af for at kunne for-syne sig selv og have en indtægt. Men bådeskovrydning og begrænsninger i adgan-gen til naturressourcer kan skade de fat-tige. Erfaringerne fra en række lande pegerpå, at kvinder typisk er mere afhængige afskove end mænd, fordi kvinder ofte harfærre beskæftigelsesmuligheder, er mindremobile og har størstedelen af ansvaret forat samle brænde.
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• Omkring 45 millioner mennesker – herafmindst 6 millioner kvinder – lever affiskeri og er truet af overfiskeri og klima-forandringer. Sårbarheden er dobbelt: Delande, der er mest truede, er også mestafhængige af fisk som kostprotein, livs-grundlag og eksport. Klimaforandringerforventes at føre til store fald i fiskebestan-dene ved Stillehavsøerne, mens der forud-siges forbedringer på nogle nordlige bred-degrader, herunder ved Alaska, Grønland,Norge og Rusland.I det omfang at kvinder i fattige lande, iuforholdsmæssig grad, er involveret i dyrkningaf afgrøder til eget forbrug og vandhentning,er de negative konsekvenser af miljøforrin-gelser større for dem. Mange oprindelige folker også meget afhængige af naturressourcerog lever i økosystemer, der er specielt sårbareover for effekterne af klimaforandringer, somfor eksempel i små udviklingsøstater, arktiskeregioner og højtliggende områder. Undersø-gelser viser, at traditionel praksis kan beskyttenaturressourcer, men denne viden overses ellerbagatelliseres ofte.Effekten af klimaforandringer på land-mænds livsgrundlag afhænger af afgrøde, geo-grafisk placering og sæson, og det understregervigtigheden af dybdegående lokale analyser.Påvirkningerne vil også være forskellige altefter husholdningernes produktions- og for-brugsmønstre, adgang til ressourcer, fattigd-omsniveau og tilpasningsevne. Samlet set vilden biofysiske nettopåvirkning af klimafor-andringer på kunstvandede og regnafhængigeafgrøder sandsynligvis være negativ i 2050 –og det vil gå hårdest ud over lande med lavtHDI.
FIGUR 6
Flerdimensionelt fattigdomsindeks(mPI) – et fokus på de mestunderprivilegeredeMultidimensionalpovertyLivingstandardMPI
Health
Education
er både mere sårbare over for de overordnedeeffekter af miljøforringelser og skal tilmed levemed de trusler mod deres nærmiljø, som inden-dørs luftforurening, beskidt vand og dårligsanitet udgør. Vores flerdimensionelle fattig-domsindeks (MultidimensionalPoverty Index– MPI), som blev introduceret i HDR 2010,er i år gjort op for 109 lande og ser nærmere pådisse afsavn og viser, hvor de er mest kritiske.MPI måler alvorlige mangler inden forsundhed, uddannelse og levestandard ved atse både på antallet af underprivilegerede ogintensiteten af deres afsavn (figur 6). I år servi nærmere på, hvor gennemgribende de miljø-relaterede afsavn er blandt de flerdimensioneltfattige, og hvordan de overlapper på husstands-niveau. Dette er en fornyelse i MPI’et.Med fokus på fattigdom kan vi under-søge miljømæssige afsavn i form af adgang tilmoderne brændsel til madlavning, rent vandog basale toiletforhold. Disse absolutte afsavn,Tabel 2
de 10 lande med den laveste andel af miljømæssige afsavn blandtde flerdimentionelt fattige, senest tilgængelige data i perioden2000-2010Lowest share of multidimensionallypoor with at least one deprivationBrazilGuyanaDjiboutiYemenIraqMoroccoPakistanSenegalColombiaAngolaNote:Countries in bold are on both lists.Source:HDRO staff estimates based on disaggregated MPI data.
Lowest share of multidimensionallypoor with all three deprivationsBangladeshPakistanGambiaNepalIndiaBhutanDjiboutiBrazilMoroccoGuyana
Forståelse af sammenhængeneMed udgangspunkt i de vigtige skæringspunk-ter mellem miljø og social retfærdighed på glo-balt plan undersøger vi sammenhængene påsamfunds- og husstandsniveau. Vi fremhæverogså lande og grupper, der har brudt mønste-ret, og understreger forandringerne i kønsrol-ler og menneskers indflydelse på eget liv. Ethovedtema er, at de mennesker, som er dårligststillede, bærer en dobbelt byrde af afsavn. De
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Miljøforringelserbegrænser folks evnerpå mange måder vedikke blot at rammeindkomst og levebrød,men ved også atindvirke på helbred,uddannelse og andredimensioner af velfærd
der er vigtige i sig selv, udgør store brud påmenneskerettighederne. Ved at gøre en endepå disse afsavn øges folks valgmuligheder ogderved menneskelig udvikling.I udviklingslandene lider mindst 6 ud af 10personer af et af disse miljørelaterede afsavn og4 ud af 10 af to eller flere. Disse afsavn er sær-lig akutte blandt flerdimensionelt fattige men-nesker, hvor mere end 9 ud af 10 lider undermindst ét. De fleste lider under flere afsavn:8 ud af 10 flerdimensionelt fattige menneskerlider under to eller flere, og næsten 1 ud af 3 (29procent) lider afsavn på alle tre områder. Dissemiljørelaterede afsavn bidrager uforholdsmæs-sigt meget til flerdimensionel fattigdom, idetde udgør 20 procent af MPI – ud over deres17 procent vægtning i indekset. Generelt erdet største afsavn i de fleste udviklingslandeadgang til madlavningsbrændsel, mens detaltafgørende problem i mange arabiske landeer mangel på vand.For bedre at forstå de miljørelateredeafsavn analyserede vi mønstrene for givne fat-tigdomsniveauer. Lande blev rangeret på bag-grund af andelen af flerdimensionelt fattigepersoner, der led under et miljørelateret afsavnog den andel, der led under alle tre. Andelaf befolkningen med miljørelaterede afsavn
FIGUR 7
antallet af dødsfald, der skyldes miljørisici, er højere i lande med ethøjt mPI-niveau.MPI0.70.60.50.40.30.20.10MOZAMBIQUECOMOROS
•NIGERETHIOPIA
•
•
• •
••
LIBERIA•
•MALI• •SOMALIA•RWANDA
stiger med MPI, men tendensen varierer bety-deligt. Lande med den laveste andel af fattige,der lider under mindst ét afsavn, findes pri-mært blandt de arabiske, latinamerikanske ogcaribiske stater (7 ud af de øverste 10).Af de lande, som har færrest flerdimensio-nelt fattige, som lider under alle tre miljørela-terede afsavn, klarer stater i Sydasien sig bedst– med 5 ud af de øverste 10 (se tabel 2, højrekolonne). Mange sydasiatiske lande har redu-ceret nogle af de miljørelaterede afsavn, særligtadgang til drikkevand, samtidig med at andreafsavn er forblevet alvorlige. Og fem landeer blandt de øverste 10 på begge lister – ikkealene er deres miljømæssige fattigdom relativtlav, den er også mindre intens.Der er ikke nødvendigvis en sammenhængmellem landenes præstation på disse indika-torer og miljørisici i bred forstand, som f.eks.risikoen for oversvømmelse. Samtidig er de fat-tige, der oftest er udsat for direkte miljømæs-sige trusler, også mere udsatte for miljøforrin-gelser af større målestok.Vi undersøger dette mønster yderligereved at se på sammenhængen mellem MPI ogde belastninger, klimaforandringer forårsager.For 130 nationalt definerede administrativeregioner i 15 lande sammenligner vi område-specifikke MPI’er med ændringer i nedbør ogtemperatur. Generelt ser de fattigste regionerog lokaliteter i disse lande ud til at være blevetvarmere, men ikke meget vådere eller tørrere– en ændring, der stemmer overens med resul-tater af undersøgelser af klimaforandringersvirkninger på indkomstfattigdom.Miljømæssige trusler mod udvalgtedimensioner af menneskeligudvikling
•
0
••••• ••• • ••• •••CHINA••••• •••••••• •• • •••
•••• • • • •••CHAD••••• • • •CAMEROON• •• •••• •••• ••GHANA••TAJIKISTAN1,0002,000
•
ANGOLA
•SIERRA LEONE
Miljøforringelser begrænser folks evner påmange måder ved ikke blot at ramme ind-komst og levebrød, men ved også at indvirkepå helbred, uddannelse og andre dimensioneraf velfærd.3,0004,0005,000
Deaths due to environmental causes(per million people)Note:Excludes very high HDI countries. Survey years vary by country; see statistical table 5 in the full Report for details.Source:A. Prüss-Üstün, R. Bos, F. Gore, and J. Bartram, 2008,Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability ofInterventions to Protect and Promote Health,Geneva: World Health Organization.
Dårligt miljø og helbred– overlappende afsavn
Den sygdomsbyrde, som følger af inden- ogudendørs luftforurening, snavset vand og dårligsanitet, er størst for folk i fattige lande, specielt
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dårligt stillede grupper. Indendørs luftforure-ning dræber 11 gange flere mennesker i landemed et lavt HDI, end det gør andre steder. Dår-ligt stillede grupper i lande med et lavt, middeleller højt HDI har en større risiko for udendørsforurening på grund af såvel højere eksponeringsom større sårbarhed. I lande med et lavt HDImangler mere end 6 ud af 10 personer adgang tilrent vand, mens 4 ud af 10 mangler adgang tilrene toiletforhold, hvilket bidrager til både syg-dom og fejlernæring. Klimaforandringer truermed at forværre disse uligheder gennem spred-ningen af tropiske sygdomme såsom malaria ogdenguefeber og gennem faldende høstudbytte.WHO’s database over den globale syg-domsbyrde indeholder slående data om mil-jøfaktorers følgevirkninger, herunder at urentvand og utilstrækkelig sanitet og hygiejne erblandt de 10 største sygdomsårsager på ver-densplan. Hvert år dræber miljørelaterede syg-domme, herunder akutte infektioner i ånde-drætssystemet og diarré, mindst 3 millionerbørn under 5 år – det svarer til mere end allebørn under 5 år i Østrig, Belgien, Holland,Portugal og Schweiz tilsammen.Miljøforringelser og klimaforandringerpåvirker fysiske og sociale miljøer, viden, vær-dier og adfærd. Omfanget af de dårlige forholdkan spille sammen og dermed øge den negativeindvirkning – for eksempel er intensiteten afsundhedsrisici højest, hvor der er utilstrække-lige vand- og sanitetsforhold, afsavn der oftefalder sammen. Af de 10 lande, som har denhøjeste dødelighed som følge af miljøkatastro-fer, ligger 6 lande blandt de øverste 10 i MPI,herunder Niger, Mali og Angola (figur 7).Hindring af uddannelsesfremskridt fordårligt stillede børn, især piger
undervisningstid, ligesom brugen af moderneovne reducerer den tid, der skal bruges på atsamle brænde og hente vand – aktiviteter, somhar vist sig at hæmme børns uddannelsesfrem-skridt og begrænse deres indskrivning i sko-len. Ofte går det særlig hårdt ud over pigerne,fordi de oftere skal kombinere indsamling afressourcer og skolegang. Adgang til rent vandog forbedret sanitet er også specielt vigtig forpigers uddannelse, idet det giver dem bedrehelbred og mere tid og privatliv.andre negative konsekvenser
Trods tæt ved universel indskrivning i grund-skolen i store dele af verden er der stadig for-skelle. Næsten 3 ud af 10 børn i skolealde-ren i lande med et lavt HDI bliver slet ikkeindskrevet i grundskolen. Der er ligeledesstadig mange begrænsninger selv for børn,som er indskrevet i skole, hvoraf nogle ermiljøre- laterede begrænsninger. Manglendeelektricitet har for eksempel en både direkteog en indirekte betydning. Adgang til elek-tricitet kan give bedre lys og dermed længere
Miljørelaterede afsavn i husholdningen kanfalde sammen med mere omfattende miljøpå-virkninger, som begrænser folks valgmulighe-der i en lang række sammenhænge og gør detvanskeligere at tjene til livet via ressourcer. Detkan betyde, at folk skal arbejde mere for at opnådet samme afkast eller måske endda flytte forat komme væk fra miljøforringelserne.Det er tidskrævende at have et livsgrund-lag, som er afhængigt af naturressourcer, isærhvis husstanden mangler moderne brændseltil madlavning og rent vand. Undersøgelser aftidsforbrug synliggør de tilknyttede kønsba-serede uligheder: Kvinder bruger typisk langtflere timer end mænd på at hente brænde ogvand, og piger bruger ofte mere tid end drengegør. Kvinders omfattende inddragelse i disseaktiviteter har også vist sig at forhindre dem iat engagere sig i aktiviteter med et større afkast.Som det anførtes i HDR fra 2009, givermobilitet folk mulighed for at vælge, hvor devil bo og er dermed vigtig for at øge folks fri-hed og for at opnå bedre resultater. Men juridi-ske begrænsninger gør migration risikabel. Deter vanskeligt at vurdere, hvor mange menne-sker, der flytter på grund af miljøforringelser,da der også er andre faktorer i spil, især fattig-dom. Ikke desto mindre er de skønsmæssigevurderinger meget høje.Miljøforringelser er også blevet forbundetmed en øget sandsynlighed for konflikt. Sam-menhængen er dog ikke direkte og påvirkes afden bredere politiske og økonomiske kontekstog andre faktorer, som gør individer, befolk-ningsgrupper og samfund sårbare over foreffekten af miljøforringelser.
En stigning på 10 procenti antallet af mennesker,der påvirkes af enekstrem vejrbegivenhed,reducerer et landsHDI med næsten 2procent, og det har enendnu større effekt påindkomst og på landemed et middel HDI
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Ulighedsskabende effekter afekstreme vejrbegivenheder
Ved at opfyldeudækkede behov forfamilieplanlægningsenest i 2050 ville mankunne sænke verdensCO2-udledning tilomkring 17 procentunder det, den er i dag
Parallelt med yderst skadelige kroniske trus-ler kan miljøforringelser øge sandsynlighe-den for akutte trusler med ulighedsskabendevirkning. Vores analyse viser, at en stigning på10 procent i antallet af mennesker, der påvir-kes af en ekstrem vejrbegivenhed, reducerer etlands HDI med næsten 2 procent, og det haren endnu større effekt på indkomst og på landemed et middel HDI.Og byrden fordeles ikke jævnt: Risikoenfor tilskadekomst og død ved oversvømmelser,kraftig vind og jordskred er højere blandt børn,kvinder og gamle, især for de fattige. Den slå-ende ulighed mellem kønnene ved naturkata-strofer antyder, at ulighed i eksponering, såvelsom adgang til ressourcer, evner og mulighe-der, systematisk stiller kvinder dårligere ved atgøre dem mere sårbare.Børn lider uforholdsmæssigt meget eftervejrkatastrofer, fordi de varige effekter af fej-lernæring og manglende undervisning begræn-ser deres fremtidige muligheder. Undersøgel-sesresultater fra mange udviklingslande viser,hvordan midlertidigt indtægtssvigt kan få hus-stande til at trække børn ud af skolen. Meregenerelt er der flere faktorer, der spiller ind på,hvor udsat en husstand er for negative påvirk-ninger og deres evne til at tilpasse sig. Detgælder blandt andet påvirkningens art, densocioøkonomiske situation, sociale kapital oguformelle støtte, samt hvor retfærdig og effek-tiv genopbygningsindsatsen er.Empowerment– reproduktivevalg og politiske ubalancer
Ændringer i kønsroller og styrkelse af men-neskers indflydelse på eget liv (empowerment)har gjort nogle lande og grupper i stand til atforbedre miljømæssig bæredygtighed og socialretfærdighed og derved fremme menneskeligudvikling.ligestilling
kvinder i de lande, hvor der er fri adgang tileffektiv familieplanlægning, får færre børn, ogdet medfører gevinster for mødre- og børne-sundheden og reducerer udledning af drivhus-gas. Eksempelvis har Cuba, Mauritius, Thai-land og Tunesien, hvor reproduktiv sundhedog svangerskabsforebyggelse er let tilgængelig,en fødselsrate på under to fødsler pr. kvinde.Men på verdensplan er der stadig enormeudækkede behov, og undersøgelsesresultaterviser, at hvis alle kvinder frit kunne vælge iforhold til reproduktion, ville befolknings-væksten falde så meget, at det ville nedbringeudledningen af drivhusgas til under det nuvæ-rende niveau. Ved at opfylde udækkede behovfor familieplanlægning senest i 2050 villeman kunne sænke verdens CO2-udledningtil omkring 17 procent under det, den er i dag.GII fokuserer også på kvinders deltagelsei politiske beslutninger og understreger,at kvinder halter efter mænd i hele verden,især i Afrika Syd for Sahara, Sydasien og dearabiske stater. Dette har stor betydning forbæredygtighed og social retfærdighed. Kvin-der står ofte for hovedparten af ressource-indsamlingen og er mest udsat for indendørsluftforurening. Derfor påvirkes de i højeregrad end mænd af beslutninger vedrørendenaturressourcer. Nye undersøgelser afslører,at det ikke alene har betydning, at kvinderdeltager, men også hvordan og hvor meget dedeltager. Kvinder viser ofte større interessefor miljøet, støtter miljøvenlige politikker ogstemmer på ledere, der sætter miljøet i højsæ-det, og derfor kan øget deltagelse af kvinderi politik og NGO’er give miljøgevinster meden positiv multiplikatoreffekt på tværs af alleFN’s 2015 Mål.Disse argumenter er ikke nye, men debekræfter værdien af at øge kvinders reellefrihed. Kvinders politiske deltagelse har såle-des både en selvstændig værdi og en instrumen-tel betydning for at fremme social retfærdig-hed og begrænse miljøforringelser.Magtuligheder
Vores ligestillingsindeks (Gender Inequa-lity Index – GII), der i år er blevet gjort opfor 145 lande, viser, hvordan begrænsningeri den reproduktive sundhed bidrager til ulig-hed mellem kønnene. Dette er vigtigt, fordi10human development report2011SammendraG
Som anført i HDR 2010 harempowermentmange aspekter og indebærer blandt andetformelt, procesorienteret demokrati på natio-nalt plan og mulighed for politisk deltagelse
på lokalt plan. Befolkningens politiske inddra-gelse på det nationale og lokale plan har vistsig at forbedre miljømæssig bæredygtighed. Ogskønt kontekst er vigtig, viser undersøgelser,at demokratier typisk er mere ansvarlige overfor vælgerne og i højere grad støtter borger-rettigheder. Imidlertid er det en udfordringalle steder, selv i demokratiske systemer, at demennesker, der rammes hårdest af de negativeeffekter af miljøforringelser, ofte også er dedårligst stillede og dem, der har mindst poli-tisk indflydelse. Denne situation medfører, atde politiske prioriteringer sjældent afspejlerderes interesser og behov.Flere undersøgelser viser, at magtulighederi politiske institutioner påvirker miljømæssigebeslutninger og resultater i en række lande ogkontekster. Det betyder, at fattige menneskerog andre dårligt stillede grupper lider ufor-holdsmæssigt under virkningerne af miljøfor-ringelser. Nye analyser af ca. 100 lande udar-bejdet til denne rapport bekræfter, at der eren positiv sammenhæng mellem større lighedi magtfordeling i bred forstand og bedre mil-jøresultater, herunder bedre adgang til vand,mindre jordforringelser og færre dødsfald somfølge af inden- og udendørs luftforureningsamt beskidt vand, hvilket antyder et vigtigtspillerum for positive synergieffekter.
opskaleringen af vellykkede innovative løs-ninger og politisk reform.Den politiske dagsorden er enorm. Dennerapport kan ikke yde den fuld retfærdighed,men dens værditilførelse består i at identificerestrategier, som har succes med at tackle voressociale, økonomiske og miljømæssige udfor-dringer ved at håndtere, eller endda omgå,trade offs gennem tiltag, der ikke kun er godefor miljøet, men også for social retfærdighedog menneskelig udvikling i bred forstand. Forat inspirere til debat og handling giver vi kon-krete eksempler på, hvordan strategien for atovervinde potentielle trade-offs og identificerepositive synergieffekter har fungeret i praksis.Som eksempel præsenterer vi moderne energi.Adgang til moderne energi
Der er mange lovendeprojekter, som vil øgeadgangen til energi udentunge ofre for miljøet
Positive synergieffekter –succesfulde strategier formiljøet, social retfærdighedog menneskelige udviklingFor at håndtere de udfordringer, som er ble-vet uddybet her, har en række regeringer,aktører i civilsamfundet og den private sek-tor samt udviklingspartnere skabt tiltag, derintegrerer miljømæssig bæredygtighed, socialretfærdighed og menneskelig udvikling – istrategier som fremmer alle tre. Effektiveløsninger skal være kontekstspecifikke. Mendet er ikke desto mindre vigtigt at overvejelokale og nationale erfaringer, der har poten-tiale og anerkende principper, som fungererpå tværs af kontekst. På det lokale plan under-streger vi behovet for inkluderende institutio-ner; på det nationale plan mulighederne for
Energi er central for menneskelig udvikling, ogalligevel mangler rundt regnet 1,5 milliardermennesker på verdensplan elektricitet – det ermere end en ud af fem. Blandt flerdimensioneltfattige er afsavnene langt større – her mangleren ud af tre adgang til moderne energi.Er der et trade-off mellem en forøgelseaf energiforsyning og CO2-udledning? Ikkenødvendigvis. Vi hævder, at denne sammen-hæng ofte er forkert karakteriseret. Der ermange lovende projekter, som vil øge adgan-gen uden tunge ofre for miljøet:• Det er teknisk muligt at skaffe fattige hus-stande energi via decentrale systemer, derikke er tilsluttet energinettet. Disse løsnin-ger kan finansieres og leveres med minimalpåvirkning af miljøet.• Det skønnes, at en fremskaffelse af basalemoderne energiydelser til alle ville øgeCO2-udledningen med blot 0,8 pro-cent – hvis de brede politiske forpligtel-ser, der allerede er givet løfte om, tages ibetragtning.Den globale energiforsyning nåede etvendepunkt i 2010, hvor vedvarende energistod for 25 procent af verdens strømkapaci-tet og leverede mere end 18 procent af verdenselektricitet. Udfordringen består i at udvideadgangen i et omfang og med en hastighed, dervil forbedre livet for fattige kvinder og mændnu og fremover.
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Afværgelse af miljøødelæggelse
Traditionelle metoder tilat vurdere miljøpolitik-ker har ofte ikke megetat bidrage med, nårdet kommer til fordel-ingsproblematikker.Derimod er betydningenaf social retfærdighed oginddragelse allerede eks-plicit i målene for grønneøkonomiske politikker,og vi foreslår, at dennedagsorden føres videre
Miljøforringelser kan afværges med midler,der spænder fra øget reproduktiv sundhed tilstyrkelse af den måde hvorpå skove forvaltesog tilpassede katastrofeindsatser.Reproduktive rettigheder, herunderadgang til reproduktive sundhedsydelser, eren forudsætning for kvinders muligheder forat have indflydelse på eget liv og være med tilat afværge miljøforringelser. Store forbedrin-ger er mulige. Der findes masser af eksemplerpå, at det er muligt at benytte den eksisterendesundhedsinfrastruktur til at levere reproduk-tive sundhedsydelser for meget små ekstraud-gifter og med stor betydning for lokalsamfun-det. Se blot på Bangladesh, hvor fødselsratenfaldt fra 6,6 fødsler pr. kvinde i 1975 til 2 ,4i 2009. Regeringen benyttede oopsøgendearbejde, gav tilskud til at gøre prævention let-tere tilgængelig og påvirkede sociale normergennem diskussioner med meningsdannere afbegge køn, herunder religiøse ledere, lærere ogNGO’er.Samfundets forvaltning af skovområderkan råde bod på lokale miljøforringelser ogmindske kulstofudledningen, men erfaringenviser, at det også indebærer en risiko for at ude-lukke og stille allerede marginaliserede grup-per endnu dårligere. For at undgå disse risiciunderstreger vi vigtigheden af bred deltagelsei udformning og implementering af forvalt-ningen af skovområder, især af kvinder, fattigegrupper og de, der er afhængige af skovens res-sourcer, så de ikke bliver dårligere stillet.Der er også lovende muligheder for at redu-cere de negative følger af katastrofer gennemet retfærdigt og tilpasset katastrofeberedskab,der indeholder innovative sociale beskyttelses-programmer. Katastrofeberedskab omfattersamfundsbaseret kortlægning af risici og enmere progressiv fordeling af de aktiver i sam-fundet, som genopbygges. Erfaring viser, atdet kan være en fordel at skifte til decentralemodeller for nedsættelse af risici. Sådanne til-tag kan styrke lokalsamfund, specielt kvinder,ved at lægge vægt på deltagelse i planlægningog beslutningstagning. Samfund kan genop-bygges på måder, der afhjælper eksisterendeuligheder.
nytænkning af voresudviklingsmodel –løftestænger til forandringDe store uligheder på tværs af mennesker,grupper og lande, som bidrager til de store ogstadig større miljøtrusler, stiller verden overfor massive politiske udfordringer. Men derer grund til optimisme. I mange henseenderer betingelserne for fremskridt bedre i dag endnogensinde før - i betragtning af de innova-tive politikker og initiativer vi ser i nogle deleaf verden. Det kræver nytænkning at bringedebatten videre, især så tæt på FN’s konfe-rence om bæredygtig udvikling, Rio+20, ogstarten på den æra som skal følge efter 2015Målene. Denne rapport fremsætter en nyvision for at fremme menneskelig udviklingud fra et samlet perspektiv på bæredygtighedog social retfærdighed. På lokalt og nationaltplan understreger vi behovet for at sætte socialretfærdighed øverst på dagsordenen i udform-ning af politikker og udviklingsprogrammersamt at udnytte de potentielle multiplikati-onseffekter, der ligger i større inddragelse ogindflydelse på de juridiske og politiske proces-ser. På det globale plan fremhæver vi behovetfor at afsætte flere ressourcer til at tackle pres-serende miljøtrusler og til at fremme socialretfærdighed og inddragelse af dårligt stil-lede lande og grupper for derved at forbedreadgang til finansiering.Integration af social retfærdighed i grønneøkonomiske politikker
Et vigtigt hovedtema i denne rapport er beho-vet for at integrere social retfærdighed i poli-tikker, der påvirker miljøet. Traditionellemetoder til at vurdere miljøpolitikker kom-mer til kort. De kan muligvis belyse, hvilkenvej påvirkningerne af eksempelvis fremtidigeudledninger vil gå, men de har ofte ikke megetat bidrage med, når det kommer til forde-lingsproblematikker. Selv når virkningernepå forskellige grupper tages i betragtning, eropmærksomheden typisk begrænset til folksindkomst. Vigtigheden af social retfærdighedog inddragelse er allerede eksplicit i målene forgrønne økonomiske politikker. Vi foreslår, atdenne dagsorden føres videre.
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human development report2011SammendraG
En række grundprincipper kunne hjælpemed at inddrage de overordnede sociale retfær-dighedsproblematikker i politikudviklingen,hvis man involverede alle parter i en analyse,der tager følgende i betragtning:• Ikke indkomstafhængige mål for velfærdgennem værktøjer såsom MPI.• Indirekte og direkte effekter af politikker.• Mekanismer som udløser erstatning til demennesker, som påvirkes negativt.• Risiko for ekstreme vejrforhold, der uansethvor sandsynlig de er, kan være katastro-fale. Det er afgørende at foretage en tidliganalyse af de fordelings- og miljømæssigekonsekvenser af politikker.et rent og sikkert miljø– en rettighed, ikke et privilegium
Det kan være effektivt at indbygge miljøret-tigheder i nationale forfatninger, ikke mindstfordi det sætter borgerne i stand til at beskyttesådanne rettigheder. Mindst 120 lande harforfatninger, der behandler miljønormer. Ogmange lande uden eksplicitte miljørettighederfortolker generelle forfatningsbestemmelser,således at individuelle rettigheder omfatter enfundamental ret til et sundt miljø.En forfatningsmæssig anerkendelse af ligerettigheder til et sundt miljø fremmer socialretfærdighed, idet adgang til et sundt miljøikke længere er forbeholdt de personer, somhar råd til det. Herudover kan det påvirke rege-ringens prioritering og ressourceallokering atindbygge denne ret i lovgivningen.Parallet med den lovmæssige anerkendelseaf lige rettigheder til et sundt og velfungerendemiljø er der et behov for effektive institutioner,herunder en retfærdig og uafhængig domstolog adgang til relevant information fra regerin-ger og virksomheder. Det internationale sam-fund anerkender også i stigende grad retten tilmiljøinformation.Deltagelse og ansvarlighed
fordeling af magt og indflydelse føre til positiveog retfærdige miljømæssige resultater. Demokratier vigtigt, men derudover skal nationale institu-tioner være ansvarlige og inddragende – især forberørte grupper, herunder kvinder – så civilsam-fundet kan gøre sig gældende, og det bliver muligtat fremme adgang til information.Åbne, transparente og inddragende delibe-rative processer er en forudsætning for deltagelse– men i praksis er der stadig en række barriererfor aktiv politisk deltagelse. Trods positive for-andringer er der stadig brug for at styrke mulig-hederne for at spille en mere aktiv rolle blandtde grupper, der traditionelt bliver udelukkede,såsom oprindelige folk. Og stadig flere undersø-gelsesresultater peger på betydningen af at støttekvinders engagement, både fordi det er vigtigt isig selv, og fordi det har vist sig at være positivtforbundet med at opnå mere bæredygtige resul-tater. De lande, hvor regeringer er lydhøre overfor anliggender, der optager befolkningen, er derstørre sandsynlighed for forandring. Et gunstigtmiljø for civilsamfundet skaber også politiskansvarlighed på det lokale, nationale og globaleplan. Samtidig er pressefrihed af afgørendebetydning for at skabe politisk bevidsthed ogfremme offentlighedens deltagelse.Finansiering af investeringerne:hvor står vi?
En skat på valutatransaktionermed en meget lavprocentsats (0,005procent) kan indbringeekstraindtægter påmere end 40 milliarderUSD. Ikke ret mangeandre tiltag end dettevil kunne imødekommede nye og yderligerefinansieringsbehov, derer blevet fremhævet iinternationale debatter
Valgmuligheder er centralt for menneskeligudvikling og har, som det blev fremført i sidsteårs HDR, både en iboende og en instrumentelværdi. Store uligheder i fordelingen af magt ogindflydelse omsættes til store uligheder i miljø-mæssige resultater. Modsat kan en mere ligelig
Debatter om bæredygtighed rejser store spørgs-mål om omkostninger og finansiering, herun-der hvem der skal finansiere hvad – og hvordan.Principper om social retfærdighed taler for storeoverførsler af ressourcer til fattige lande bådefor at opnå en mere retfærdig adgang til vand ogenergi og for at tilpasse sig klimaændringer ogreducere effekterne af disse.Vores finansieringsanalyse viser fire vigtigebudskaber:• Behovet for investeringer er store, mende behøver ikke overstige de nuværendeudgifter til andre sektorer, som f.eks. mili-tæret. Den skønnede årlige investering forat opnå universel adgang til moderne ener-gikilder er mindre end en ottende-del af deårlige subsidier til fossile brændstoffer.• Den offentlige sektors engagement er vig-tig (nogle donorers generøsitet skiller sigud), og den private sektor er en stor og vigtigsammendrag
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FIGUR 8
statslig udviklingsbistand dækker langt fra behovetEstimated future needs and existingofficial development assistance (ODA)Annual expenditures ($ billions)1,500
Highestimateof need
1,000
ODA commitments and disbursements, 2010($ billions)5050040302010
Lowestimateof need
ODAcommitmentsODAdisbursements
ODA
5000
Climatechange2010–2030
Low-carbonenergy2010–2035
Water andsanitationby 2015
Climatechange
Low-carbon Water andenergysanitation
Source: International Energy Agency, 2010,World Energy Outlook,Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; UN Water, 2010,Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water: Targeting Resources for Better Results,Geneva: World Health Organization; United NationsDepartment of Economic and Social Affairs, 2010,Promoting Development, Saving the Planet,New York: United Nations; and OECD DevelopmentDatabase on Aid Activities: CRS online.
finansieringskilde. Den offentlige sektor kanvære katalysator for private private investe-ringer, hvilket understreger betydningen afstigende offentlige bidrag og behovet for atstøtte et positivt investeringsklima samt lokalkapacitet.• Begrænsninger i data gør det vanskeligt atovervåge de private og nationale offentligesektorers udgifter til et bæredygtigt miljø.Der er kun tilgængelige informationerom størrelsen af de statslige udgifter tiludviklingsbistand.• Finansieringsarkitekturen er kompleksog fragmenteret, og det begrænser dens14human development report2011SammendraG
effektivitet og gør det vanskeligt at over-våge udgifterne. Der er meget at lære frade løfter om øget effektivitet i udviklings-bistanden, der blev givet i Paris og Accra.Selvom dokumentationen for behov, løfterog udbetalinger er fragmenteret og omfangetusikkert, er billedet tydeligt: Afstanden mel-lem den statslige udviklingsbistands størrelseog de investeringer, der er nødvendige for atløse problemerne omkring klimaforandrin-ger, energiproduktion med lav CO2-udled-ning samt rent vand og sanitet, er enorme –endnu større end afstanden mellem løfterne
om udviklingsbistand og investeringsbehovet(figur 8). Udgifterne til energikilder med lavCO2-udledning udgør kun 1,6 procent af detlaveste vurderede behov, mens udgifterne tiltilpasning og reduktion udgør omkring 11procent af det laveste vurderede behov. Forvand og sanitet er beløbene langt mindre, ogofficielle tilsagn om udviklingsbistand er tæt-tere på de vurderede omkostninger.Sådan lukkes hullet i finansieringen: skatpå valutatransaktioner – fra god idé tilpraktisk politik
Den manglende finansiering til at håndterede udfordringer, som er blevet dokumenteret idenne rapport, kan findes gennem udnyttelse afnye muligheder: Det bedste bud er at lægge enskat på valutatransaktioner. Der blev argumen-teret for idéen i HDR 1994, og den accepteres istigende grad som en praktisk politisk mulighed.Den aktuelle økonomiske krise har vagt fornyetinteresse for forslaget, hvilket understreger detsrelevans og rettidighed.Infrastrukturen for valutaafregninger eri dag mere organiseret, centraliseret og stan-dardiseret end tidligere, og det betyder, at detnu ville være lettere at implementere skatten.Forslaget har tilslutning på højt plan, herun-der fra den såkaldte ledende gruppe omkringinnovativ finansiering (Leading Group onInnovative Financing), som består af 63 lande,heriblandt Kina, Frankrig, Tyskland, Japan ogStorbritannien. Og FN’s højniveau gruppe afrådgivere om finansiering af klimaforandrin-ger (UN High-Level Advisory Group on Cli-mate Change Financing) foreslog for nylig, at25-50 procent af indtægterne fra en sådan skatskulle rettes mod tilpasning og reduktion afklimaforandringer i udviklingslande.Vores seneste analyse viser, at en sådan skatpå valutatransaktioner ved en meget lav pro-centsats (0,005 procent) kan indbringe eks-traindtægter på mere end 40 milliarder USD.Ikke ret mange andre tiltag i den nødvendigestørrelsesorden vil kunne imødekomme de nyeog yderligere finansieringsbehov, der er blevetfremhævet i internationale debatter.En mere generel skat på finansielle trans-aktioner har også et stort indkomstskabendepotentiale. De fleste G20-lande har allerede
implementeret en skat på finansielle trans-aktioner, og den Internationale Valutafond(IMF) har bekræftet, at det rent administra-tivt er muligt at gennemføre en mere generelskat på finansielle transaktioner. Én version afskatten, i form af en afgift på 0,05 procent pånationale og internationale finansielle transak-tioner, er skønnet at kunne indbringe 600-700milliarder USD.Monetisering af en del af IMF’s oversky-dende særlige trækningsrettigheder (SpecialDrawing Rights - SDR) har også påkaldt siginteresse. Det vil kunne skaffe op til 75 milli-arder USD med få eller ingen budgetmæssigeomkostninger for de bidragende regeringer.SDR’erne er ekstra attraktive, idet de også fun-gerer som et monetært genopretningsinstru-ment; efterspørgslen forventes at komme fravækstmarkedsøkonomier, som ønsker at spredederes reserver.Reformer for større social retfærdighedog medbestemmelse
Enhver virkeligforandringsskabendeindsats for atstandse eller bremseklimaforandringerkræver, at nationale oginternationale, privateog offentlige tilskuds- oglånemidler blandes
At bygge bro over den kløft, der skiller poli-tikere, forhandlere og beslutningstagere frade borgere, som er mest sårbare over for mil-jøforringelser kræver, at man gør op med denmanglende mulighed for at stille de globaltansvarlige for miljøet til ansvar. Øget ansvar-lighed alene fjerner ikke udfordringen, men ergrundlaget for at bygge et socialt og miljømæs-sigt effektivt globalt ledelsessystem, der levererresultater til verdens befolkning.Vi efterlyser tiltag, der vil øge social ret-færdighed og medbestemmelse i adgangen tilfinansiering af miljøforbedringer.Private ressourcer er afgørende og def leste finansieringsstrømme til foreksem-pel energisektoren kommer fra private. Mendisse investeringsmønstre er påvirket afinvestorernes syn på de større risici og min-dre overskud, der gør sig gældende i nogleregioner. Uden reformer vil fordelingen aflandenes adgang til finansiering forbliveuens og dermed skærpe eksisterende ulig-heder. Dette understreger vigtigheden af atsikre, at strømmene af offentlige investerin-ger er retfærdige og hjælper til at skabe for-hold, der kan tiltrække fremtidige privatepengestrømme.sammendrag
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Sagen er klar – der er behov forretfærdighedsprincipper til at styreog fremme internationale finansie-ringsstrømme. Der er brug for støttetil opbygning af institutioner, såledesat udviklingslandene kan etablere derette politikker og incitamenter. Detilhørende styringsmekanismer forinternational offentlig finansieringskal fordre medbestemmelse og socialansvarlighed.Enhver virkelig forandringsska-bende indsats for at standse eller bremsehastigheden på klimaforandringerkræver, at nationale og internationale,private og offentlige tilskud- og låne-midler blandes. For at fremme båderetfærdig adgang til og effektiv udnyt-telse af internationale finansierings-strømme, går denne rapport ind for atsætte nationale interessenter i stand tilat sammensætte en klimafinansieringpå landeniveau. Nationale klimafondekan lette den operationelle sammen-sætning og overvågning af nationaleog internationale, private og offentligetilskud- og lånemidler. Dette er uhyrevigtigt for at sikre national ansvarlig-hed og positive fordelingsresultater.Rapporten foreslår, at der fokuserespå fire sæt værktøjer på landeplan til atgennemføre denne plan:• Strategier der fremmer lav CO2-udledning og modstandsdygtig-hed mod klimaforandringer– forat ensrette målene for menneske-lig udvikling, retfærdighed ogklimaforandringer.• Offentligt-private partnerskaber–for at katalysere kapital fra virksom-heder og husholdninger.• Lokale klimafinansieringsløsninger– for at skaffe retfærdig adgang tilinternational offentlig finansiering.• Koordineret implementering, over-vågning-, rapportering- og verifice-ringssystemer –for at skaffe lang-sigtede, effektive resultater ogansvarlighed over for såvel lokalebefolkninger som partnere.16human development report2011SammendraG
Endelig opfordrer vi til at iværksætteet højt profileret globalt initiativ, somskal sikre universel adgang til energi ogvære fortaler for og yde støtte til udvik-ling af ren energi på landeniveau. Etsådant initiativ kunne kickstarte arbej-det med at skifte fra gradvis til transfor-mativ forandring.***Rapporten kaster lys over forbindelsenmellem bæredygtighed og social retfær-dighed og viser, hvordan menneskeligudvikling kan blive mere bæredygtig ogmere retfærdig. Den afslører, hvordanmiljøforringelser skader fattige og sår-bare grupper mere end andre. Vi foreslåren politisk dagsorden, der vil afhjælpedisse ubalancer ved at forme en strategifor at tackle aktuelle miljøproblemer påen måde, der fremmer social retfærdig-hed og menneskelig udvikling. Og viviser praktiske måder, hvorpå disse sup-plerende mål kan fremmes i fællesskabved at give folk flere valgmuligheder ogsamtidig beskytte vores miljø.
sammendrag
17
2011 HDI rank and change in rank from 2010 to 2011AfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAndorraAngolaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBhutanBolivia, Plurinational State ofBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBrazilBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaColombiaComorosCongoCongo, Democratic Republic of theCosta RicaCôte d’IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFijiFinlandFormer Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaFranceGabonGambia17270963214860458621991534214647651893167141108741188433551811851391506133179183441018716313718769170465131271616581988311310513617734174100227820106168↑1GeorgiaGermanyGhanaGreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHondurasHong Kong, China (SAR)HungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIran, Islamic Republic ofIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKorea, Republic ofKuwaitKyrgyzstanLao People’s Democratic RepublicLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMicronesia, Federated States ofMoldova, Republic ofMongoliaMontenegroMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNepalNetherlandsNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorway75913529671311781761171581211338141341248813271724791295681431221563126138437116018264840251511716110917536159775711611111054130184149120157351291861561Occupied Palestinian TerritoryOmanPakistanPalauPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSão Tomé and PríncipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSouth AfricaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTajikistanTanzania, United Republic ofThailandTimor-LesteTogoTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited StatesUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic ofViet NamYemenZambiaZimbabwe11489145495815310780112394137506616672828599144561555952180263521142123239716910414010111191271521031471629062949210216176302844811512573128154164173
↑
1
↑↑
11
↑↓↑↑↓
1–111–1
↑↑↓↑↓↑↓
21–11–11–1
↓↓
–1–1
↓↓↑↑
–1–121
↓↓↑↑
–1–111
↓↑↑
–111
↑↑
21
↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑
–11–11–101–23
↑↑
11
↓
–1
↓
–2
↑
1
↓↑
–11
↓↓
–1–1
↓
–1
↑↓↑
1–13
↓↓↑↓↓
–1–12–1–1
↑
3
↑
1
↑↑↓
11–1
↓
–2
↓↓
–3–2
↑
1
↑
1
NOTEArrows indicate upward or downward movement in the country’s ranking over 2010–2011 using consistent data and methodology; a blank indicates no change.
18
human development report2011SammendraG
Human development indicesHuman DevelopmentIndex (HDI)ValueInequality-adjustedHDIValueRankGender Inequality IndexValueRank
HDI rankVERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Norway2 Australia3 Netherlands4 United States5 New Zealand6 Canada7 Ireland8 Liechtenstein9 Germany10 Sweden11 Switzerland12 Japan13 Hong Kong, China (SAR)14 Iceland15 Korea, Republic of16 Denmark17 Israel18 Belgium19 Austria20 France21 Slovenia22 Finland23 Spain24 Italy25 Luxembourg26 Singapore27 Czech Republic28 United Kingdom29 Greece30 United Arab Emirates31 Cyprus32 Andorra33 Brunei Darussalam34 Estonia35 Slovakia36 Malta37 Qatar38 Hungary39 Poland40 Lithuania41 Portugal42 Bahrain43 Latvia44 Chile45 Argentina46 Croatia47 Barbados
MultidimensionalPoverty Index
0.9430.9290.9100.9100.9080.9080.9080.9050.9050.9040.9030.9010.8980.8980.8970.8950.8880.8860.8850.8840.8840.8820.8780.8740.8670.8660.8650.8630.8610.8460.8400.8380.8380.8350.8340.8320.8310.8160.8130.8100.8090.8060.8050.8050.7970.7960.7930.7830.7820.7810.7760.7730.7710.7710.7710.7700.7700.768
0.8900.8560.8460.771..0.8290.843..0.8420.8510.840....0.8450.7490.8420.7790.8190.8200.8040.8370.8330.7990.7790.799..0.8210.7910.756..0.755....0.7690.787....0.7590.7340.7300.726..0.7170.6520.6410.675..0.654..0.683....0.6580.7180.683..0.5890.579
12423..126..739....5288211514161011172218..131926..27....2420....25293031..33444738..43..36....413237..5657
0.0750.1360.0520.2990.1950.1400.203..0.0850.0490.0670.123..0.0990.1110.0600.1450.1140.1310.1060.1750.0750.1170.1240.1690.0860.1360.2090.1620.2340.141....0.1940.1940.2720.5490.2370.1640.1920.1400.2880.2160.3740.3720.1700.3640.352..0.3330.337..0.332..0.2450.6460.4480.492
618247322033..71414..91132212161028513152681734243821....3031421113925291944366867276562..5558..54..401357995
........................................0.000..........0.010....0.002......0.0260.000....0.016........0.006..0.0110.016..0.006..........0.006....0.015..
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT48 Uruguay49 Palau50 Romania51 Cuba52 Seychelles53 Bahamas54 Montenegro55 Bulgaria56 Saudi Arabia57 Mexico58 Panama
Human deveLOPment IndICes
19
human development indices
HDI rank
Human DevelopmentIndex (HDI)Value
Inequality-adjustedHDIValueRank
Gender Inequality IndexValueRank
MultidimensionalPoverty Index
596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394
SerbiaAntigua and BarbudaMalaysiaTrinidad and TobagoKuwaitLibyaBelarusRussian FederationGrenadaKazakhstanCosta RicaAlbaniaLebanonSaint Kitts and NevisVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic ofBosnia and HerzegovinaGeorgiaUkraineMauritiusFormer Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaJamaicaPeruDominicaSaint LuciaEcuadorBrazilSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesArmeniaColombiaIran, Islamic Republic ofOmanTongaAzerbaijanTurkeyBelizeTunisia
0.7660.7640.7610.7600.7600.7600.7560.7550.7480.7450.7440.7390.7390.7350.7350.7330.7330.7290.7280.7280.7270.7250.7240.7230.7200.7180.7170.7160.7100.7070.7050.7040.7000.6990.6990.6980.6980.6980.6910.6890.6880.6880.6870.6860.6820.6800.6740.6740.6650.6630.6610.6530.6490.6440.6440.6410.6410.6360.6330.6330.6320.625
0.694....0.644....0.6930.670..0.6560.5910.6370.570..0.5400.6490.6300.6620.6310.6090.6100.557....0.5350.519..0.6390.479......0.6200.542..0.5230.565..0.5790.510....0.534..0.5370.5180.4950.5430.5050.4370.4950.5630.5690.5160.489..0.5440.3900.492..0.5030.353
34....46....3539..42554959..6745514050545363....6973..4886......5266..7261..5877....70..6874836578878262607585..649484..8099
....0.2860.3310.2290.314..0.338..0.3340.3610.2710.440..0.447..0.4180.3350.3530.1510.4500.415....0.4690.449..0.3430.4820.4850.309..0.3140.4430.4930.2930.4560.4120.4190.480....0.209..0.382..0.4870.5090.4760.4760.3200.4100.2980.427........0.5110.5070.4740.466
....43533751..59..56644176..78..735763238172....8580..60919249..5077974583717490....35..69..93103878852704675........1061028684
0.003....0.020....0.0000.005..0.002..0.005......0.0030.0030.008..0.008..0.086....0.0090.011..0.0040.022......0.0210.0280.0240.0100.008..0.0210.018....0.056..0.0060.039..0.1610.0640.0890.0180.0650.0070.0640.0240.0050.008..0.053..0.0210.187
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT95 Jordan96 Algeria97 Sri Lanka98 Dominican Republic99 Samoa100 Fiji101 China102 Turkmenistan103 Thailand104 Suriname105 El Salvador106 Gabon107 Paraguay108 Bolivia, Plurinational State of109 Maldives110 Mongolia111 Moldova, Republic of112 Philippines113 Egypt114 Occupied Palestinian Territory115 Uzbekistan116 Micronesia, Federated States of117 Guyana118 Botswana119 Syrian Arab Republic120 Namibia
20
human development report2011SammendraG
human development indices
HDI rank
Human DevelopmentIndex (HDI)Value
Inequality-adjustedHDIValueRank
Gender Inequality IndexValueRank
MultidimensionalPoverty Index
121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141
HondurasKiribatiSouth AfricaIndonesiaVanuatuKyrgyzstanTajikistanViet NamNicaraguaMoroccoGuatemalaIraqCape VerdeIndiaGhanaEquatorial GuineaCongoLao People’s Democratic RepublicCambodiaSwazilandBhutan
0.6250.6240.6190.6170.6170.6150.6070.5930.5890.5820.5740.5730.5680.5470.5410.5370.5330.5240.5230.5220.5220.5100.5090.5090.5040.5000.4950.4860.4830.4820.4800.4660.4660.4620.4590.4590.4580.4540.4530.4500.4460.4350.4330.4300.4300.4290.4270.4200.4080.4000.4000.3980.3760.3630.3590.3530.3490.3440.3430.3360.3310.329
0.427....0.504..0.5260.5000.5100.4270.4090.393....0.3920.367..0.3670.4050.3800.338....0.3380.3480.3460.3630.332....0.3210.3320.332..0.3120.3040.2780.3010.2710.2980.2880.2960.289..0.3030.2750.2760.274....0.2460.272..0.2680.247..0.207..0.2110.2040.1960.2150.213
89....79..718176889092....9396..979195103....10210010198105....107104106..108109116111121112115113114..110118117119....124120..122123..129..128130131126127
0.511..0.4900.505..0.3700.3470.3050.5060.5100.5420.579..0.6170.598..0.6280.5130.5000.5460.495..0.627..0.5730.550....0.4920.639..0.5900.6740.7690.566..0.5580.5990.6050.5320.5770.602..0.627..0.4530.6340.6100.6110.6550.5940.7070.583..0.712......0.6690.6620.5960.671
105..94100..666148101104109117..129122..1321079911098..130..115112....96134..119140146114..113123126108116124..131..82133127128136120141118..143......138137121139
0.159..0.0570.0950.1290.0190.0680.0840.1280.0480.1270.059..0.2830.144..0.2080.2670.2510.1840.119..0.2290.1540.2640.2920.3600.4520.1540.2870.3570.367..0.2830.3840.3100.3500.2990.3520.1560.3670.2840.4080.3280.1390.4260.4120.324..0.3530.381..0.1800.5620.558....0.5060.5120.4390.5360.485
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT142 Solomon Islands143 Kenya144 São Tomé and Príncipe145 Pakistan146 Bangladesh147 Timor-Leste148 Angola149 Myanmar150 Cameroon151 Madagascar152 Tanzania, United Republic of153 Papua New Guinea154 Yemen155 Senegal156 Nigeria157 Nepal158 Haiti159 Mauritania160 Lesotho161 Uganda162 Togo163 Comoros164 Zambia165 Djibouti166 Rwanda167 Benin168 Gambia169 Sudan170 Côte d'Ivoire171 Malawi172 Afghanistan173 Zimbabwe174 Ethiopia175 Mali176 Guinea-Bissau177 Eritrea178 Guinea179 Central African Republic180 Sierra Leone181 Burkina Faso182 Liberia
Human deveLOPment IndICes
21
human development indices
HDI rank
Human DevelopmentIndex (HDI)Value
Inequality-adjustedHDIValueRank
Gender Inequality IndexValueRank
MultidimensionalPoverty Index
183184185186187
ChadMozambiqueBurundiNigerCongo, Democratic Republic of the
0.3280.3220.3160.2950.286..............0.8890.7410.6300.4560.6410.6710.7510.7310.5480.4630.4390.6400.682
0.1960.229..0.1950.172..............0.7870.5900.4800.3040.4720.5280.6550.5400.3930.3030.2960.4580.525
132125..133134..............—————————————
0.7350.6020.4780.7240.710..............0.2240.4090.4750.6060.563..0.3110.4450.6010.6100.594..0.492
14512589144142..............—————————————
0.3440.5120.5300.6420.393..........0.514..—————————————
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIESKorea, Democratic People’s Rep. ofMarshall IslandsMonacoNauruSan MarinoSomaliaTuvaluHuman Development Index groupsVery high human developmentHigh human developmentMedium human developmentLow human developmentRegionsArab StatesEast Asia and the PacificEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaLeast developed countriesSmall island developing statesWorld
NOTEThe indices use data from different years—see theStatistical annexof the full Report (available athttp://hdr.undp.org) for details and for complete notes and sources on the data. Country classifica-tions are based on HDI quartiles: a country is in the very high group if its HDI is in the top quartile, in
the high group if its HDI is in percentiles 51–75, in the medium group if its HDI is in percentiles 26–50and in the low group if its HDI is in the bottom quartile. Previous Reports used absolute rather thanrelative thresholds.
22
human development report2011SammendraG
1
table
Human Development Index and its componentsHumanDevelopmentIndex (HDI)Value2011Life expectancyat birth(years)2011Mean years ofschooling(years)2011aExpected yearsof schooling(years)2011aGross nationalincome (GNI)per capita(constant 2005PPP $)2011NonincomeHDIValue2011
HDI rank
GNI per capita rankminus HDI rank2011
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Norway2 Australia3 Netherlands4 United States5 New Zealand6 Canada7 Ireland8 Liechtenstein9 Germany10 Sweden11 Switzerland12 Japan13 Hong Kong, China (SAR)14 Iceland15 Korea, Republic of16 Denmark17 Israel18 Belgium19 Austria20 France21 Slovenia22 Finland23 Spain24 Italy25 Luxembourg26 Singapore27 Czech Republic28 United Kingdom29 Greece30 United Arab Emirates31 Cyprus32 Andorra33 Brunei Darussalam34 Estonia35 Slovakia36 Malta37 Qatar38 Hungary39 Poland40 Lithuania41 Portugal42 Bahrain43 Latvia44 Chile45 Argentina46 Croatia47 BarbadosHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT48 Uruguay49 Palau50 Romania51 Cuba52 Seychelles53 Bahamas54 Montenegro55 Bulgaria56 Saudi Arabia57 Mexico
0.9430.9290.9100.9100.9080.9080.9080.9050.9050.9040.9030.9010.8980.8980.8970.8950.8880.8860.8850.8840.8840.8820.8780.8740.8670.8660.8650.8630.8610.8460.8400.8380.8380.8350.8340.8320.8310.8160.8130.8100.8090.8060.8050.8050.7970.7960.7930.7830.7820.7810.7760.7730.7710.7710.7710.7700.770
81.181.980.778.580.781.080.679.680.481.482.383.482.881.880.678.881.680.080.981.579.380.081.481.980.081.177.780.279.976.579.680.978.074.875.479.678.474.476.172.279.575.173.379.175.976.676.877.071.874.079.173.675.674.673.473.977.0
12.612.011.6b12.412.512.1b11.610.3c12.2b11.7b11.0b11.6b10.010.411.6b11.4b11.910.9b10.8b10.6b11.6b10.310.4b10.1b10.18.8b12.39.310.1b9.39.810.4f8.612.011.69.97.311.1b10.0b10.97.79.411.5b9.79.39.8b9.38.5b12.1i10.49.99.4m8.5m10.610.6b7.88.5
17.318.016.816.018.016.018.014.715.915.715.615.115.718.016.916.915.516.115.316.116.916.816.616.313.314.4e15.616.116.513.314.711.514.115.714.914.412.015.315.316.115.913.415.014.715.813.913.4h15.514.714.917.513.312.013.7h13.713.713.9
47,55734,43136,40243,01723,73735,16629,32283,717d34,85435,83739,92432,29544,80529,35428,23034,34725,84933,35735,71930,46224,91432,43826,50826,48450,55752,56921,40533,29623,74759,99324,84136,095g45,75316,79919,99821,460107,72116,58117,45116,23420,57328,16914,29313,32914,52715,72917,96613,2429,744j,k11,0465,416l16,72923,029n10,361o11,41223,27413,245
61696301019–684011–411123142–4411066–20–2214–75–272–19–251384–36117101–14121495–312292052–4–152014–192
0.9750.9790.9440.9310.9780.9440.9590.8770.9400.9360.9260.9400.9100.9430.9450.9260.9390.9140.9080.9190.9350.9110.9200.9140.8540.8510.9170.8790.9020.8130.8660.8360.8190.8900.8750.8660.7570.8620.8530.8530.8330.8060.8570.8620.8430.8340.8180.8280.8530.8410.9040.7940.7680.8310.8220.7650.808
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
23
Human Development Index and its componentsHumanDevelopmentIndex (HDI)Value2011Gross nationalincome (GNI)per capita(constant 2005PPP $)201112,33510,23615,52113,68523,439p47,92612,637q13,43914,5616,98210,58510,4977,80313,07611,89710,6567,6644,7806,17512,9188,8046,4878,3897,8898,2737,58910,1628,0135,1888,31510,16422,8414,1868,66612,2465,8127,281
table
1
HDI rank
Life expectancyat birth(years)2011
Mean years ofschooling(years)2011a
Expected yearsof schooling(years)2011a
GNI per capita rankminus HDI rank2011
NonincomeHDIValue20110.8110.8240.7860.7900.7500.7050.7950.7850.7770.8290.7860.7850.8040.7600.7620.7710.7970.8430.8100.7450.7760.8020.7750.7790.7730.7760.7480.7660.8060.7520.7310.6710.8080.7330.7040.7660.745
58596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394
PanamaSerbiaAntigua and BarbudaMalaysiaTrinidad and TobagoKuwaitLibyaBelarusRussian FederationGrenadaKazakhstanCosta RicaAlbaniaLebanonSaint Kitts and NevisVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic ofBosnia and HerzegovinaGeorgiaUkraineMauritiusFormer Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaJamaicaPeruDominicaSaint LuciaEcuadorBrazilSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesArmeniaColombiaIran, Islamic Republic ofOmanTongaAzerbaijanTurkeyBelizeTunisia
0.7680.7660.7640.7610.7600.7600.7600.7560.7550.7480.7450.7440.7390.7390.7350.7350.7330.7330.7290.7280.7280.7270.7250.7240.7230.7200.7180.7170.7160.7100.7070.7050.7040.7000.6990.6990.6980.6980.6980.6910.6890.6880.6880.6870.6860.6820.6800.6740.6740.6650.6630.6610.6530.6490.6440.6440.6410.6410.6360.6330.633
76.174.572.674.270.174.674.870.368.876.067.079.376.972.673.174.475.773.768.573.474.873.174.077.574.675.673.572.374.273.773.073.072.370.774.076.174.573.473.174.973.472.469.273.565.074.170.672.262.772.566.676.868.569.368.773.272.868.369.069.953.2
9.410.2b8.9h9.59.26.17.39.3r9.88.610.48.310.47.9m8.47.6b8.7r12.1r11.37.28.2r9.68.77.7m8.37.67.28.610.87.37.35.5m10.3b8.6m6.58.0b6.58.67.08.27.2b10.3m10.7b7.59.9i6.67.2r7.57.57.79.25.8b8.39.78.9b6.48.0m10.0r8.8i8.08.9
13.213.714.012.612.312.316.614.614.116.015.111.711.313.812.914.213.613.114.713.613.313.812.913.213.114.013.813.212.013.612.711.813.711.811.812.414.513.113.612.711.912.313.011.612.5h12.312.612.113.112.113.712.414.111.911.911.012.711.412.1u11.912.2
716–8–5–26–570–8–13304418–10–4–2163624–142192629–7122–4–12–5026–10–25929–512–132218–7–7–14–11–4–40511–3172111–623191911–56
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT95 Jordan96 Algeria97 Sri Lanka98 Dominican Republic99 Samoa100 Fiji101 China102 Turkmenistan103 Thailand104 Suriname105 El Salvador106 Gabon107 Paraguay108 Bolivia, Plurinational State of109 Maldives110 Mongolia111 Moldova, Republic of112 Philippines113 Egypt114 Occupied Palestinian Territory115 Uzbekistan116 Micronesia, Federated States of117 Guyana118 Botswana
5,3007,6584,9438,0873,931s4,1457,4767,3067,6947,5385,92512,2494,7274,0545,2763,3913,0583,4785,2692,656k,t2,9672,935v3,19213,049
0.7730.7390.7680.7200.7880.7810.7250.7240.7140.7120.7240.6670.7290.7420.7140.7430.7460.7250.6860.7500.7360.7290.7150.602
24
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
Human Development Index and its componentsHumanDevelopmentIndex (HDI)Value2011Gross nationalincome (GNI)per capita(constant 2005PPP $)20114,2436,2063,4433,1409,4693,7163,9502,0361,9372,8052,4304,1964,1673,1773,4023,4681,58417,6083,0662,2421,8484,4845,293
HDI rank
Life expectancyat birth(years)2011
Mean years ofschooling(years)2011a
Expected yearsof schooling(years)2011a
GNI per capita rankminus HDI rank2011
NonincomeHDIValue20110.6860.6430.6940.7010.6040.6740.6680.7340.7260.6620.6690.6060.5950.6160.6030.5680.6330.4580.5550.5690.5840.5120.500
table
1
119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141
Syrian Arab RepublicNamibiaHondurasKiribatiSouth AfricaIndonesiaVanuatuKyrgyzstanTajikistanViet NamNicaraguaMoroccoGuatemalaIraqCape VerdeIndiaGhanaEquatorial GuineaCongoLao People’s Democratic RepublicCambodiaSwazilandBhutan
0.6320.6250.6250.6240.6190.6170.6170.6150.6070.5930.5890.5820.5740.5730.5680.5470.5410.5370.5330.5240.5230.5220.5220.5100.5090.5090.5040.5000.4950.4860.4830.4820.4800.4660.4660.4620.4590.4590.4580.4540.4530.4500.4460.4350.4330.4300.4300.4290.4270.4200.4080.4000.4000.3980.3760.3630.3590.3530.3490.3440.343
75.962.573.168.152.869.471.067.767.575.274.072.271.269.074.265.464.251.157.467.563.148.767.267.957.164.765.468.962.551.165.251.666.758.262.865.559.351.968.862.158.648.254.157.161.149.057.955.456.158.561.555.454.248.751.459.351.448.161.654.148.4
5.7b7.46.57.88.5b5.86.79.39.85.55.84.44.15.63.5i4.47.15.4r5.94.65.87.12.3r4.5i7.04.2i4.94.82.8i4.4r4.05.95.2i5.14.32.54.55.0r3.24.93.75.9b4.75.32.8i6.53.8r3.33.32.83.13.34.23.37.21.5i2.0b2.3r3.41.6w3.5
11.311.611.412.113.113.210.412.511.410.410.810.310.69.811.610.310.57.710.59.29.810.611.09.111.010.86.98.111.29.19.210.310.79.15.88.67.58.98.87.6u8.19.910.89.610.77.95.111.19.29.04.46.38.99.19.98.58.39.14.88.66.6
–5–2148–44–2–51920810–15–14–3–7–1020–91–6411–27–3610157–711–14–387–42610–12–11–2–12812–10–671690–251–6–5–21–108–13110–6–36–22
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT142 Solomon Islands143 Kenya144 São Tomé and Príncipe145 Pakistan146 Bangladesh147 Timor-Leste148 Angola149 Myanmar150 Cameroon151 Madagascar152 Tanzania, United Republic of153 Papua New Guinea154 Yemen155 Senegal156 Nigeria157 Nepal158 Haiti159 Mauritania160 Lesotho161 Uganda162 Togo163 Comoros164 Zambia165 Djibouti166 Rwanda167 Benin168 Gambia169 Sudan170 Côte d'Ivoire171 Malawi172 Afghanistan173 Zimbabwe174 Ethiopia175 Mali176 Guinea-Bissau177 Eritrea178 Guinea179 Central African Republic
1,7821,4921,7922,5501,5293,0054,8741,5352,0318241,3282,2712,2131,7082,0691,1601,1231,8591,6641,1247981,0791,2542,3351,1331,3641,2821,8941,387p7531,416376n9711,123994536863707
0.5670.5840.5640.5260.5660.4990.4550.5360.5090.6050.5230.4750.4710.4880.4710.5240.5200.4720.4750.5060.5260.4880.4690.4200.4770.4560.4500.4020.4120.4700.4070.5290.3830.3660.3660.4210.3640.379
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
25
Human Development Index and its componentsHumanDevelopmentIndex (HDI)Value2011Gross nationalincome (GNI)per capita(constant 2005PPP $)2011
table
1
HDI rank
Life expectancyat birth(years)2011
Mean years ofschooling(years)2011a
Expected yearsof schooling(years)2011a
GNI per capita rankminus HDI rank2011
NonincomeHDIValue20110.3650.3230.5040.3200.3250.4120.3110.399
180181182183184185186187
Sierra LeoneBurkina FasoLiberiaChadMozambiqueBurundiNigerCongo, Democratic Republic of the
0.3360.3310.3290.3280.3220.3160.2950.286..............0.8890.7410.6300.4560.6410.6710.7510.7310.5480.4630.4390.6400.682
47.855.456.849.650.250.454.748.468.872.082.279.981.851.267.280.073.169.758.770.572.471.374.465.954.459.169.669.8
2.91.3r3.91.5i1.22.71.43.5..9.8i..........11.38.56.34.25.97.29.77.84.64.53.77.37.4
7.26.311.07.29.210.54.98.2..10.817.59.3..2.410.815.913.611.28.310.211.713.413.69.89.28.310.811.3
7371,1412651,105898368641280..............33,35211,5795,2761,5858,5546,46612,00410,1193,4351,9661,3275,20010,082
0–155–12–90–4–1..............—————————————
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIESKorea, Democratic People’s Rep. ofMarshall IslandsMonacoNauruSan MarinoSomaliaTuvaluHuman Development Index groupsVery high human developmentHigh human developmentMedium human developmentLow human developmentRegionsArab StatesEast Asia and the PacificEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaLeast developed countriesSmall island developing statesWorld
..0.752..........0.9180.7690.6580.4780.6430.7090.7850.7670.5690.4670.4670.6750.683
NOTESa.Data refer to 2011 or the most recent year available.b.Updated by HDRO based on UNESCO (2011) data.c.Assumes the same adult mean years of schooling as Switzerland before the most recent update.d.Estimated using the purchasing power parity (PPP) and projected growth rate of Switzerland.e.Calculated by the Singapore Ministry of Education.f.Assumes the same adult mean years of schooling as Spain before the most recent update.g.Estimated using the PPP and projected growth rate of Spain.h.Based on cross-country regression.i.Based on data on years of schooling of adults from household surveys from World Bank (2010).j.Based on UNESCAP (2011) and UNDESA (2011) projected growth rates.k.Based on unpublished estimates from the World Bank.l.PPP estimate based on cross-country regression; projected growth rate based on ECLAC (2011) andUNDESA (2011) projected growth rates.m.Based on UNESCO (2011) estimates of education attainment distribution.n.Based on PPP data from IMF (2011).o.Based on EBRD (2011) and UNDESA (2011) projected growth rates.p.Based on World Bank (2011b).q.Based on OECD and others (2011) and UNDESA (2011) projected growth rates.r.Based on data from UNICEF (2000–2010).s.Based on ADB (2011) projected growth rate.t.Based on UNESCWA (2011) and UNDESA (2011) projected growth rates.u.Refers to primary and secondary education only. United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization Institute for Statistics estimate.v.Based on ADB (2011) and UNDESA (2011) projected growth rates.w.Based on data from ICF Macro (2011).
DEFINITIONSHuman Development Index (HDI):A composite index measuring average achievement in three basicdimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living.SeeTechnical note 1for details on how the HDI is calculated.Life expectancy at birth:Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns ofage-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant’s life.Mean years of schooling:Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older,converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each level.Expected years of schooling:Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age canexpect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child’s life.Gross national income (GNI) per capita:Aggregate income of an economy generated by its productionand its ownership of factors of production, less the incomes paid for the use of factors of productionowned by the rest of the world, converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity (PPP)rates, divided by midyear population.GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank:Difference in rankings by GNI per capita and by the HDI. A negativevalue means that the country is better ranked by GNI than by the HDI.Nonincome HDI:Value of the HDI computed from the life expectancy and education indicators only.MAIN DATA SOURCESColumn 1:HDRO calculations based on data from UNDESA (2011), Barro and Lee (2010b), UNESCOInstitute for Statistics (2011), World Bank (2011a), UNSD (2011) and IMF (2011).Column 2:UNDESA (2011).Column 3:HDRO updates of Barro and Lee (2010b) estimates based on UNESCO Institute for Statisticsdata on education attainment (2011) and Barro and Lee (2010a) methodology.Column 4:UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2011).Column 5:HDRO calculations based on data from World Bank (2011a), IMF (2011) and UNSD (2011).Column 6:Calculated based on data in columns 1 and 5.Column 7:Calculated based on data in columns 2, 3 and 4.
26
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
2
table
Human Development Index trends, 1980–2011Human Development Index (HDI)HDI rankChangea200920102011Average annualHDI growth(%)Value1980199020002005
HDI rank
2006–2011 2010–2011 1980–2011 1990–2011 2000–2011
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Norway2 Australia3 Netherlands4 United States5 New Zealand6 Canada7 Ireland8 Liechtenstein9 Germany10 Sweden11 Switzerland12 Japan13 Hong Kong, China (SAR)14 Iceland15 Korea, Republic of16 Denmark17 Israel18 Belgium19 Austria20 France21 Slovenia22 Finland23 Spain24 Italy25 Luxembourg26 Singapore27 Czech Republic28 United Kingdom29 Greece30 United Arab Emirates31 Cyprus32 Andorra33 Brunei Darussalam34 Estonia35 Slovakia36 Malta37 Qatar38 Hungary39 Poland40 Lithuania41 Portugal42 Bahrain43 Latvia44 Chile45 Argentina46 Croatia47 BarbadosHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT48 Uruguay49 Palau50 Romania51 Cuba52 Seychelles53 Bahamas54 Montenegro55 Bulgaria56 Saudi Arabia57 Mexico
0.7960.8500.7920.8370.8000.8170.735..0.7300.7850.8100.7780.7080.7620.6340.7830.7630.7570.7400.722..0.7590.6910.7170.728....0.7440.7200.629....0.750....0.7030.7030.700....0.6390.651..0.6300.669....0.658..............0.6510.593
0.8440.8730.8350.8700.8280.8570.782..0.7950.8160.8330.8270.7860.8070.7420.8090.8020.8110.7900.777..0.7940.7490.7640.788....0.7780.7660.6900.747..0.7840.7170.7470.7530.7430.706....0.7080.7210.6930.6980.697....0.686..0.7000.677......0.6980.6930.649
0.9130.9060.8820.8970.8780.8790.869..0.8640.8940.8730.8680.8240.8630.8300.8610.8560.8760.8390.8460.8050.8370.8390.8250.8540.8010.8160.8330.8020.7530.800..0.8180.7760.7790.7990.7840.7750.7700.7490.7780.7730.7320.7490.7490.748..0.7360.7740.7040.6810.7640.752..0.7150.7260.718
0.9380.9180.8900.9020.8990.8920.898..0.8950.8960.8900.8860.8500.8930.8660.8850.8740.8730.8600.8690.8480.8750.8570.8610.8650.8350.8540.8550.8560.8070.809..0.8300.8210.8100.8250.8180.8030.7910.7930.7890.7950.7840.7790.7650.7800.7870.7480.7880.7480.7250.7660.7660.7570.7490.7460.741
0.9410.9260.9050.9060.9060.9030.905..0.9000.8980.8990.8950.8880.8970.8890.8910.8840.8830.8790.8800.8760.8770.8740.8700.8630.8560.8630.8600.8630.8410.837..0.8350.8280.8290.8270.8180.8110.8070.8020.8050.8050.7980.7980.7880.7930.7900.7730.7770.7780.7700.7670.7690.7680.7660.7630.762
0.9410.9270.9090.9080.9080.9070.9070.9040.9030.9010.9010.8990.8940.8960.8940.8930.8860.8850.8830.8830.8820.8800.8760.8730.8650.8640.8630.8620.8620.8450.8390.8380.8370.8320.8320.8300.8250.8140.8110.8050.8080.8050.8020.8020.7940.7940.7910.7800.7790.7790.7730.7710.7700.7690.7680.7670.767
0.9430.9290.9100.9100.9080.9080.9080.9050.9050.9040.9030.9010.8980.8980.8970.8950.8880.8860.8850.8840.8840.8820.8780.8740.8670.8660.8650.8630.8610.8460.8400.8380.8380.8350.8340.8320.8310.8160.8130.8100.8090.8060.8050.8050.7970.7960.7930.7830.7820.7810.7760.7730.7710.7710.7710.7700.770
005–103–3..–2–21114–33–2–1–11–14–70–3–33–10–535..–2–20–3–10202–3–1330–25–5210–3–3–3002
0000000000001–100000000000000000000000001–10001–100000001120
0.550.290.450.270.410.340.68..0.690.450.350.470.770.531.130.430.490.510.580.66..0.490.770.640.56....0.480.580.96....0.36....0.540.540.50....0.760.69..0.790.57....0.56..............0.550.85
0.530.300.410.210.440.280.71..0.620.490.380.410.640.510.910.480.490.420.550.62..0.510.760.640.45....0.500.560.970.56..0.320.730.530.480.540.70....0.640.540.720.680.64....0.63..0.520.65......0.480.500.82
0.290.230.290.130.310.300.40..0.430.090.300.330.780.360.720.350.340.100.480.400.850.480.420.520.130.710.530.330.641.060.44..0.220.660.620.370.530.480.500.700.350.380.870.650.570.57..0.560.090.951.190.110.23..0.680.550.64
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
27
Human Development Index trends, 1980–2011Human Development Index (HDI)HDI rank1980table
HDI rankChangea20102011
Average annualHDI growth(%)
Value1990200020052009
2006–2011 2010–2011 1980–2011 1990–2011 2000–2011
2
58596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394
PanamaSerbiaAntigua and BarbudaMalaysiaTrinidad and TobagoKuwaitLibyaBelarusRussian FederationGrenadaKazakhstanCosta RicaAlbaniaLebanonSaint Kitts and NevisVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic ofBosnia and HerzegovinaGeorgiaUkraineMauritiusFormer Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaJamaicaPeruDominicaSaint LuciaEcuadorBrazilSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesArmeniaColombiaIran, Islamic Republic ofOmanTongaAzerbaijanTurkeyBelizeTunisia
0.628....0.5590.6730.688..........0.614......0.623......0.546..0.6070.574....0.5910.549....0.5500.437......0.4630.6190.4500.5410.4540.5390.532..0.5660.404..0.486..0.4660.5220.5440.507......0.5500.406......0.5010.4460.497..
0.660....0.6310.6760.712..........0.6560.656....0.629....0.7070.618..0.6370.612....0.6360.600....0.5940.534..0.649..0.5580.6510.5420.5910.5510.5830.577..0.6240.490..0.566..0.5240.6050.5720.560..0.540..0.5710.497......0.4890.5940.5480.564
0.7180.719..0.7050.7010.754....0.691..0.6570.7030.691....0.656....0.6690.672..0.6800.6740.699..0.6680.665..0.6430.6520.636..0.681..0.6340.6680.6300.6460.6240.6330.6400.6570.6680.588..0.626..0.6190.6210.6120.6120.5760.5550.5860.6020.585......0.5790.5850.5830.577
0.7400.744..0.7380.7280.7520.7410.7230.725..0.7140.7230.7210.711..0.6920.7170.7070.7120.7030.7040.7020.6910.709..0.6950.692..0.6890.6750.6710.6940.696..0.6710.6890.6670.6730.6670.6620.6580.6760.6780.6330.6540.6560.6590.6520.6480.6350.6490.6190.6110.6310.6220.611..0.6110.6330.6060.6010.6210.593
0.7600.761..0.7520.7550.7570.7630.7460.747..0.7330.7380.7340.733..0.7320.7300.7240.7200.7220.7250.7240.7140.722..0.7160.708..0.7120.7020.7030.7030.701..0.6900.6960.6920.6940.6910.6800.6800.6850.6850.6740.6770.6730.6740.6690.6640.6510.6560.6500.6420.6380.6360.638..0.6310.6350.6240.6260.6300.617
0.7650.7640.7630.7580.7580.7580.7700.7510.7510.7460.7400.7420.7370.7370.7350.7340.7310.7290.7250.7260.7260.7260.7210.7230.7200.7180.7150.7150.7140.7070.7070.7040.7030.6990.6960.6980.6980.6970.6960.6860.6860.6860.6870.6820.6810.6800.6770.6720.6700.6620.6600.6580.6470.6440.6410.6440.6400.6360.6350.6290.6310.6310.622
0.7680.7660.7640.7610.7600.7600.7600.7560.7550.7480.7450.7440.7390.7390.7350.7350.7330.7330.7290.7280.7280.7270.7250.7240.7230.7200.7180.7170.7160.7100.7070.7050.7040.7000.6990.6990.6980.6980.6980.6910.6890.6880.6880.6870.6860.6820.6800.6740.6740.6650.6630.6610.6530.6490.6440.6440.6410.6410.6360.6330.6330.6320.625
2–2..22–8–51–1..2–1–13..7–21–311–24–7..03..–342–2–5..2–331222–6–561–1–3–101–324–212..2–511–62
11131–1–100001–11–1000030–2–11–1001–101–10003–1–1–10120–3000000000001–10002–1–11
0.65....1.000.400.32..........0.62......0.54......0.93..0.590.75....0.640.87....0.831.57......1.340.391.430.831.400.800.83..0.631.73..1.10..1.200.830.650.87......0.511.50......0.761.140.78..
0.73....0.900.560.31..........0.600.57....0.74....0.150.78..0.640.81....0.590.86....0.851.35..0.39..1.080.341.210.801.130.810.84..0.471.62..0.89..1.210.520.710.81..0.91..0.581.24......1.230.300.680.49
0.620.58..0.690.740.07....0.81..1.150.510.61....1.04....0.780.73..0.620.670.33..0.690.69..0.990.770.97..0.30..0.900.420.940.701.030.800.670.430.271.43..0.78..0.790.750.760.731.271.490.920.620.88......0.810.710.730.72
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT95 Jordan96 Algeria97 Sri Lanka98 Dominican Republic99 Samoa100 Fiji101 China102 Turkmenistan103 Thailand104 Suriname105 El Salvador106 Gabon107 Paraguay108 Bolivia, Plurinational State of109 Maldives110 Mongolia111 Moldova, Republic of112 Philippines113 Egypt114 Occupied Palestinian Territory115 Uzbekistan116 Micronesia, Federated States of117 Guyana118 Botswana119 Syrian Arab Republic120 Namibia
28
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
Human Development Index trends, 1980–2011Human Development Index (HDI)HDI rank198019902000Value2005200920102011HDI rankChangeaAverage annualHDI growth(%)
2006–2011 2010–2011 1980–2011 1990–2011 2000–2011
121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141
HondurasKiribatiSouth AfricaIndonesiaVanuatuKyrgyzstanTajikistanViet NamNicaraguaMoroccoGuatemalaIraqCape VerdeIndiaGhanaEquatorial GuineaCongoLao People’s Democratic RepublicCambodiaSwazilandBhutan
0.451..0.5640.423........0.4570.3640.428....0.3440.385..0.465..........0.420..0.3590.303....0.2790.370....0.313..0.317..0.2420.3320.3320.418..0.347..0.401..0.2750.2520.2720.2640.3470.2700.1980.366..0.174......0.2830.248..0.335..
0.513..0.6150.481......0.4350.4730.4350.462....0.4100.418..0.5020.376..0.526....0.456..0.3990.352....0.2980.427..0.3520.368..0.365..0.3400.3970.3530.4700.2990.368..0.394..0.2320.3160.3170.2980.3610.2910.2460.425..0.204......0.3100.241......
0.569..0.6160.543..0.5770.5270.5280.5330.5070.525..0.5230.4610.4510.4880.4780.4480.4380.492..0.4790.443..0.4360.4220.4040.3840.3800.4270.4270.3640.4230.3740.399..0.3980.4210.4100.4270.3720.408..0.371..0.3130.3780.3600.3570.3740.3430.2300.3720.2740.275......0.3060.252..0.3060.286
0.597..0.5990.572..0.5950.5750.5610.5660.5520.5500.5520.5430.5040.4840.5160.5060.4840.4910.493..0.5020.4670.4830.4800.4620.4480.4450.4360.4490.4650.4200.4350.4220.4320.4290.4240.4290.4320.4170.4010.4190.4280.3940.4020.3760.4090.3840.3830.3830.3510.3400.3470.3130.3190.340..0.3260.3110.3060.3020.3000.312
0.619..0.6100.607..0.6110.6000.5840.5820.5750.5690.5650.5640.5350.5270.5340.5230.5140.5130.515..0.5040.4990.5030.4990.4910.4870.4810.4740.4750.4830.4540.4570.4520.4530.4490.4490.4490.4470.4400.4380.4290.4300.4190.4250.4190.4220.4130.4030.3970.3870.3870.3490.3530.3520.348..0.3410.3340.3290.3260.3200.323
0.6230.6210.6150.6130.6150.6110.6040.5900.5870.5790.5730.5670.5660.5420.5330.5340.5280.5200.5180.5200.5180.5070.5050.5060.5030.4960.4910.4820.4790.4790.4810.4610.4620.4600.4570.4540.4550.4490.4510.4460.4420.4330.4310.4250.4270.4250.4250.4180.4060.4010.3950.3940.3640.3580.3560.3510.3450.3420.3390.3340.3290.3250.326
0.6250.6240.6190.6170.6170.6150.6070.5930.5890.5820.5740.5730.5680.5470.5410.5370.5330.5240.5230.5220.5220.5100.5090.5090.5040.5000.4950.4860.4830.4820.4800.4660.4660.4620.4590.4590.4580.4540.4530.4500.4460.4350.4330.4300.4300.4290.4270.4200.4080.4000.4000.3980.3760.3630.3590.3530.3490.3440.3430.3360.3310.3290.328
–1..–12..–1–11–102–1–115–203–1–1..–52–1–111120–5714–2–40–2–4130–3202–4–10000022–2..–20011–2
–1011–20000000001–1012–2–101–1000011–21–1001–11–100001–100000000000000001–1
1.06..0.301.23........0.831.520.95....1.511.10..0.44..........0.62..1.101.63....1.780.85....1.29..1.20..2.081.021.010.24..0.73..0.23..1.441.711.411.410.451.272.280.09..2.37......0.620.99..–0.06..
0.94..0.031.19......1.501.051.391.04....1.381.23..0.281.59..–0.03....0.52..1.121.69....2.320.58..1.351.12..1.10..1.430.641.20–0.221.930.80..0.42..2.971.441.351.520.501.522.32–0.58..2.74......0.481.61......
0.86..0.051.17..0.591.301.060.921.260.81..0.751.561.660.880.991.441.620.54..0.581.27..1.331.551.862.182.211.111.072.270.871.931.28..1.300.680.920.471.650.58..1.37..2.921.101.411.230.611.415.100.112.572.47......1.052.65..0.641.26
table
2
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT142 Solomon Islands143 Kenya144 São Tomé and Príncipe145 Pakistan146 Bangladesh147 Timor-Leste148 Angola149 Myanmar150 Cameroon151 Madagascar152 Tanzania, United Republic of153 Papua New Guinea154 Yemen155 Senegal156 Nigeria157 Nepal158 Haiti159 Mauritania160 Lesotho161 Uganda162 Togo163 Comoros164 Zambia165 Djibouti166 Rwanda167 Benin168 Gambia169 Sudan170 Côte d'Ivoire171 Malawi172 Afghanistan173 Zimbabwe174 Ethiopia175 Mali176 Guinea-Bissau177 Eritrea178 Guinea179 Central African Republic180 Sierra Leone181 Burkina Faso182 Liberia183 Chad
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
29
Human Development Index trends, 1980–2011Human Development Index (HDI)HDI rank1980table
HDI rankChangea20102011
Average annualHDI growth(%)
Value1990200020052009
2006–2011 2010–2011 1980–2011 1990–2011 2000–2011
2
184185186187
MozambiqueBurundiNigerCongo, Democratic Republic of the
..0.2000.1770.2820.7660.614b0.420b0.3160.4440.428b0.644b0.5820.3560.3650.288b0.529b0.558b
0.2000.2500.1930.2890.8100.648b0.4800.3470.5160.498b0.680b0.6240.4180.3830.320b0.565b0.594
0.2450.2450.2290.2240.8580.6870.5480.3830.5780.5810.6950.6800.4680.4010.3630.596b0.634
0.2850.2670.2650.2600.8760.7160.5870.4220.6090.6220.7280.7030.5100.4310.4010.6160.660
0.3120.3080.2850.2770.8850.7340.6180.4480.6340.6580.7440.7220.5380.4560.4310.6350.676
0.3170.3130.2930.2820.8880.7390.6250.4530.6390.6660.7480.7280.5450.4600.4350.6380.679
0.3220.3160.2950.2860.8890.7410.6300.4560.6410.6710.7510.7310.5480.4630.4390.6400.682
0000—————————————
0000—————————————
..1.491.670.050.480.611.311.191.191.460.500.731.400.771.370.620.65
2.281.122.05–0.040.440.641.301.311.041.430.470.761.310.901.510.590.66
2.492.332.332.250.330.701.281.590.941.310.710.661.451.311.730.650.66
Human Development Index groupsVery high human developmentHigh human developmentMedium human developmentLow human developmentRegionsArab StatesEast Asia and the PacificEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaLeast developed countriesSmall island developing statesWorld
NOTESa. A positive value indicates improvement in rank.b. Based on less than half the countries in the group or region.DEFINITIONHuman Development Index (HDI):A composite index measuring average achievement in three basicdimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living.SeeTechnical note 1for details on how the HDI is calculated.MAIN DATA SOURCESColumns 1–7:HDRO calculations based on data from UNDESA (2011), Barro and Lee (2010b), UNESCOInstitute for Statistics (2011), World Bank (2011a), UNSD (2011) and IMF (2011).Columns 8–12:Calculated based on Human Development Index values in the relevant year.
30
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
3
table
Inequality-adjusted Human Development IndexHumanDevelopmentIndex (HDI)Value2011Inequality-adjusted HDIValue2011Overallloss (%)2011Changeinranka2011Inequality-adjustedlife expectancyindexValue2011Loss (%)2011Inequality-adjustededucation indexValue2011Loss (%)2011Inequality-adjustedincome indexValue2011Loss (%)2011QuintileincomeratioIncomeGinicoefficient
HDI rank
2000–2011b2000–2011b
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Norway2 Australia3 Netherlands4 United States5 New Zealand6 Canada7 Ireland8 Liechtenstein9 Germany10 Sweden11 Switzerland12 Japan13 Hong Kong, China (SAR)14 Iceland15 Korea, Republic of16 Denmark17 Israel18 Belgium19 Austria20 France21 Slovenia22 Finland23 Spain24 Italy25 Luxembourg26 Singapore27 Czech Republic28 United Kingdom29 Greece30 United Arab Emirates31 Cyprus32 Andorra33 Brunei Darussalam34 Estonia35 Slovakia36 Malta37 Qatar38 Hungary39 Poland40 Lithuania41 Portugal42 Bahrain43 Latvia44 Chile45 Argentina46 Croatia47 BarbadosHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT48 Uruguay49 Palau50 Romania51 Cuba52 Seychelles53 Bahamas54 Montenegro55 Bulgaria56 Saudi Arabia57 Mexico
0.9430.9290.9100.9100.9080.9080.9080.9050.9050.9040.9030.9010.8980.8980.8970.8950.8880.8860.8850.8840.8840.8820.8780.8740.8670.8660.8650.8630.8610.8460.8400.8380.8380.8350.8340.8320.8310.8160.8130.8100.8090.8060.8050.8050.7970.7960.7930.7830.7820.7810.7760.7730.7710.7710.7710.7700.770
0.8900.8560.8460.771..0.8290.843..0.8420.8510.840....0.8450.7490.8420.7790.8190.8200.8040.8370.8330.7990.7790.799..0.8210.7910.756..0.755....0.7690.787....0.7590.7340.7300.726..0.7170.6520.6410.675..0.654..0.683....0.6580.7180.683..0.589
5.67.97.015.3..8.77.2..6.95.97.0....5.916.56.012.37.67.49.15.35.68.910.97.8..5.08.412.2..10.1....7.95.7....7.09.79.810.2..10.919.019.515.1..16.4..12.6....14.76.911.4..23.5
00–1–19..–70..050....5–174–8–110772–23..94–2..–2....27....3000..–1–11–13–3..–7..1....–373..–15
0.9280.9310.9170.8630.9070.9140.915..0.9150.9370.9430.9650.9610.9450.9160.8870.9340.9050.9200.9300.8980.9090.9290.9380.9130.9360.8740.9030.9000.8360.901..0.8620.8130.8250.8920.8540.8090.8340.7650.8930.8150.7820.8710.7960.8440.8140.815..0.7700.883..0.7820.8030.7760.7530.801
3.74.74.36.65.25.04.3..4.03.34.13.52.93.04.34.43.94.44.24.24.13.94.13.93.52.93.94.84.86.34.1..5.86.05.75.17.25.75.87.24.96.27.16.69.75.59.29.3..9.65.4..10.96.87.811.510.9
0.9640.9640.8950.905..0.8970.933..0.9110.8690.854....0.8880.6960.8950.8350.8250.8380.7910.9040.8580.8260.7580.724..0.9120.7970.738..0.678....0.8910.861....0.8310.7680.8470.697..0.8400.6880.7080.697..0.681..0.789....0.6180.7820.754..0.567
2.21.73.93.7..3.23.2..1.83.92.0....2.625.53.17.96.52.49.13.12.15.511.46.2..1.32.214.3..15.0....2.71.6....4.06.64.15.6..3.813.712.110.4..10.8..5.0....7.92.55.9..21.9
0.7890.6980.7390.587..0.6960.701..0.7170.7560.735....0.7180.6590.7510.6070.7350.7150.7050.7230.7400.6660.6650.771..0.6950.6880.649..0.704....0.6270.686....0.6500.6190.6010.616..0.5610.4620.4680.523..0.505..0.524....0.5880.5890.543..0.451
10.616.612.532.4..17.113.8..14.510.314.3....11.818.410.223.711.715.113.98.510.616.716.813.5..9.617.317.1..10.9....14.59.6....11.216.317.519.3..21.034.134.427.8..27.8..22.2....24.511.319.9..35.6
3.97.05.18.56.85.55.7..4.34.05.43.49.6..4.74.37.94.94.45.64.83.86.06.5..9.83.57.26.2........6.34.0..13.34.85.66.77.9..6.33.612.35.2..8.7..4.9..2.7..4.610.2..14.4
25.8....40.8..32.634.3..28.325.033.7..43.4......39.233.029.1..31.226.934.736.0........34.3........36.0....41.131.234.237.6....35.752.145.833.7..42.4..31.2..19.0..30.045.3..51.7
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
31
Inequality-adjusted Human Development IndexHumanDevelopmentIndex (HDI)Value2011Inequality-adjusted HDIValue2011Overallloss (%)2011Changeinranka2011Inequality-adjustedlife expectancyindexValue2011Loss (%)2011Inequality-adjustededucation indexValue2011Loss (%)2011Inequality-adjustedincome indexValue2011Loss (%)2011
HDI rank
Quintileincomeratio
IncomeGinicoefficient
2000–2011b2000–2011b
table
3
58596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394
PanamaSerbiaAntigua and BarbudaMalaysiaTrinidad and TobagoKuwaitLibyaBelarusRussian FederationGrenadaKazakhstanCosta RicaAlbaniaLebanonSaint Kitts and NevisVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic ofBosnia and HerzegovinaGeorgiaUkraineMauritiusFormer Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaJamaicaPeruDominicaSaint LuciaEcuadorBrazilSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesArmeniaColombiaIran, Islamic Republic ofOmanTongaAzerbaijanTurkeyBelizeTunisia
0.7680.7660.7640.7610.7600.7600.7600.7560.7550.7480.7450.7440.7390.7390.7350.7350.7330.7330.7290.7280.7280.7270.7250.7240.7230.7200.7180.7170.7160.7100.7070.7050.7040.7000.6990.6990.6980.6980.6980.6910.6890.6880.6880.6870.6860.6820.6800.6740.6740.6650.6630.6610.6530.6490.6440.6440.6410.6410.6360.6330.633
0.5790.694....0.644....0.6930.670..0.6560.5910.6370.570..0.5400.6490.6300.6620.6310.6090.6100.557....0.5350.519..0.6390.479......0.6200.542..0.5230.565..0.5790.510....0.534..0.5370.5180.4950.5430.5050.4370.4950.5630.5690.5160.489..0.5440.3900.492..
24.69.5....15.3....8.311.3..11.920.513.922.8..26.611.614.19.213.316.416.223.2....25.827.7..10.832.5......11.422.5..25.219.0..16.225.9....22.3..21.323.826.619.524.034.125.213.812.219.924.1..15.138.622.3..
–159....–2....107..5–70–9..–167214524–5....–10–13..13–24......11–2..–75..9–9....–1..2–3–118–4–12–615184–5..17–12–1..
0.7760.788..0.7980.6590.8030.7810.7360.6870.7980.6210.8630.7970.718..0.7530.7940.7200.6840.7600.7840.7100.726..0.7730.7530.7230.7100.7280.7310.7010.7760.7120.6360.7420.7760.7510.7320.7160.7850.7070.7170.6760.7300.5200.7680.6780.6980.4860.6800.5500.8320.6220.6910.6520.7230.7250.5770.6240.6160.396
12.48.3..6.716.66.79.77.410.89.616.27.811.213.5..12.29.615.110.59.89.415.314.8..10.414.114.414.014.913.716.17.213.820.612.812.212.613.114.59.416.013.413.013.526.710.115.015.227.817.825.17.318.811.215.213.913.124.319.221.724.3
0.6110.712....0.665....0.7350.696..0.7900.5430.6350.528..0.5670.6850.8120.8060.5700.5740.7040.535....0.5350.492..0.7100.515......0.6150.423..0.3960.551..0.5580.451....0.478..0.4900.5080.4310.6120.5150.5420.3340.6800.6730.5920.331..0.7010.5340.574..
17.89.9....6.6....5.411.2..5.317.711.924.1..18.15.23.36.113.517.58.324.0....22.125.7..6.522.8......8.327.4..38.722.4..17.926.8....23.2..18.020.132.47.319.827.641.25.86.113.540.9..1.422.411.7..
0.4100.595....0.610....0.6170.628..0.5760.4420.5100.489..0.3680.5020.4280.5260.5810.5020.4540.444....0.3790.392..0.5040.292......0.6100.506..0.4800.449..0.4420.417....0.436..0.4110.4030.4030.5360.3680.2800.4360.4220.3970.3560.487..0.3990.1790.337..
40.510.3..0.021.9....12.111.9..13.833.718.330.0..44.919.322.710.916.621.824.130.0....38.840.7..10.853.9......4.526.5..21.821.1..20.833.8....29.5..34.034.931.122.133.447.223.216.418.930.014.2..17.963.132.1..
15.84.1..11.48.3....4.08.2..4.613.25.3....10.06.48.93.9..9.39.813.5....12.817.6..4.524.87.0....5.38.017.28.06.36.16.912.2....8.47.915.0..12.17.914.921.86.86.26.79.04.6..6.2....21.0
52.328.2..46.2......27.242.3..30.950.334.5....43.536.241.327.5..44.245.548.0..42.649.053.9..30.958.538.3....33.739.7..40.837.7..40.348.4....41.5..53.652.846.941.552.057.337.436.538.044.032.1..36.7..43.2..
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT95 Jordan96 Algeria97 Sri Lanka98 Dominican Republic99 Samoa100 Fiji101 China102 Turkmenistan103 Thailand104 Suriname105 El Salvador106 Gabon107 Paraguay108 Bolivia, Plurinational State of109 Maldives110 Mongolia111 Moldova, Republic of112 Philippines113 Egypt114 Occupied Palestinian Territory115 Uzbekistan116 Micronesia, Federated States of117 Guyana118 Botswana
32
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
Inequality-adjusted Human Development IndexHumanDevelopmentIndex (HDI)Value2011Inequality-adjusted HDIValue2011Overallloss (%)2011Changeinranka2011Inequality-adjustedlife expectancyindexValue2011Loss (%)2011Inequality-adjustededucation indexValue2011Loss (%)2011Inequality-adjustedincome indexValue2011Loss (%)2011
HDI rank
Quintileincomeratio
IncomeGinicoefficient
2000–2011b2000–2011b
119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141
Syrian Arab RepublicNamibiaHondurasKiribatiSouth AfricaIndonesiaVanuatuKyrgyzstanTajikistanViet NamNicaraguaMoroccoGuatemalaIraqCape VerdeIndiaGhanaEquatorial GuineaCongoLao People’s Democratic RepublicCambodiaSwazilandBhutan
0.6320.6250.6250.6240.6190.6170.6170.6150.6070.5930.5890.5820.5740.5730.5680.5470.5410.5370.5330.5240.5230.5220.5220.5100.5090.5090.5040.5000.4950.4860.4830.4820.4800.4660.4660.4620.4590.4590.4580.4540.4530.4500.4460.4350.4330.4300.4300.4290.4270.4200.4080.4000.4000.3980.3760.3630.3590.3530.3490.3440.343
0.5030.3530.427....0.504..0.5260.5000.5100.4270.4090.393....0.3920.367..0.3670.4050.3800.338....0.3380.3480.3460.3630.332....0.3210.3320.332..0.3120.3040.2780.3010.2710.2980.2880.2960.289..0.3030.2750.2760.274....0.2460.272..0.2680.247..0.207..0.2110.204
20.443.531.7....18.3..14.417.614.027.529.731.6....28.332.2..31.122.827.235.4....33.631.531.427.432.9....33.430.728.8..32.333.839.334.340.234.235.933.633.5..29.535.935.735.8....38.632.0..28.731.9..41.4..38.840.6
4–14–3....8..17814321....1–1..–163–4....–2115–1....–221..00–60–91–122..7021....–32..11..–4..–2–3
0.7930.5280.693..0.3700.6480.6790.6040.5460.7540.7340.6850.6570.6170.7460.5220.5060.2680.3710.5860.4840.2950.5650.5990.3860.5020.4850.5930.4680.2640.5330.2840.5480.4070.5050.5370.4300.2830.6200.4590.3890.2920.3280.3670.4370.2660.3770.3280.3400.4020.4380.3470.3240.2220.3430.4000.2660.2210.4810.3080.242
10.021.117.4..28.416.815.619.827.213.413.916.718.620.312.727.127.545.437.021.728.835.024.120.734.128.832.323.230.246.125.343.025.632.425.225.130.743.819.530.936.234.339.137.232.641.936.941.340.333.933.037.839.950.930.635.446.350.126.642.746.0
0.3660.4450.392..0.5580.465..0.6370.6380.4170.3500.2420.280..0.2950.2670.3390.3030.3900.3000.3460.4060.185..0.4030.3650.2070.2520.195....0.3360.3470.305..0.1550.2110.2470.2010.2410.2080.3840.3220.2770.1930.3660.1560.2820.212....0.1730.2670.2230.4520.1460.1700.181..0.1430.174
31.527.831.8..20.820.4..11.19.417.133.345.836.1..30.740.640.929.225.430.531.129.844.8..30.719.146.439.447.4....35.330.132.8..49.845.144.243.640.743.224.332.241.547.423.847.030.742.0....43.234.739.320.138.236.940.3..42.045.9
0.4390.1870.287....0.426..0.3790.3600.4230.3030.4120.329....0.4330.288..0.3420.3760.3280.322....0.2480.2310.4130.3210.4010.278..0.3450.1930.294..0.3650.3090.3090.2200.1800.3290.2130.2460.238..0.2870.3550.2280.286....0.2470.232..0.1240.258..0.222..0.2130.201
18.368.343.4....17.7..12.215.311.433.623.038.5....14.727.2..30.315.521.440.9....36.044.211.017.717.850.0..19.936.120.6..17.623.928.837.447.921.547.029.120.0..20.821.334.523.6....34.419.7..34.520.8..32.5..31.128.1
5.752.230.4..20.25.9..4.94.26.215.07.417.0....5.69.3..10.65.97.812.4....11.310.84.74.34.631.0..9.18.66.612.56.37.49.58.925.27.418.88.78.7..15.3..13.96.711.0..11.06.6..12.14.27.16.0..7.29.5
35.8..57.7..57.836.8..33.429.437.652.340.953.7..50.436.842.8..47.336.744.450.746.7..47.750.832.731.031.958.6..44.647.237.6..37.739.242.947.359.539.052.544.334.464.350.739.953.138.647.3..46.139.0....29.839.035.5..39.443.6
table
3
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT142 Solomon Islands143 Kenya144 São Tomé and Príncipe145 Pakistan146 Bangladesh147 Timor-Leste148 Angola149 Myanmar150 Cameroon151 Madagascar152 Tanzania, United Republic of153 Papua New Guinea154 Yemen155 Senegal156 Nigeria157 Nepal158 Haiti159 Mauritania160 Lesotho161 Uganda162 Togo163 Comoros164 Zambia165 Djibouti166 Rwanda167 Benin168 Gambia169 Sudan170 Côte d'Ivoire171 Malawi172 Afghanistan173 Zimbabwe174 Ethiopia175 Mali176 Guinea-Bissau177 Eritrea178 Guinea179 Central African Republic
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
33
Inequality-adjusted Human Development IndexHumanDevelopmentIndex (HDI)Value2011Inequality-adjusted HDIValue2011Overallloss (%)2011Changeinranka2011Inequality-adjustedlife expectancyindexValue2011Loss (%)2011Inequality-adjustededucation indexValue2011Loss (%)2011Inequality-adjustedincome indexValue2011Loss (%)2011
HDI rank
Quintileincomeratio
IncomeGinicoefficient
2000–2011b2000–2011b
table
3
180181182183184185186187
Sierra LeoneBurkina FasoLiberiaChadMozambiqueBurundiNigerCongo, Democratic Republic of the
0.3360.3310.3290.3280.3220.3160.2950.286..............0.8890.7410.6300.4560.6410.6710.7510.7310.5480.4630.4390.6400.682
0.1960.2150.2130.1960.229..0.1950.172..............0.7870.590c0.4800.3040.472c0.528c0.6550.5400.3930.3030.2960.458c0.525
41.635.135.340.128.9..34.239.9..............11.520.5c23.733.326.4c21.3c12.726.128.434.532.428.4c23.0
–333–17..00..............—————————————
0.2400.3260.3620.2240.2820.2610.3140.2240.640........0.260..0.8970.7340.6330.3930.6540.7090.7150.7430.5290.3310.4030.6330.637
45.341.737.652.040.845.642.650.016.9........47.1..5.212.419.235.618.014.311.713.426.939.034.719.119.0
0.1600.1170.2350.1240.181..0.1070.245..............0.8380.580c0.3960.2380.307c0.477c0.6810.5280.2660.2760.2330.417c0.450
47.437.346.443.418.2..39.531.2..............6.218.9c29.439.240.8c21.9c10.723.240.935.636.829.6c26.2
0.1970.2600.1130.2720.233..0.2180.093..............0.6480.4820.4410.3000.524c0.435c0.5780.4010.4300.3060.2770.364c0.506
31.025.319.021.025.8..17.936.8..............22.228.2c22.324.217.8c26.8c15.739.315.128.425.335.6c23.4
8.16.77.07.49.94.85.29.2..............—————————————
42.539.652.639.845.633.334.044.4..............—————————————
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIESKorea, Democratic People’s Rep. ofMarshall IslandsMonacoNauruSan MarinoSomaliaTuvaluHuman Development Index groupsVery high human developmentHigh human developmentMedium human developmentLow human developmentRegionsArab StatesEast Asia and the PacificEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaLeast developed countriesSmall island developing statesWorld
NOTESa.Change in rank is based on countries for which the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Indexis calculated.b.Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.c.Based on less than half the countries in the group or region.DEFINITIONSHuman Development Index (HDI):A composite index measuring average achievement in three basicdimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living.SeeTechnical note 1for details on how the HDI is calculated.Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI):HDI value adjusted for inequalities in the three basic dimensions ofhuman development. SeeTechnical note 2for details on how the IHDI is calculated.Overall loss:The loss in potential human development due to inequality, calculated as the percentagedifference between the HDI and the IHDI.Inequality-adjusted life expectancy index:The HDI life expectancy index adjusted for inequality indistribution of expected length of life based on data from life tables listed inMain data sources.Inequality-adjusted education index:The HDI education index adjusted for inequality in distribution ofyears of schooling based on data from household surveys listed inMain data sources.Inequality-adjusted income index:The HDI income index adjusted for inequality in income distributionbased on data from household surveys listed inMain data sources.Quintile income ratio:Ratio of the average income of the richest 20 percent of the population to theaverage income of the poorest 20 percent of the population.
Income Gini coefficient:Measure of the deviation of the distribution of income (or consumption) amongindividuals or households within a country from a perfectly equal distribution. A value of 0 representsabsolute equality, a value of 100 absolute inequality.MAIN DATA SOURCESColumn 1:HDRO calculations based on data from UNDESA (2011), Barro and Lee (2010b), UNESCOInstitute for Statistics (2011), World Bank (2011a) and IMF (2011).Column 2:Calculated as the geometric mean of the values in columns 5, 7 and 9 using the methodologyinTechnical note 2.Column 3:Calculated based on data in columns 1 and 2.Column 4:Calculated based on HDI rank and data in column 2.Columns 5, 7 and 9:HDRO calculations based on data from United Nations Department of Economic andSocial Affairs life tables, the Luxembourg Income Study, Eurostat’s European Union Survey of Incomeand Living Conditions, the World Bank’s International Income Distribution Database, the United NationsChildren’s Fund’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, theWorld Health Organization’s World Health Survey and the United Nations University’s World Institute forDevelopment Economics Research’s World Income Inequality Database using the methodology inTechni-cal note 2.The list of surveys and years of surveys used for each index are available at http://hdr.undp.org.Column 6:Calculated based on data in column 5 and the unadjusted life expectancy index.Column 8:Calculated based on data in column 7 and the unadjusted education index.Column 10:Calculated based on data in column 9 and the unadjusted income index.Columns 11 and 12:World Bank (2011a).
34
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
4
table
Gender Inequality Index and related indicatorsPopulationwith at leastsecondaryeducation(% ages 25and older)REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHAt leastoneantenatalvisit(%)Birthsattendedby skilledhealthpersonnel(%)ContraceptiveprevalenceLabour forcerate, anyparticipation ratemethod(%)(% of marriedwomen agesMale Female Male15–49)2010200920092005–2009b
HDI rank
Seats innationalMaternalmortality Adolescent parliamentRank Valueratiofertility rate(% female)Female2011201120082011a20112010
GenderInequalityIndex
Totalfertilityrate2011a
2005–2009b2005–2009b
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Norway2 Australia3 Netherlands4 United States5 New Zealand6 Canada7 Ireland8 Liechtenstein9 Germany10 Sweden11 Switzerland12 Japan13 Hong Kong, China (SAR)14 Iceland15 Korea, Republic of16 Denmark17 Israel18 Belgium19 Austria20 France21 Slovenia22 Finland23 Spain24 Italy25 Luxembourg26 Singapore27 Czech Republic28 United Kingdom29 Greece30 United Arab Emirates31 Cyprus32 Andorra33 Brunei Darussalam34 Estonia35 Slovakia36 Malta37 Qatar38 Hungary39 Poland40 Lithuania41 Portugal42 Bahrain43 Latvia44 Chile45 Argentina46 Croatia47 BarbadosHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT48 Uruguay49 Palau50 Romania51 Cuba52 Seychelles53 Bahamas54 Montenegro55 Bulgaria
618247322033..71414..91132212161028513152681734243821....3031421113925291944366867276562..5558..54..40
0.0750.1360.0520.2990.1950.1400.203..0.0850.0490.0670.123..0.0990.1110.0600.1450.1140.1310.1060.1750.0750.1170.1240.1690.0860.1360.2090.1620.2340.141....0.1940.1940.2720.5490.2370.1640.1920.1400.2880.2160.3740.3720.1700.3640.352..0.3330.337..0.332..0.245
7892414123..75106..518575581886517981221010..211268813613719202670146427..2753..491513
9.016.55.141.230.914.017.57.07.96.04.65.03.214.62.36.014.014.212.87.25.09.312.76.710.14.811.129.611.626.76.68.425.122.720.217.316.216.514.819.716.814.918.058.356.913.542.661.113.832.045.251.331.818.242.8
39.628.337.816.8c33.624.911.124.031.745.027.613.6..42.914.738.019.238.528.320.010.842.534.720.320.023.421.021.017.322.512.553.6..19.816.08.70.0f9.117.919.127.415.020.013.937.823.519.614.66.99.843.223.517.911.120.8
99.395.186.395.371.692.382.3..91.387.963.680.067.366.379.459.078.975.767.379.660.6d,e70.170.967.866.457.385.568.864.476.961.849.3d,e66.694.480.864.462.193.279.791.940.474.494.867.357.057.489.556.6..83.873.941.2d,e48.5d,e79.7d,e69.1
99.197.289.294.573.592.781.5..92.887.173.882.371.057.791.765.677.279.885.984.681.9d,e70.175.778.973.964.787.667.872.077.373.249.5d,e61.294.687.173.554.796.783.995.741.980.496.269.854.972.387.651.7..90.580.445.4d,e54.5d,e69.5d,e70.6
63.058.459.558.461.862.754.4..53.160.660.647.952.271.750.160.351.946.753.250.552.857.049.138.448.053.748.855.342.941.954.3..59.754.851.231.649.942.546.250.256.232.454.341.852.446.365.853.8..45.440.9..68.3..48.2
71.072.272.971.975.773.073.0..66.869.273.771.868.983.172.070.662.560.868.162.265.464.968.560.663.375.667.669.565.092.170.8..74.869.068.567.593.058.861.962.169.485.070.273.478.460.378.075.5..60.066.9..78.7..61.2
88.071.069.073.075.074.089.0..75.0..82.054.084.0..80.0....75.051.071.074.0..66.060.0..62.072.084.061.028.0......70.080.086.043.077.049.047.067.062.048.058.078.0..55.078.021.070.078.0..45.039.063.0
..100.0....95.0..........................100.099.098.0100.0........99.0....97.0....100.0................97.0..95.099.0..100.096.0100.094.0100.0..98.097.0..
..100.0100.099.0100.098.0100.0........100.0....100.0......100.099.0100.0100.0....100.0100.0100.099.0..99.0....99.0100.0100.098.099.0100.0100.0100.0100.098.0100.0100.095.0100.0100.0100.0100.099.0100.0..99.099.0g100.0
2.02.01.82.12.11.72.1..1.51.91.51.41.12.11.41.92.91.81.42.01.51.91.51.51.71.41.51.91.51.71.5..2.01.71.41.32.21.41.41.51.32.41.51.82.21.51.62.0..1.41.5..1.91.61.6
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
35
Gender Inequality Index and related indicatorsPopulationwith at leastsecondaryeducation(% ages 25and older)Male2010REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHLabour forceparticipation rate(%)Female2009Male2009Contraceptiveprevalencerate, anymethod(% of marriedwomen ages15–49)2005–2009bAt leastoneantenatalvisit(%)Birthsattendedby skilledhealthpersonnel(%)
HDI rank
Seats innationalMaternalmortality Adolescent parliamentRank Valueratiofertility rate(% female)Female2011201120082011a20112010
GenderInequalityIndex
Totalfertilityrate2011a
2005–2009b2005–2009b
table
4
565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394
Saudi Arabia135 0.646Mexico79 0.448Panama95 0.492Serbia....Antigua and Barbuda....Malaysia43 0.286Trinidad and Tobago53 0.331Kuwait37 0.229Libya51 0.314Belarus....Russian Federation59 0.338Grenada....Kazakhstan56 0.334Costa Rica64 0.361Albania41 0.271Lebanon76 0.440Saint Kitts and Nevis....Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of78 0.447Bosnia and Herzegovina....Georgia73 0.418Ukraine57 0.335Mauritius63 0.353Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 23 0.151Jamaica81 0.450Peru72 0.415Dominica....Saint Lucia....Ecuador85 0.469Brazil80 0.449Saint Vincent and the Grenadines....Armenia60 0.343Colombia91 0.482Iran, Islamic Republic of92 0.485Oman49 0.309Tonga....Azerbaijan50 0.314Turkey77 0.443Belize97 0.493Tunisia45 0.29383717490....35..69..93103878852704675....0.4560.4120.4190.480....0.209..0.382..0.4870.5090.4760.4760.3200.4100.2980.427....
2485718..31559641539..45443126..68948263698998....14058..29853020..382394605912039100..26387748100110260951803765329482..
11.670.682.622.155.514.234.713.83.222.130.042.430.065.617.916.242.689.916.444.730.835.422.077.354.720.061.782.875.658.935.774.329.59.222.333.839.278.75.726.57.323.6108.728.345.28.419.543.339.582.789.972.378.212.220.833.854.146.653.5
0.025.58.521.619.414.027.47.77.732.111.521.413.638.616.43.16.717.015.86.58.018.832.516.027.5h12.520.732.39.614.39.213.82.89.03.6i16.09.111.123.312.27.05.319.14.1..21.316.814.09.819.016.113.630.16.53.918.821.5..j..
f
50.355.863.561.7..66.067.652.255.6..90.6..92.254.483.232.4..33.4..63.8d,e91.545.255.6d74.057.611.2d,e..44.248.8..94.148.039.026.784.065.4d,e27.135.233.557.136.356.049.764.2d,e86.654.8..25.6..40.553.845.455.131.383.085.865.943.436.5d,e
57.961.960.770.7..72.866.643.944.0..95.6..95.052.889.233.3..29.6..58.9d,e96.152.940.2d71.176.110.3d,e..45.846.3..94.847.657.228.187.861.9d,e46.732.848.074.249.357.641.860.0d,e88.670.4..33.7..47.534.750.467.937.381.892.363.759.329.0d,e
21.243.248.4....44.455.145.424.754.857.5..65.745.149.322.3..51.754.955.152.040.842.956.158.2..51.047.160.156.059.640.731.925.454.659.524.047.425.623.337.234.250.537.938.767.462.465.538.545.970.057.062.157.167.846.549.222.416.5
79.880.680.7....79.278.182.578.966.569.2..76.379.970.471.5..80.368.373.865.474.865.274.076.0..75.877.781.978.874.677.673.076.974.766.869.680.670.673.979.675.179.875.478.479.774.080.766.076.781.186.682.077.078.253.178.575.368.4
24.073.0..41.053.055.043.052.045.073.080.054.051.080.069.058.054.077.036.047.067.076.014.069.073.050.047.073.081.048.053.078.079.032.023.051.073.034.060.059.061.068.073.025.035.085.048.077.046.073.033.079.061.039.055.068.051.060.050.0
90.094.072.098.0100.079.096.095.081.099.0..100.0100.090.097.096.0100.094.099.096.099.0..94.091.094.0100.099.084.097.0100.093.094.098.0100.0..77.092.094.096.099.089.099.099.0....91.099.098.090.094.094.096.086.081.0100.098.091.074.099.0
91.093.092.099.0g100.099.098.098.094.0g100.0g100.099.0100.0g99.099.098.0100.095.0100.0g98.099.098.0100.0g97.0g83.0g100.0100.098.0g97.099.0100.096.0g97.099.095.088.0g91.095.0g95.099.095.099.098.0100.099.099.0100.097.090.0g96.086.082.071.084.099.0100.0g62.079.099.0
2.62.22.41.6..2.61.62.32.41.51.52.22.51.81.51.8..2.41.11.51.51.61.42.32.4..1.92.41.82.01.72.31.62.23.82.22.02.71.92.92.12.22.53.82.61.62.31.52.32.23.22.93.21.72.51.53.12.64.3
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT95 Jordan96 Algeria97 Sri Lanka98 Dominican Republic99 Samoa100 Fiji101 China102 Turkmenistan103 Thailand104 Suriname105 El Salvador106 Gabon107 Paraguay108 Bolivia, Plurinational State of109 Maldives110 Mongolia111 Moldova, Republic of112 Philippines113 Egypt114 Occupied Palestinian Territory
36
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
Gender Inequality Index and related indicatorsPopulationwith at leastsecondaryeducation(% ages 25and older)Male2010REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHLabour forceparticipation rate(%)Female2009Male2009Contraceptiveprevalencerate, anymethod(% of marriedwomen ages15–49)2005–2009bAt leastoneantenatalvisit(%)Birthsattendedby skilledhealthpersonnel(%)
HDI rank
Seats innationalMaternalmortality Adolescent parliamentRank Valueratiofertility rate(% female)Female2011201120082011a20112010
GenderInequalityIndex
Totalfertilityrate2011a
2005–2009b2005–2009b
115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141
UzbekistanMicronesia, Federated States ofGuyanaBotswanaSyrian Arab RepublicNamibiaHondurasKiribatiSouth AfricaIndonesiaVanuatuKyrgyzstanTajikistanViet NamNicaraguaMoroccoGuatemalaIraqCape VerdeIndiaGhanaEquatorial GuineaCongoLao People’s Democratic RepublicCambodiaSwazilandBhutan
....1061028684105..94100..666148101104109117..129122..1321079911098..130..115112....96134..119140146114..113123126108116124..131..82133127128136120141118
....0.5110.5070.4740.4660.511..0.4900.505..0.3700.3470.3050.5060.5100.5420.579..0.6170.598..0.6280.5130.5000.5460.495..0.627..0.5730.550....0.4920.639..0.5900.6740.7690.566..0.5580.5990.6050.5320.5770.602..0.627..0.4530.6340.6100.6110.6550.5940.7070.583
30..27019046180110..410240..8164561001101107594230350280580580290420200100530..2603403706102406004407902502104108403803005505304303503404703005404104007504705101,400790
13.825.468.352.142.874.493.122.259.245.154.034.128.426.8112.715.1107.298.081.686.371.1122.9118.739.041.883.950.270.3100.266.131.678.965.8171.116.3127.8134.3130.466.978.8105.9118.3103.446.479.273.5149.965.358.0146.822.938.7111.776.661.9129.4119.2118.764.6
19.20.030.07.912.425.018.04.342.718.03.823.317.525.820.76.712.025.220.810.78.310.09.225.019.021.913.90.09.818.221.018.629.238.64.013.912.136.00.90.729.67.333.24.219.222.937.211.13.014.013.850.98.47.524.28.920.827.617.9
....42.673.624.749.631.9..66.324.2..81.093.224.730.820.115.622.0..26.633.9..43.822.911.649.916.2d,e..20.1..23.530.8....18.021.1..5.612.47.610.9..17.922.58.024.39.115.3..25.7..7.411.316.912.813.610.45.848.8
....43.777.524.146.136.3..68.031.1..81.285.828.044.736.321.042.7..50.483.1..48.736.820.646.119.4d,e..38.6..46.839.3....17.634.9..9.224.424.419.4..39.936.320.820.320.845.1..44.2..8.025.931.418.225.220.434.062.0
58.4..44.772.321.151.840.1..47.052.079.354.857.068.047.126.248.113.853.532.873.839.762.977.773.653.153.424.276.444.521.758.758.974.563.153.584.286.371.619.964.839.263.357.559.070.878.363.673.759.561.586.767.470.630.850.875.033.160.0
71.0..81.280.979.562.680.2..63.486.088.379.177.776.078.480.187.968.981.381.175.292.082.678.985.674.970.650.088.176.084.982.582.888.485.180.788.790.674.273.588.673.480.382.981.077.790.685.785.479.278.785.177.985.273.982.178.884.574.3
65.045.043.053.058.055.065.022.060.057.038.048.037.080.072.063.054.050.061.054.024.0..44.038.040.051.035.027.046.038.030.053.022.06.041.029.040.026.032.028.012.015.048.032.09.047.024.017.026.041.023.036.017.018.08.013.041.010.065.0
99.0..92.094.084.095.092.088.092.093.084.097.089.091.090.068.093.084.098.075.090.086.086.035.069.085.088.074.092.098.061.051.061.080.080.082.086.076.079.047.087.058.044.085.075.092.094.084.075.094.092.096.084.098.064.085.092.016.093.0
100.088.092.0g95.0g93.0g81.067.0g63.091.075.0g74.098.0g88.0g88.0g74.063.051.080.078.0g53.0g57.065.0g83.020.0g44.069.0g71.070.044.082.039.0g24.0g18.047.0g64.063.044.0g43.0g53.036.052.0g39.0g19.026.0g61.0g62.0g42.062.0g62.0g47.0g93.0g52.0g74.0g57.0g49.0g57.054.014.060.0
g
2.33.32.22.62.83.13.0..2.42.13.82.63.21.82.52.23.84.52.32.54.05.04.42.52.43.22.34.04.63.53.22.25.95.11.94.34.55.53.84.94.65.42.63.24.43.15.93.94.76.33.65.35.14.74.24.26.06.03.1
table
4
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT142 Solomon Islands143 Kenya144 São Tomé and Príncipe145 Pakistan146 Bangladesh147 Timor-Leste148 Angola149 Myanmar150 Cameroon151 Madagascar152 Tanzania, United Republic of153 Papua New Guinea154 Yemen155 Senegal156 Nigeria157 Nepal158 Haiti159 Mauritania160 Lesotho161 Uganda162 Togo163 Comoros164 Zambia165 Djibouti166 Rwanda167 Benin168 Gambia169 Sudan170 Côte d'Ivoire171 Malawi172 Afghanistan173 Zimbabwe
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
37
Gender Inequality Index and related indicatorsPopulationwith at leastsecondaryeducation(% ages 25and older)Male2010REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHLabour forceparticipation rate(%)Female2009Male2009Contraceptiveprevalencerate, anymethod(% of marriedwomen ages15–49)2005–2009bAt leastoneantenatalvisit(%)Birthsattendedby skilledhealthpersonnel(%)
HDI rank
Seats innationalMaternalmortality Adolescent parliamentRank Valueratiofertility rate(% female)Female2011201120082011a20112010
GenderInequalityIndex
Totalfertilityrate2011a
2005–2009b2005–2009b
table
4
174175176177178179180181182183184185186187
EthiopiaMaliGuinea-BissauEritreaGuineaCentral African RepublicSierra LeoneBurkina FasoLiberiaChadMozambiqueBurundiNigerCongo, Democratic Republic of the
..143......13813712113914512589144142......................
..0.712......0.6690.6620.5960.6710.7350.6020.4780.7240.710..............0.2240.4090.4750.606
4708301,0002806808509705609901,200550970820670250........1,200..1651135532192792980252619537..176
72.4186.3111.166.6157.4106.6143.7124.8142.6164.5149.218.6207.1201.40.753.51.631.22.570.123.323.851.650.198.244.419.828.073.777.4119.7106.166.458.1
25.510.210.022.0..k9.6h13.215.313.814.339.236.113.19.415.63.026.10.016.76.80.021.513.517.318.212.020.213.418.712.519.820.320.617.7
..3.2......10.39.534.7d,e15.70.9d,e1.55.22.510.7..............82.061.041.218.732.948.178.050.527.322.216.850.350.8
..8.4......26.220.435.1d,e39.29.9d,e6.09.27.636.2..............84.664.657.732.446.261.383.352.249.234.927.454.961.7
80.737.659.662.579.271.665.478.266.662.784.891.038.956.555.1........56.5..52.847.851.154.626.064.249.751.734.662.964.452.651.5
90.367.083.883.489.286.767.590.875.878.286.987.587.585.677.5........84.7..69.875.080.082.777.180.367.879.981.281.284.075.878.0
15.08.010.08.09.019.08.017.011.03.016.09.011.021.069.045.0..36.0..15.031.069.572.467.727.846.176.967.774.852.124.328.753.361.6
28.070.078.070.088.069.087.085.079.039.092.092.046.085.097.081.0..95.0..26.097.098.694.485.164.976.490.795.394.871.373.663.790.882.7
6.049.0g39.0g28.0g46.0g44.0g42.0g54.046.014.055.0g34.033.074.0g97.086.0..97.0..33.0g98.099.296.178.139.676.191.997.992.050.547.738.274.376.4
3.96.14.94.25.04.44.75.85.05.74.74.16.95.52.0........6.3..1.81.92.14.23.11.81.72.22.64.84.12.72.4
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIESKorea, Democratic People’s Rep. ofMarshall IslandsMonacoNauruSan MarinoSomaliaTuvaluHuman Development Index groupsVery high human developmentHigh human developmentMedium human developmentLow human developmentRegionsArab StatesEast Asia and the PacificEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaLeast developed countriesSmall island developing statesWorld
.. 0.563...... 0.311.. 0.445.. 0.601.. 0.610.. 0.594...... 0.492
NOTESa.Annual average for 2010–2015.b.Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.c.The denominator of the calculation refers to voting members of the House of Representatives only.d.UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2011).e.Refers to an earlier year than that specified.f.For purposes of calculating the Gender Inequality Index, a value of 0.1 percent was used.g.Includes deliveries by cadres of health workers other than doctors, nurses and midwives.h.Data are for 2010.i.No women were elected in 2010; however, one woman was appointed to the cabinet.j.The People’s Assembly and the Shoura Assembly were dissolved by the Egypt Supreme Council ofArmed Forces on 13 February 2011.k.The parliament was dissolved following the December 2008 coup.DEFINITIONSGender Inequality Index:A composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between womenand men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. SeeTechnicalnote 3for details on how the Gender Inequality Index is calculated.Maternal mortality ratio:Ratio of the number of maternal deaths to the number of live births in a givenyear, expressed per 100,000 live births.Adolescent fertility rate:Number of births to women ages 15–19 per 1,000 women ages 15–19.Seats in national parliament:Proportion of seats held by women in a lower or single house or an upperhouse or senate, expressed as percentage of total seats.Population with at least secondary education:Percentage of the population ages 25 and older thathave reached secondary education.
Labour force participation rate:Proportion of a country’s working-age population that engages inthe labour market, either by working or actively looking for work, expressed as a percentage of theworking-age population.Contraceptive prevalence rate, any method:Percentage of women of reproductive age (ages 15–49)who are using, or whose partners are using, any modern or traditional form of contraception.At least one antenatal visit:Percentage of women who used antenatal care provided by skilled healthpersonnel for reasons related to pregnancy at least once during pregnancy, as a percentage of live births.Births attended by skilled health personnel:Percentage of deliveries attended by personnel (includingdoctors, nurses and midwives) trained to give the necessary care, supervision and advice to womenduring pregnancy, labour and postpartum; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns.Total fertility rate:Number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to live to the endof her child-bearing years and bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing age-specificfertility rates.MAIN DATA SOURCESColumns 1 and 2:HDRO calculations based on UNICEF (2011), UNDESA (2011), IPU (2011), Barro and Lee(2010b), UNESCO (2011) and ILO (2011).Column 3:WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and World Bank (2010).Columns 4 and 13:UNDESA (2011).Column 5:IPU (2011).Columns 6 and 7:HDRO updates of Barro and Lee (2010b) estimates based on UNESCO Institute forStatistics data on education attainment (2011) and Barro and Lee (2010a) methodology.Columns 8 and 9:ILO (2011).Columns 10–12:UNICEF (2011).
38
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
5
table
Multidimensional Poverty IndexPopulation inmultidimensional povertyaMultidimensionalPoverty IndexPopulation PopulationIntensity of vulnerable in severeHeadcountdeprivation to poverty poverty(%)(%)(%)(thousands)(%)Share of multidimensionalpoor with deprivations inenvironmental servicesCleanwater(%)Improvedsanitation(%)Modernfuels(%)Population belowincome poverty linePPP $1.25a day(%)Nationalpovertyline(%)
HDI rank
Yearb
Valuea
2000–2009c2000–2009c
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT21 Slovenia27 Czech Republic30 United Arab Emirates34 Estonia35 Slovakia38 Hungary39 Poland40 Lithuania43 Latvia44 Chile45 Argentina46 CroatiaHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT48 Uruguay50 Romania52 Seychelles54 Montenegro55 Bulgaria57 Mexico58 Panama59 Serbia61 Malaysia62 Trinidad and Tobago65 Belarus66 Russian Federation68 Kazakhstan69 Costa Rica70 Albania73 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of74 Bosnia and Herzegovina75 Georgia76 Ukraine78 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia79 Jamaica80 Peru83 Ecuador84 Brazil86 Armenia87 Colombia88 Iran, Islamic Republic of91 Azerbaijan92 Turkey93 Belize94 TunisiaMEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT95 Jordan97 Sri Lanka98 Dominican Republic100 Fiji101 China103 Thailand104 Suriname105 El Salvador106 Gabon107 Paraguay108 Bolivia, Plurinational State of109 Maldives
2003 (W)2003 (W)2003 (W)2003 (W)2003 (W)2003 (W)....2003 (W)..2005 (N)2003 (W)2003 (W)....2005 (M)..2006 (N)..2005 (M)..2006 (M)2005 (M)2003 (W)2006 (M)..2009 (D)..2006 (M)2005 (M)2007 (D)2005 (M)..2004 (D)2003 (W)2006 (N)2005 (D)2010 (D)..2006 (D)2003 (D)2006 (M)2003 (W)2009 (D)2003 (W)2007 (D)..2003 (W)2005 (M)2006 (M)..2000 (D)2003 (W)2008 (D)2009 (D)
0.000d0.0100.0020.0260.000d0.016....0.006e..0.011f0.0160.006....0.006..0.015..0.003..0.0200.0000.005e0.002..0.005..0.0030.0030.0080.008..0.0860.0090.0110.0040.022..0.0210.0280.0240.010e0.0080.021e0.018..0.0560.0060.039..0.161d0.0640.0890.018
0.0d3.10.67.20.0d4.6....1.6e..3.0f4.41.7....1.5..4.0..0.8..5.60.01.3e0.6..1.4..0.80.82.21.9..19.92.22.71.15.4..5.36.65.62.8e2.45.3e4.6..12.51.68.2..35.4d13.320.55.2
0d31620970d466....37e..1,160f19656....9..4,313..79..7401,883e92..45..30361,01839..5,4212865,075342,500..4614,37816272e1451,027e438..161,6751,06741..437d7551,97216
0.0d33.435.336.50.0d34.3....37.9e..37.7f36.334.7....41.6..38.9..40.0..35.135.138.9e36.9..37.7..37.235.235.540.9..43.241.639.336.240.9..39.442.042.637.1e34.438.7e39.4..44.938.547.2..45.5d48.543.735.6
0.4d0.02.01.30.0d0.0....0.0e..5.7f0.10.1....1.9..5.8..3.6..0.40.80.8e5.0..7.4..7.05.31.06.7..16.92.17.03.96.4..12.57.37.64.9e1.314.4e8.6..6.39.96.7..22.4d15.018.74.8
0.0d0.00.00.20.0d0.0....0.0e..0.2f0.30.0....0.3..0.5..0.1..0.30.00.2e0.0..0.1..0.10.00.20.3..6.00.60.20.01.1..0.61.31.10.2e0.10.6e0.7..4.50.23.3..13.2d6.15.80.3
0.00.00.10.30.00.0....0.0..0.2f0.10.0....0.2..0.6..0.1..0.30.00.10.3..0.3..0.10.40.10.4..14.10.71.00.22.4..3.12.01.91.20.23.01.5..3.00.55.2..19.48.88.20.2
0.00.00.10.60.00.0....0.8..2.2f0.30.0....0.4..2.1..0.2..0.50.00.40.1..0.4..0.10.30.10.8..19.40.61.10.42.6..2.43.22.51.40.02.62.7..7.70.56.5..32.611.219.80.4
0.00.00.02.40.00.0....0.1..2.2f1.20.3....0.9..2.8..0.7..0.00.00.10.5..1.1..0.50.80.31.5..19.20.3..0.33.6..1.6..4.10.50.05.32.9..9.11.25.3..26.912.417.70.9
0.0....0.0..0.00.00.00.00.80.90.00.00.50.30.01.03.49.50.10.0..0.00.00.20.70.63.50.014.70.10.30.25.95.13.81.316.01.51.02.7..2.60.47.04.3..15.910.8..5.14.85.114.01.5
............16.6..5.915.1..11.120.513.8..4.912.847.432.76.63.8..5.411.115.421.712.429.014.023.67.919.09.934.836.021.426.545.5..15.818.133.53.813.315.250.531.02.88.1..37.832.735.160.1..
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
39
multidimensional poverty IndexPopulation inmultidimensional povertyaMultidimensionalPoverty IndexHDI rankYearbValueaHeadcount(%)Population PopulationIntensity of vulnerable in severedeprivation to poverty poverty(%)(%)(thousands)(%)Share of multidimensionalpoor with deprivations inenvironmental servicesCleanwater(%)Improvedsanitation(%)Modernfuels(%)Population belowincome poverty linePPP $1.25a day(%)Nationalpovertyline(%)
2000–2009c2000–2009c
table
5
110111112113114115117118119120121123124125126127128129130131132133134135137138139140141
MongoliaMoldova, Republic ofPhilippinesEgyptOccupied Palestinian TerritoryUzbekistanGuyanaBotswanaSyrian Arab RepublicNamibiaHondurasSouth AfricaIndonesiaVanuatuKyrgyzstanTajikistanViet NamNicaraguaMoroccoGuatemalaIraqCape VerdeIndiaGhanaCongoLao People’s Democratic RepublicCambodiaSwazilandBhutan
2005 (M)2005 (D)2008 (D)2008 (D)2007 (N)2006 (M)2005 (D)..2006 (M)2007 (D)2006 (D)2008 (N)2007 (D)2007 (M)2006 (M)2005 (M)2002 (D)2006 (D)2007 (N)2003 (W)2006 (M)..2005 (D)2008 (D)2009 (D)2006 (M)2005 (D)2007 (D)2010 (M)2009 (D)2009 (D)2007 (D)2007 (D)2009 (D)2001 (M)2000 (M)2004 (D)2009 (D)2008 (D)2006 (M)2005 (D)2008 (D)2006 (D)2006 (D)2007 (M)2009 (D)2006 (D)2006 (M)2000 (M)2007 (D)2006 (M)2005 (D)2006 (D)2006 (M)2005 (D)2004 (D)..2006 (D)2005 (D)
0.0650.0070.0640.0240.0050.0080.053..0.021d0.1870.1590.0570.0950.1290.0190.0680.0840.1280.048e0.127e0.059..0.2830.1440.2080.2670.2510.1840.1190.2290.1540.264e0.2920.3600.4520.154e0.2870.3570.3670.2830.3840.3100.3500.2990.352e0.1560.3670.2840.408d0.3280.1390.4260.4120.3240.3530.381..0.1800.562
15.81.913.46.00.42.313.4..5.5d39.632.513.420.830.14.917.117.728.010.6e25.9e14.2..53.731.240.647.252.041.427.247.834.549.4e57.868.177.431.8e53.366.965.252.566.954.164.756.461.7e35.372.354.373.9d64.229.380.271.860.461.572.1..39.788.6
4027212,0834,69952603100..1,041d8552,2816,60948,352672491,10414,2491,5383,287e3,134e3,996..612,2037,2581,6002,7576,94646919718,8635681,236e83,20774911,13714,297e9,14913,46327,55911,1767,27381,51018,0085,3461,982e75921,2353,003416d7,7402417,3805,65293511,0838,993..4,97465,798
41.036.747.440.737.336.239.5..37.5d47.248.942.345.942.738.840.047.245.745.3e49.1e41.3..52.746.251.256.548.444.543.948.044.753.4e50.452.958.448.3e53.953.356.353.957.457.354.053.057.1e44.150.752.455.2d51.247.353.257.453.657.452.8..45.363.5
20.66.49.17.28.88.16.7..7.1d23.622.022.212.233.59.223.018.517.412.3e9.8e14.3..16.421.617.714.121.324.417.227.424.311.0e21.218.210.713.4e19.317.923.013.011.617.815.618.815.1e26.719.421.616.0d17.216.114.913.217.615.320.0..24.06.1
3.20.15.71.00.10.12.1..0.5d14.711.32.47.66.50.93.16.011.23.3e14.5e3.1..28.611.422.928.122.013.08.519.810.727.4e26.238.754.89.4e30.435.443.731.944.433.937.132.340.7e11.139.728.743.8d34.812.550.647.235.539.340.4..14.872.3
11.60.52.90.30.60.61.6..1.714.711.94.610.27.91.610.515.320.44.43.76.4..11.912.217.227.828.624.02.630.89.46.92.535.751.325.232.549.447.331.931.735.714.435.645.418.460.333.445.049.86.763.533.220.825.044.0..24.253.8
13.71.06.11.00.20.14.6..1.036.423.09.613.220.11.03.410.027.76.56.65.1..48.229.938.938.648.337.816.942.629.632.148.247.668.519.148.566.564.125.751.439.656.352.254.531.269.152.972.857.416.365.769.532.151.971.6..31.683.7
15.71.511.0..0.10.92.5..0.137.529.68.015.529.52.810.1..27.44.923.02.7..51.131.035.947.151.637.822.147.631.340.556.767.671.0..52.566.965.028.453.252.863.456.253.432.872.354.272.363.08.880.271.360.3..72.0..39.088.3
22.41.922.62.0..46.3....1.7..23.317.418.7..1.921.513.115.82.516.94.021.041.630.054.133.928.362.926.219.728.622.649.637.454.3..9.667.867.917.533.564.455.154.921.243.428.738.746.164.318.876.847.334.323.873.9....39.0
35.229.026.522.021.9....30.6..38.060.023.013.3..43.147.214.546.29.051.022.926.627.528.550.127.630.169.223.245.953.822.340.049.9....39.968.733.434.850.854.730.977.046.356.624.561.744.859.3..58.539.058.042.752.436.072.038.9
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT143 Kenya144 São Tomé and Príncipe145 Pakistan146 Bangladesh147 Timor-Leste148 Angola149 Myanmar150 Cameroon151 Madagascar152 Tanzania, United Republic of154 Yemen155 Senegal156 Nigeria157 Nepal158 Haiti159 Mauritania160 Lesotho161 Uganda162 Togo163 Comoros164 Zambia165 Djibouti166 Rwanda167 Benin168 Gambia170 Côte d'Ivoire171 Malawi172 Afghanistan173 Zimbabwe174 Ethiopia
40
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
multidimensional poverty IndexPopulation inmultidimensional povertyaMultidimensionalPoverty IndexHDI rankYearbValueaHeadcount(%)Population PopulationIntensity of vulnerable in severedeprivation to poverty poverty(%)(%)(thousands)(%)Share of multidimensionalpoor with deprivations inenvironmental servicesCleanwater(%)Improvedsanitation(%)Modernfuels(%)Population belowincome poverty linePPP $1.25a day(%)Nationalpovertyline(%)
2000–2009c2000–2009c
175176178179180181182183184185186187
MaliGuinea-BissauGuineaCentral African RepublicSierra LeoneBurkina FasoLiberiaChadMozambiqueBurundiNigerCongo, Democratic Republic of the
2006 (D)..2005 (D)2000 (M)2008 (D)2006 (M)2007 (D)2003 (W)2009 (D)2005 (M)2006 (D)2007 (D)2006 (M)
0.558..0.5060.5120.4390.5360.4850.3440.5120.5300.6420.3930.514
86.6..82.586.477.082.683.962.979.384.592.473.281.2
11,771..7,4593,1984,32112,0782,9175,75818,1276,12712,43744,4856,941
64.4..61.359.357.064.957.754.764.662.769.453.763.3
7.6..9.311.813.18.69.728.29.512.24.016.19.5
68.4..62.355.453.265.857.544.160.761.981.846.565.6
43.7..37.753.650.343.033.542.944.151.664.155.570.0
79.5..75.653.371.169.678.958.463.263.189.362.069.1
86.5..82.586.176.982.483.961.378.784.392.372.881.0
51.448.843.362.853.456.583.761.960.081.343.159.2..
47.464.753.062.066.446.463.855.054.766.959.571.3..
table
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIESSomalia
5
NOTESa.Not all indicators were available for all countries; caution should thus be used in cross-country com-parisons. Where data are missing, indicator weights are adjusted to total 100 percent. For details oncountries missing data, see Alkire and others (2011).b.Dindicates data are from Demographic and Health Surveys,Mindicates data are from MultipleIndicator Cluster Surveys,Windicates data are from World Health Surveys andNindicates dataare from national surveys.c.Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.d.Upper bound estimate.e.Lower bound estimate.f.Refers to only part of the country.DEFINITIONSMultidimensional Poverty Index:Percentage of the population that is multidimensionally poor adjustedby the intensity of the deprivations. SeeTechnical note 4for details on how the Multidimensional PovertyIndex is calculated.Multidimensional poverty headcount:Percentage of the population with a weighted deprivation scoreof at least 33 percent.Intensity of deprivation of multidimensional poverty:Average percentage of deprivation experiencedby people in multidimensional poverty.Population vulnerable to poverty:Percentage of the population at risk of suffering multipledeprivations —that is, those with a deprivation score of 20–33 percent.Population in severe poverty:Percentage of the population in severe multidimensional poverty—thatis, those with a deprivation score of 50 percent or more.Share of multidimensional poor with deprivations in clean water:Percentage of the multidimensionallypoor population without access to clean water that is less than a 30 minute walk from home. Clean wateris defined using the Millennium Development Goal definition and includes piped water into dwelling, plot
or yard; public tap/standpipe; borehole/tube well; protected dug well; protected spring; rainwater collec-tion; and bottled water (if a secondary available source is also improved). It does not include unprotectedwell, unprotected spring, water provided by carts with small tanks/drums, tanker truck-provided waterand bottled water (if secondary source is not an improved source); or surface water taken directly fromrivers, ponds, streams, lakes, dams or irrigation channels.Share of multidimensional poor with deprivations in improved sanitation:Percentage of the multidi-mensionally poor population without access to an improved sanitation facility. Improved sanitation facili-ties are defined using the Millennium Development Goal definition and include flush or pour-flush to pipedsewer system or septic tank, ventilated improved pit latrine, pit latrine with slab and composting toilet.Facilities are not considered improved when they are shared with other households or open to the public.Share of multidimensional poor with deprivations in modern fuels:Percentage of the multidimension-ally poor population without access to modern fuels. Households are considered deprived of modernfuels if they cook with wood, charcoal or dung.Population below PPP $1.25 a day:Percentage of the population living below the international povertyline $1.25 (in purchasing power parity terms) a day.Population below national poverty line:Percentage of the population living below the national povertyline, which is the poverty line deemed appropriate for a country by its authorities. National estimatesare based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.MAIN DATA SOURCESColumns 1 and 2:Calculated from various household surveys, including ICF Macro Demographic andHealth Surveys, United Nations Children’s Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and World HealthOrganization World Health Surveys conducted between 2000 and 2010.Columns 3–10:Calculated based on data on household deprivations in education, health and livingstandards from various household surveys as listed in column 1.Columns 11 and 12:World Bank (2011a).
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
41
6
table
Environmental sustainabilityCOMPOSITE MEASURESOF SUSTAINABILITYPRIMARYENERGYSUPPLYaCARBON DIOxIDEEMISSIONSPOLLUTIONNATURAL RESOURCE DEPLETIONAND BIODIVERSITYFresh waterwith-drawals(% of totalrenewablewaterresources)
HDI rank
Environ-EcologicalmentalFossil Renew-Adjustedfootprint performance fuels ablesnet savings(hectaresindex(% of (% of(% of GNI) per capita)(0–100)total) total)2005–2009b2007201020072007
Green-house gasemissions UrbanPer capitaper capita pollution(tonnes(micro-Naturalof carbongramsresource(averagedioxideper cubicdepletionannual %(tonnes) growth) equivalent) metre) (% of GNI)2008 1970/2008200520082009
ForestEndan-area Change gered(% ofin forest speciesarea(% of alllandarea)(%)species)
2003–2010b2008 1990–2008 2010
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Norway2 Australia3 Netherlands4 United States5 New Zealand6 Canada7 Ireland8 Liechtenstein9 Germany10 Sweden11 Switzerland12 Japan13 Hong Kong, China (SAR)14 Iceland15 Korea, Republic of16 Denmark17 Israel18 Belgium19 Austria20 France21 Slovenia22 Finland23 Spain24 Italy25 Luxembourg26 Singapore27 Czech Republic28 United Kingdom29 Greece30 United Arab Emirates31 Cyprus32 Andorra33 Brunei Darussalam34 Estonia35 Slovakia36 Malta37 Qatar38 Hungary39 Poland40 Lithuania41 Portugal42 Bahrain43 Latvia44 Chile45 Argentina46 Croatia47 BarbadosHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT48 Uruguay49 Palau50 Romania51 Cuba52 Seychelles53 Bahamas54 Montenegro55 Bulgaria
12.81.711.6–0.88.05.8–1.1..11.416.021.612.1..4.120.010.712.213.215.07.013.68.19.76.17.633.011.32.2–7.9..0.4..–1.814.419.8....4.59.76.0–1.810.620.43.210.612.3..6.1..18.8........6.1
5.66.86.28.04.97.06.3..5.15.95.04.7....4.98.34.88.05.35.05.36.25.45.09.45.35.74.95.410.7......7.94.1..10.53.04.34.74.5..5.63.22.63.7..5.1..2.71.9......4.1
81.165.766.463.573.466.467.1..73.286.089.172.5..93.557.069.262.458.178.178.265.074.770.673.167.869.671.674.260.940.756.3..60.863.874.576.348.969.163.168.373.042.072.573.361.068.7..59.1..67.078.1......62.5
58.694.692.585.066.774.990.2..80.133.152.783.094.917.181.280.496.673.871.651.069.448.081.789.988.0100.081.290.292.8100.096.0..100.088.370.099.9100.077.893.860.878.3100.364.377.689.885.1..64.9..79.489.9......76.2
45.35.44.45.433.117.03.8..8.932.420.63.40.482.91.518.94.94.227.17.611.226.17.98.23.00.05.42.85.60.04.0..0.012.05.70.10.06.36.39.318.30.030.822.17.18.7..33.2..14.110.1......5.3
10.519.010.517.37.816.49.8..9.65.35.39.55.57.110.68.45.49.98.16.18.510.77.47.521.97.011.38.58.834.69.96.427.013.67.06.353.55.58.34.55.329.03.44.44.85.35.32.510.44.42.88.16.43.16.7
1.01.3–0.1–0.61.20.11.1....–2.0–0.50.72.60.15.0–1.1–0.1–0.70.5–0.9..0.52.00.8–1.6–0.6..–0.83.1–1.83.4..–2.2....3.0–0.6–0.6–0.3..3.12.4..1.40.9..2.90.5..–0.80.77.4–2.3..–0.2
5.89.62.43.710.04.75.8..1.92.11.21.00.53.31.22.91.11.81.92.32.63.41.71.43.51.42.11.81.46.21.3..17.92.31.40.918.01.62.72.51.84.32.31.63.91.5..8.1..1.71.4......2.0
161431191215131716112227..14311628212913291528231331181332893417511313..3516351721491362682738160..1221......51
10.65.10.80.70.92.30.1..0.10.2..0.0....0.01.50.20.00.10.00.20.10.00.1....0.31.20.2........0.70.3....0.21.00.20.1..0.310.04.90.8..0.4..1.3........1.1
0.8..11.715.6........21.01.5......0.1..10.8101.934.0..15.03.01.529.0......14.88.812.72,032.019.3....14.01.4..455.25.419.49.6..219.8......0.6......3.2........28.7
32.419.710.833.231.534.110.543.131.868.730.868.5..0.3c64.312.77.122.347.029.062.072.935.730.633.53.334.311.829.83.818.734.072.852.640.20.90.022.430.534.237.70.653.621.710.934.219.49.587.628.326.388.551.440.435.1
8.6–2.25.82.37.30.055.16.23.13.46.90.0..223.0–2.121.317.0..2.79.1..1.229.018.5..0.0..9.816.528.77.40.0–7.1....0.00.011.64.5..3.6145.0..5.8–14.1..0.079.8..2.036.10.00.0..14.7
722521257719561599106125111413416142175101698393578854198410913812139181810119
42
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
environmental sustainabilityCOMPOSITE MEASURESOF SUSTAINABILITYPRIMARYENERGYSUPPLYaCARBON DIOxIDEEMISSIONSNATURAL RESOURCE DEPLETIONAND BIODIVERSITYFresh waterwith-drawals(% of totalrenewablewaterresources)2003–2010b943.317.5..........................28.1....0.92.6..26.416.1..........0.7..36.4..67.786.6..35.218.8....
POLLUTION
HDI rank
Environ-EcologicalmentalFossil Renew-Adjustedfootprint performance fuels ablesnet savings(hectaresindex(% of (% of(% of GNI) per capita)(0–100)total) total)20075.13.02.92.4..4.93.16.33.13.84.4..4.52.71.92.9..2.92.71.82.94.35.71.91.5....1.92.9..1.81.92.75.0..1.92.7..1.9201055.367.371.4..69.865.054.251.150.165.461.2..57.386.471.457.9..62.955.963.658.280.660.658.069.3....69.363.4..60.476.860.045.9..59.160.469.960.62007100.088.875.789.5..95.199.9100.099.192.190.9..98.845.663.795.4..87.692.866.681.8..84.288.576.1....83.952.6..73.572.799.4100.0..98.990.6..86.320070.09.924.110.5..5.00.10.00.95.53.0..1.154.526.23.7..12.59.633.71.4..8.211.523.9....15.744.5..5.227.70.70.0..1.59.5..13.7
Green-house gasemissions UrbanPer capitaper capita pollution(tonnes(micro-Naturalof carbongramsresource(averagedioxideper cubicdepletionannual %(tonnes) growth) equivalent) metre) (% of GNI)2008 1970/200817.22.14.41.82.00.95.1..5.2–0.77.74.737.33.726.3–0.69.3–1.56.5..12.1..2.44.415.3..1.82.51.3–0.74.12.54.9..6.0–0.48.3..1.2..7.0..3.14.45.8..4.51.41.40.11.94.42.33.42.02.72.12.01.94.71.8..1.50.37.32.216.411.01.75.05.4..3.93.21.40.92.53.220052.51.71.42.3..2.47.86.32.72.44.9..4.30.91.10.4..3.01.21.42.1..1.00.70.9....1.74.0..1.31.82.17.1..4.71.4..1.020081043334..13201059576716211532463617919491818203751223420212469205594..33371326200928.95.4..0.4..7.928.2..30.50.914.5..22.00.21.3....9.81.60.13.80.00.10.75.90.0..9.93.1..0.56.217.9..0.032.70.2..4.6
ForestEndan-area Change gered(% ofin forest speciesarea(% of alllandarea)(%)species)2008 1990–2008 20100.5c0.0933.5–7.41744.0–13.6629.6..722.3–4.9862.8–7.81844.4–5.360.3c70.69c0.10.0942.2..449.4..950.00.0101.2..850.1–0.2728.4–1.31513.44.41042.30.0853.1–9.9842.7..1039.5..916.7..817.2–9.91839.2..1431.2–1.91553.4–2.7860.3–9.6977.07.3941.3 –25.71261.9–8.910d68.14.989.5..754.7–2.9116.80.090.0c0.0912.50.01011.3..814.414.61561.9–11.066.351.411
565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT95 Jordan96 Algeria97 Sri Lanka98 Dominican Republic99 Samoa100 Fiji101 China102 Turkmenistan103 Thailand104 Suriname105 El Salvador106 Gabon107 Paraguay108 Bolivia, Plurinational State of109 Maldives110 Mongolia111 Moldova, Republic of112 Philippines113 Egypt114 Occupied Palestinian Territory115 Uzbekistan116 Micronesia, Federated States of
2005–2009bSaudi Arabia–3.9Mexico9.1Panama28.4Serbia..Antigua and Barbuda..Malaysia15.4Trinidad and Tobago–32.4Kuwait15.7Libya..Belarus16.9Russian Federation–0.8Grenada..Kazakhstan–1.2Costa Rica15.2Albania8.2Lebanon2.7Saint Kitts and Nevis..Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of2.9Bosnia and Herzegovina..Georgia–7.1Ukraine5.6Mauritius8.0Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia11.6Jamaica6.9Peru8.6Dominica..Saint Lucia..Ecuador4.4Brazil4.6Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–8.8Armenia9.6Colombia5.4Iran, Islamic Republic of..Oman–7.9Tonga..Azerbaijan5.4Turkey2.9Belize9.2Tunisia14.6
table
6
3.0..16.40.4..3.439.7..20.5..3.71.85.26.231.424.916.228.03.1......
2.11.61.21.5....2.23.92.4..2.01.43.22.6....1.41.31.7..1.7..
56.167.463.768.4..65.949.038.462.268.269.156.463.544.365.942.858.865.762.0..42.3..
98.01.799.80.243.4 56.679.2 20.8........86.9 12.3100.70.080.6 19.3....38.4 61.643.8 56.228.2 163.182.1 17.9....96.23.389.12.856.9 43.196.14.0....98.11.9....
3.53.20.62.20.91.55.29.54.34.71.01.70.71.33.04.11.30.92.60.54.60.6
3.32.91.93.13.91.14.6..6.30.22.5–2.12.12.1..1.6..0.83.9......
0.51.80.60.9....1.56.71.6..0.86.44.14.9..3.71.10.80.9..1.9..
33697416..1966655524287677429111361997..40..
1.116.90.50.50.3..3.130.43.2..0.529.2..11.2..11.10.21.07.3..17.8..
99.4..24.5......19.5..13.1..........15.7....17.0..49.9....
1.10.630.140.860.455.121.68.837.194.614.385.445.253.43.07.111.525.30.1c1.57.791.5
0.0–9.4–19.643.331.55.728.1..–3.1–0.1–21.50.0–15.2–7.90.0–11.8..15.056.41.0....
101319171215128143364410761910..715
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
43
environmental sustainabilityCOMPOSITE MEASURESOF SUSTAINABILITYPRIMARYENERGYSUPPLYaCARBON DIOxIDEEMISSIONSNATURAL RESOURCE DEPLETIONAND BIODIVERSITYFresh waterwith-drawals(% of totalrenewablewaterresources)2003–2010b....99.8................9.3..........40.1........0.5..0.4
POLLUTION
HDI rank
Environ-EcologicalmentalFossil Renew-Adjustedfootprint performance fuels ablesnet savings(hectaresindex(% of (% of(% of GNI) per capita)(0–100)total) total)2005–2009b–0.49.6–14.121.99.5..0.411.012.49.46.216.63.425.04.0....24.1–4.7..–44.717.813.0–0.9..2007..2.71.52.21.9..2.31.2..1.21.01.41.61.21.81.3..0.91.8..1.01.31.01.5..201059.241.364.659.349.9..50.844.6..59.751.359.057.165.654.041.0..48.351.341.954.059.641.754.468.02007..67.298.771.654.1..87.265.6..69.242.354.038.593.642.999.4..71.127.8..43.5..29.7....2007..22.31.318.145.9..10.534.4..32.454.745.661.53.957.20.2..28.172.5..53.7..69.7....
Green-house gasemissions UrbanPer capitaper capita pollution(tonnes(micro-Naturalof carbongramsresource(averagedioxideper cubicdepletionannual %(tonnes) growth) equivalent) metre) (% of GNI)2008 1970/20082.0–0.32.5..3.43.11.9..1.22.20.3–0.88.80.71.84.80.4–0.41.1..0.5..1.52.10.80.71.53.10.91.93.41.00.64.11.53.80.40.57.311.30.60.70.30.50.31.81.00.41.112.52005..4.10.94.41.2..1.91.5..1.00.91.31.70.51.10.7..0.70.6..2.7..1.9....20082269694842..227215264353232760138..59247683941352220093.42.810.20.30.4..5.46.5..0.50.27.20.81.41.245.7..4.26.966.050.6..0.20.15.3
ForestEndan-area Change gered(% ofin forest speciesarea(% of alllandarea)(%)species)2008 1990–2008 201077.20.0320.4–15.522.628.8139.0–15.1548.5 –33.2715.00.0147.60.01552.9 –19.21636.10.0144.8..62.9..643.644.31227.0–27.9411.51.21635.2 –20.681.92.6921.046.11322.96.61322.7 –30.6558.8–11.3665.7–1.3468.9–8.1958.6 –20.01332.217.4284.16.37
table
6
117 Guyana118 Botswana119 Syrian Arab Republic120 Namibia121 Honduras122 Kiribati123 South Africa124 Indonesia125 Vanuatu126 Kyrgyzstan127 Tajikistan128 Viet Nam129 Nicaragua130 Morocco131 Guatemala132 Iraq133 Cape Verde134 India135 Ghana136 Equatorial Guinea137 Congo138 Lao People’s Democratic Republic139 Cambodia140 Swaziland141 BhutanLOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT142 Solomon Islands143 Kenya144 São Tomé and Príncipe145 Pakistan146 Bangladesh147 Timor-Leste148 Angola149 Myanmar150 Cameroon151 Madagascar152 Tanzania, United Republic of153 Papua New Guinea154 Yemen155 Senegal156 Nigeria157 Nepal158 Haiti159 Mauritania160 Lesotho161 Uganda162 Togo163 Comoros164 Zambia165 Djibouti166 Rwanda167 Benin168 Gambia169 Sudan170 Côte d'Ivoire171 Malawi172 Afghanistan173 Zimbabwe174 Ethiopia175 Mali176 Guinea-Bissau177 Eritrea
–3.713.1..10.727.1..–29.2..6.83.913.5....7.8..29.1....24.48.6....1.4..8.84.112.9–7.17.3......8.313.5....
..1.1..0.80.60.41.01.81.01.81.22.10.91.11.43.60.72.61.11.51.0..0.9..1.01.23.41.71.00.70.61.21.11.91.00.9
51.151.457.348.044.0..36.351.344.649.247.944.348.342.340.268.239.533.7..49.836.4..47.060.544.639.650.347.154.351.4..47.843.139.444.754.6
..16.2..61.868.4..33.531.023.9..10.6..99.057.318.310.928.3......14.3..7.5....37.1..31.225.0....26.16.7....19.9
..83.8..37.731.6..66.569.076.1..89.4..1.042.481.789.171.7......83.4..92.3....61.0..68.875.5....69.193.3....80.1
0.40.30.80.90.30.21.40.30.30.10.10.31.00.40.60.10.30.6..0.10.20.20.10.60.10.50.30.30.30.10.00.70.10.00.20.1
1.0–0.23.82.2....2.21.03.1–0.80.30.5..0.71.34.73.11.4..–0.91.4..–4.7–0.84.24.12.20.1–0.9–0.8–3.5–2.00.70.21.2..
..0.9..1.10.7..5.12.21.6..1.4..0.51.01.11.00.6......0.8..3.8....0.9..3.01.0....1.31.1....0.8
263029109134..55464733221867814632356846122934..49264562159323537..591124771
10.91.21.03.12.6..29.1..4.80.22.519.913.20.315.04.2..18.81.44.73.61.011.50.32.41.21.011.13.10.9..3.54.5....0.8
..8.9..81.53.0............................................................9.2
79.56.128.12.311.151.447.149.643.121.838.664.11.044.410.825.43.70.2c1.416.16.02.067.00.2c16.842.147.629.532.735.12.142.112.610.472.615.3
–4.3–5.90.0–29.8–3.1–20.9–3.7–17.4–16.3–7.5–17.5–8.00.0–8.5–42.8–24.5–11.6–39.39.0–33.4–52.3–68.3–5.70.030.5–19.17.8–8.31.8–15.20.0–26.6..–10.1–7.9..
178..9954811231212106761973741339644579537258
44
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
environmental sustainabilityCOMPOSITE MEASURESOF SUSTAINABILITYPRIMARYENERGYSUPPLYaCARBON DIOxIDEEMISSIONSNATURAL RESOURCE DEPLETIONAND BIODIVERSITYFresh waterwith-drawals(% of totalrenewablewaterresources)2003–2010b....................
POLLUTION
HDI rank
Environ-EcologicalmentalFossil Renew-Adjustedfootprint performance fuels ablesnet savings(hectaresindex(% of (% of(% of GNI) per capita)(0–100)total) total)2005–2009b–4.2..1.22.3–18.3..2.0–6.816.2..20071.71.31.11.31.31.70.80.92.30.8201044.433.332.147.3..40.851.243.937.651.62007............7.3....4.02007............95.9....96.2
Green-house gasemissions UrbanPer capitaper capita pollution(tonnes(micro-Naturalof carbongramsresource(averagedioxideper cubicdepletionannual %(tonnes) growth) equivalent) metre) (% of GNI)2008 1970/20080.1–0.90.1–1.20.3–0.60.13.90.1–5.00.00.20.1–2.70.01.90.11.00.0–3.32005............1.1....1.920085334386431812631964020096.60.02.11.611.025.23.810.61.210.7
ForestEndan-area Change gered(% ofin forest speciesarea(% of alllandarea)(%)species)2008 1990–2008 201026.9–8.9836.4–2.3138.6–11.3721.1–15.7345.6–11.089.3 –10.9350.2–9.176.8 –39.251.0 –36.8368.3–3.56
178179180181182183184185186187
GuineaCentral African RepublicSierra LeoneBurkina FasoLiberiaChadMozambiqueBurundiNigerCongo, Democratic Republic of the
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIESKorea, Democratic People’s Rep. ofMarshall IslandsMonacoNauruSan MarinoSomaliaTuvaluHuman Development Index groupsVery high human developmentHigh human developmentMedium human developmentLow human developmentRegionsArab StatesEast Asia and the PacificEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaLeast developed countriesSmall island developing statesWorld
..............6.65.027.2......4.76.222.94.7....18.3
1.3........1.4..5.93.11.61.22.1..3.52.61.01.31.2..2.4
41.8............68.263.550.346.356.4..60.465.249.045.746.7..54.4
88.9............81.981.277.3..88.9..87.769.269.8......72.3
11.1............7.215.922.2..10.9..6.730.429.7......25.1
3.31.6..14.2..0.1..11.35.93.20.44.64.27.82.91.50.90.22.64.4
–1.2........0.5..0.31.83.90.62.34.2..1.53.40.20.11.92.5
1.0............2.72.91.2..1.5..2.92.70.8......1.7
59......831..2430616989..2533704368..52
..............0.88.74.48.7....6.8..6.29.810.0..2.4
..........22.4..................30.1........
49.270.2..0.00.011.033.35.810.22.91.61.18.524.312.25.51.62.014.21.7
–27.8....0.00.0–16.70.01.2–3.48.3–13.91.812.6..–7.5–1.3–13.8–12.21.1–1.2
91281407151411138101391112781512
table
6
NOTESa.The sum of the shares of fossil fuels and renewable energy resources may be greater than 100percent because some countries generate more electricity than they consume and export the excess.b.Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.c.Less than 1 percent.d.For certain amphibian species endemic to Brazil, there was not time for the Global Amphibian As-sessment (GAA) Coordinating Team and the experts on the species in Brazil to reach agreement onthe Red List Categories. The data for amphibians included in the data displayed here are those thatwere agreed at the GAA Brazil workshop in April 2003. However, a subsequent GAA check foundthat many of the assessments were inconsistent with the approach adopted elsewhere in the world,and a “consistent Red List Category” was also assigned to these species. Therefore, data displayedhere may not match data in the Global Species Assessment.DEFINITIONSAdjusted net savings:Rate of savings in an economy that takes into account investments in humancapital, depletion of natural resources and damage caused by pollution (including particulate emissions),expressed as a percentage of gross national income (GNI). A negative value implies an unsustainable path.Ecological footprint:Amount of biologically productive land and sea area that a country requires toproduce the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates.Environmental performance index:Index comprising 25 performance indicators across 10 policy cat-egories covering both environmental public health and ecosystem vitality.Primary energy supply, fossil fuels:Percentage of total energy supply that comes from natural resourcesformed from biomass in the geological past (such as coal, oil and natural gas).Primary energy supply, renewables:Percentage of total energy supply that comes from constantlyreplenished natural processes, including solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydropower and ocean re-sources and some waste. Nuclear energy is not included.Carbon dioxide emissions, per capita:Human-originated carbon dioxide emissions stemming fromthe burning of fossil fuels, gas flaring and the production of cement, divided by midyear population.Greenhouse gas emissions per capita:Emissions from methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhousegases, including hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride, divided by midyear popula-tion. Carbon dioxide emissions are not included.
Urban pollution:Particulate matter concentrations in terms of fine suspended particulates of human-made or natural origin less than 10 microns (PM10) in diameter that are capable of penetrating deep intothe respiratory tract. Data are urban population–weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities withmore than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of an urbanresident to outdoor particulate matter.Natural resource depletion:Monetary expression of energy, mineral and forest depletion, expressedas a percentage of total gross national income (GNI).Fresh water withdrawals:Total fresh water withdrawn in a given year, expressed as a percentage oftotal renewable water resources.Forest area:Percentage of total land area spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds, unless underagricultural or urban land use.Change in forest area:Percentage change in area under forest cover.Endangered species:Percentage of animal species (including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishand invertebrates) classified as either critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable by the InternationalUnion for the Conservation of Nature.MAIN DATA SOURCESColumns 1 and 9:World Bank (2011a).Column 2:Global Footprint Network (2010).Column 3:Emerson and others (2010).Columns 4 and 5:HDRO calculations based on data on total primary energy supply from IEA (2011).Columns 6 and 7:HDRO calculations based on data from Boden, Marland and Andres (2009).Column 8:HDRO calculations based on data from World Bank (2011a) and UNDESA (2011).Column 10:HDRO calculations based on World Bank (2011a).Column 11:FAO (2011a).Columns 12 and 13:HDRO calculations based on data on forest and total land area from FAO (2011a).Column 14:IUCN (2010).
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
45
7
table
Human development effects of environmental threatsIMPACT OF NATURALDISASTERSPopulation underage5 suffering fromNumber ofPopulationaffecteddeaths(average(averageannual perannual permillion people) million people)2001/20102001/2010Deaths due toWaterpollution(per millionpeople)2004Indoor airpollution(per millionpeople)2004Outdoor airpollution(per millionpeople)2004Malaria(per millionpeople)2009Dengue(per millionpeople)2001–2010aPopulationliving ondegradedland(%)2010
HDI rank
Stunting(%)2000–2009a
Wasting(%)2000–2009a
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Norway2 Australia3 Netherlands4 United States5 New Zealand6 Canada7 Ireland8 Liechtenstein9 Germany10 Sweden11 Switzerland12 Japan13 Hong Kong, China (SAR)14 Iceland15 Korea, Republic of16 Denmark17 Israel18 Belgium19 Austria20 France21 Slovenia22 Finland23 Spain24 Italy25 Luxembourg26 Singapore27 Czech Republic28 United Kingdom29 Greece30 United Arab Emirates31 Cyprus32 Andorra33 Brunei Darussalam34 Estonia35 Slovakia36 Malta37 Qatar38 Hungary39 Poland40 Lithuania41 Portugal42 Bahrain43 Latvia44 Chile45 Argentina46 Croatia47 BarbadosHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT48 Uruguay49 Palau50 Romania51 Cuba52 Seychelles53 Bahamas
......3.9........1.3................................4.42.6................................2.08.2....13.9..12.84.6....
......1.3........1.1................................3.32.1................................0.52.3....6.0..3.53.9....
03121000b..1201410..10120434150333334..511..0....02....73126..3101801..3004
331,3780b6,6891755411..404077709271..1,15802703173589152714290..2,098617112..4....7212....46731801,418..03,0511,790591,9684,548..76487,3927,8605,979
......................................................................................128..........18....
..................................................................0b......................0b..0b..1853....
65352031380b850b..12456109196..0b1521112162031478115019136137..26416718922455197....7474..0b2081622041900b0b149342225..422..439160....
............................0.0..........................................................0.0..............0.0
..0..............................................5..................................00..0049..0..0
0.2b9.05.41.15.32.70.5b..8.10.3b0.5b0.3b....2.98.512.910.52.73.98.40.0b1.42.2....4.22.71.11.911.4....5.09.1..0.1b17.113.24.82.3..1.81.11.717.5..5.7..13.517.0....
46
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
Human development effects of environmental threatsIMPACT OF NATURALDISASTERSPopulation underage5 suffering fromHDI rankStunting(%)2000–2009aWasting(%)2000–2009aNumber ofPopulationaffecteddeaths(average(averageannual perannual permillion people) million people)2001/20102001/2010Deaths due toWaterpollution(per millionpeople)2004Indoor airpollution(per millionpeople)2004Outdoor airpollution(per millionpeople)2004Malaria(per millionpeople)2009Dengue(per millionpeople)2001–2010aPopulationliving ondegradedland(%)2010
5455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394
MontenegroBulgariaSaudi ArabiaMexicoPanamaSerbiaAntigua and BarbudaMalaysiaTrinidad and TobagoKuwaitLibyaBelarusRussian FederationGrenadaKazakhstanCosta RicaAlbaniaLebanonSaint Kitts and NevisVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic ofBosnia and HerzegovinaGeorgiaUkraineMauritiusFormer Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaJamaicaPeruDominicaSaint LuciaEcuadorBrazilSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesArmeniaColombiaIran, Islamic Republic ofOmanTongaAzerbaijanTurkeyBelizeTunisia
7.98.89.315.519.18.1....5.3..21.04.5....17.5..27.016.5..15.611.814.722.9..11.53.729.8....29.07.1..18.216.2......26.815.622.29.012.015.917.310.1....21.8..15.7..24.626.3..27.131.927.511.333.8
2.21.65.33.43.91.8....4.4..5.61.3....4.9..6.64.2..3.71.62.34.1..1.82.25.4....6.22.2..4.25.1......8.43.54.93.33.63.721.13.4....6.8..7.0..6.18.8..4.325.75.33.220.7
011120000....040381200b..100b202367611404150001300429581..21700504110
1,249179867,0973,61221334,7201,573131....191,33259,0034427,36719,215414..70410,673941,4218153,87415,75720,75211,3721,7213,7693,440918014,4822,15672215,8571,15922428,239320056422,6523,480010,51193,151..58,2206,0139,4361497,30718,42952259,1356,53248,370
......4363..035........5..193243250..61..892....7592....83137..3350......21297..827724741142..0b425321210b116298863780b1990b182
..0b..4163....0b0b..0b104..7470b....80b446..0b18837....0b58..131574....13051..10..12219330b0b422..159..5074521450b1197886
..4371088863....230b137318..231..1594764100....792883058014875117....38740b88261132126..177299..82134655188....23017061..50..861110b..26154
....0.00.00.0....0.0........0.0c....0.2......0.0..0.0......0.00.1....0.00.4..0.00.30.00.7..0.00.0c0.0....0.00.01.4....0.0c0.01.00.00.0133.30.00.0......0.3
......00..049........0..0....00..........0000000..0..........0......21..00..100..100....5
8.07.84.33.84.118.5..1.2..0.68.54.73.1..23.51.35.71.2..1.96.11.96.2..7.13.30.7....1.67.9..9.62.025.15.8..3.85.51.136.722.028.821.17.0....8.611.117.0..6.3..1.32.0..31.521.82.2
table
7
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT95 Jordan96 Algeria97 Sri Lanka98 Dominican Republic99 Samoa100 Fiji101 China102 Turkmenistan103 Thailand104 Suriname105 El Salvador106 Gabon107 Paraguay108 Bolivia, Plurinational State of109 Maldives110 Mongolia111 Moldova, Republic of112 Philippines
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
47
Human development effects of environmental threatsIMPACT OF NATURALDISASTERSPopulation underage5 suffering fromHDI rankStunting(%)2000–2009aWasting(%)2000–2009aNumber ofPopulationaffecteddeaths(average(averageannual perannual permillion people) million people)2001/20102001/2010Deaths due toWaterpollution(per millionpeople)2004Indoor airpollution(per millionpeople)2004Outdoor airpollution(per millionpeople)2004Malaria(per millionpeople)2009Dengue(per millionpeople)2001–2010aPopulationliving ondegradedland(%)2010
table
7
113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141
EgyptOccupied Palestinian TerritoryUzbekistanMicronesia, Federated States ofGuyanaBotswanaSyrian Arab RepublicNamibiaHondurasKiribatiSouth AfricaIndonesiaVanuatuKyrgyzstanTajikistanViet NamNicaraguaMoroccoGuatemalaIraqCape VerdeIndiaGhanaEquatorial GuineaCongoLao People’s Democratic RepublicCambodiaSwazilandBhutan
30.7..19.6..18.229.128.629.629.9....40.1..18.133.130.518.823.154.327.5..47.928.635.031.247.639.529.537.532.835.829.341.543.255.750.840.636.452.844.443.957.720.141.049.329.724.245.238.726.946.945.832.651.744.727.637.940.153.2
6.8..4.4..10.810.710.017.58.6....19.6..2.714.920.24.39.917.77.1..43.514.310.611.831.628.86.112.011.516.513.131.341.340.627.529.616.636.816.718.143.114.526.738.818.916.716.616.420.525.014.929.618.020.215.831.716.715.5
0004350174012223371140121..0110242..360229005042007661021016111104
51257,77154,3114996,37140,48113,6288530,3981,36424,51937,89947,64219,79411,48741926,8882266,04841,2452,925..2,10215,09634,829117,33704,67227,446..18,21847,2031,1774,9896,55120417,12113,2703,9871357,3771,2959,73812,56541,69345,2039,4604,97238132,19682,4509,91912,6624,10613,9099664,924
137..3350b2694868998178..2601410b259751721681403148792144059611,1874354068264564672196836653804693083,0144321,0661,1758654717341,2191,3045206197761959889084791,1356301,8541,2717534771,2461,459
8..241..0b2703949119..682020b41851628913117113230b435308..2904595002743112194120b360356..2,099393664732500269335595699326402405987166051607770b1,3877704113717051,042
213..148....0b1000b89..23144..8047811930403870b10733..1450b230b....17..19268..169961283532..551701363065670b4380b9825233541371415148
0.0c..0.0..0.03.00.020.50.1..0.93.88.60.00.00.30.00.0c0.00.04.10.9141.833.829.40.820.011.15.6101.10.0141.50.00.348.2567.520.4257.88.618.890.11.647.448.70.30.026.9..194.5263.60.0303.50.078.5159.9142.732.9938.3451.9
........0......1....5......12..0....0......11..0........035..3......0......0............................
25.3..27.0....22.033.328.515.0..17.53.1..9.710.58.013.939.19.14.5..9.61.4..0.1b4.139.3..0.1b..31.0..4.511.3..3.319.215.30.0b25.0..32.416.211.52.315.223.863.623.55.1..4.67.510.11.617.939.91.319.4
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT142 Solomon Islands143 Kenya144 São Tomé and Príncipe145 Pakistan146 Bangladesh147 Timor-Leste148 Angola149 Myanmar150 Cameroon151 Madagascar152 Tanzania, United Republic of153 Papua New Guinea154 Yemen155 Senegal156 Nigeria157 Nepal158 Haiti159 Mauritania160 Lesotho161 Uganda162 Togo163 Comoros164 Zambia165 Djibouti166 Rwanda167 Benin168 Gambia169 Sudan170 Côte d'Ivoire171 Malawi
48
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
Human development effects of environmental threatsIMPACT OF NATURALDISASTERSPopulation underage5 suffering fromHDI rankStunting(%)2000–2009aWasting(%)2000–2009aNumber ofPopulationaffecteddeaths(average(averageannual perannual permillion people) million people)2001/20102001/2010Deaths due toWaterpollution(per millionpeople)2004Indoor airpollution(per millionpeople)2004Outdoor airpollution(per millionpeople)2004Malaria(per millionpeople)2009Dengue(per millionpeople)2001–2010aPopulationliving ondegradedland(%)2010
172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187
AfghanistanZimbabweEthiopiaMaliGuinea-BissauEritreaGuineaCentral African RepublicSierra LeoneBurkina FasoLiberiaChadMozambiqueBurundiNigerCongo, Democratic Republic of the
59.335.850.738.528.143.740.044.637.444.539.444.847.063.154.845.843.1........42.110.0....35.743.829.8....15.846.842.945.5....
32.914.034.627.917.234.520.821.821.337.420.433.921.238.939.928.220.6........32.81.6....24.728.315.2....4.441.224.529.6....
1102000003102120050......2..87214191332120166
9,79978,31935,04911,67812,57532,4923,3551,6963612,72392433,14125,05929,91696,5963257,5131,110......69,471..2,3314,89054,44419,2214,52969,6482,3578,74136,33616,96623,35725,30032,575
2,4995321,5461,7692,0887411,0801,0883,2711,7332,1341,5098402,0883,2121,924191........2,068......2121,035..84..1044431,2861,151....
2,023302998b1,1981,2684406417592,1811,1971,2611,0135481,4492,1921,356..........1,383......357696........424798794....
1548347814946670b14187328444438072242........36..15015915691146..2401031097063..145
1.01.113.8156.3248.64.560.0154.5302.1499.4444.720.2163.987.4144.2329.70.0........4.9......1.892.5......0.20.7143.799.0....
..................................0........................00........
11.029.472.359.51.058.80.8....73.2..45.41.918.525.00.1b2.9........26.3..3.27.410.018.824.9..8.65.39.922.123.3..10.1table
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIESKorea, Democratic People’s Rep. ofMarshall IslandsMonacoNauruSan MarinoSomaliaTuvaluHuman Development Index groupsVery high human developmentHigh human developmentMedium human developmentLow human developmentRegionsArab StatesEast Asia and the PacificEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaLeast developed countriesSmall island developing statesWorld
7
NOTESa.Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.b.Less than 1.c.Less than 0.05.DEFINITIONSPopulation under age 5 suffering from stunting:Percentage of children under age 5 falling two standarddeviations or more below the median height-for-age of the reference population.Population under age 5 suffering from wasting:Percentage of children under age 5 falling two standarddeviations or more below the median weight-for-height of the reference population.Number of deaths due to natural disasters:People confirmed as dead, or missing and presumed dead,as a result of natural disasters, which include drought, extreme temperature, flood, mass movement,wet storm and wildfire.Population affected by natural disasters:People requiring immediate assistance during a period ofemergency as a result of a natural disaster (as defined above), including displaced, evacuated, homelessand injured people.Deaths due to water pollution:Deaths due to diarrhoea attributable to poor water, sanitation or hygiene.Deaths due to indoor air pollution:Deaths due to acute respiratory infections (children under age 5),chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (adults over age 30) and lung cancer (adults over age 30) attribut-able to indoor smoke from solid fuels.
Deaths due to outdoor air pollution:Deaths due to respiratory infections and diseases, lung cancer andselected cardiovascular diseases attributable to outdoor air pollution.Deaths due to malaria:Deaths due to malaria.Deaths due to dengue:Deaths due to dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shocksyndrome.Population living on degraded land:Percentage of the population living on severely and very severelydegraded land. Land degradation estimates consider biomass, soil health, water quantity and biodiversity,and range in severity.MAIN DATA SOURCESColumns 1 and 2:WHO (2010b).Columns 3 and 4:WHO Collaborating Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (2011)and UNDESA (2011).Columns 5–7:HDRO calculations based on WHO (2009) and UNDESA (2011).Column 8:WHO (2010c).Column 9:HDRO calculations based on WHO (2011) and UNDESA (2011).Column 10:FAO (2011b).
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
49
8
table
Perceptions about well-being and the environmentWELL-BEINGOverall lifeHumanssatisfactioncauseGlobal warmingthreat(0, least satisfied;global warming10, most satisfied)(% yes)(% seriousa)2006–2010b2006–2010b2006–2010bENVIRONMENTSatisfactionSatisfactionActive inwith government with actionsenvironmentalto reduceto preservegroupemissionstheenvironment(% yes)(% satisfied)(% satisfied)2006–2010b2006–2010b2006–2010bSatisfactionwithair quality(% satisfied)2006–2010bSatisfactionwithwater quality(% satisfied)2006–2010b
HDI rank
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Norway2 Australia3 Netherlands4 United States5 New Zealand6 Canada7 Ireland8 Liechtenstein9 Germany10 Sweden11 Switzerland12 Japan13 Hong Kong, China (SAR)14 Iceland15 Korea, Republic of16 Denmark17 Israel18 Belgium19 Austria20 France21 Slovenia22 Finland23 Spain24 Italy25 Luxembourg26 Singapore27 Czech Republic28 United Kingdom29 Greece30 United Arab Emirates31 Cyprus32 Andorra33 Brunei Darussalam34 Estonia35 Slovakia36 Malta37 Qatar38 Hungary39 Poland40 Lithuania41 Portugal42 Bahrain43 Latvia44 Chile45 Argentina46 Croatia47 BarbadosHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT48 Uruguay49 Palau50 Romania51 Cuba52 Seychelles53 Bahamas54 Montenegro55 Bulgaria
7.67.57.57.27.27.77.3..6.77.57.56.15.66.96.17.87.46.97.36.86.17.46.26.47.16.56.27.05.87.16.4....5.16.15.86.84.75.85.14.95.94.76.66.45.6..6.1..4.95.4....5.54.2
46.845.143.635.941.155.847.6..59.750.1..83.780.037.985.345.340.942.652.758.665.155.163.257.053.757.245.238.581.329.279.4....44.356.966.839.351.043.251.461.535.449.268.580.461.5..72.9..44.9......59.949.3
43.770.552.654.759.073.958.7..60.448.6..77.368.634.482.832.867.463.160.465.569.241.770.987.062.172.735.558.895.571.089.4....36.054.785.867.474.555.149.790.774.339.693.197.4....85.6..74.3........66.0
11.619.515.517.624.619.3....12.811.4..14.1..12.59.418.114.321.4..10.0....10.414.615.519.813.017.26.0........6.8..13.0..6.16.24.310.0..3.97.64.2....4.1..3.5..........
......43.9..34.0....49.147.654.433.021.6..29.333.5....41.3............69.826.6..16.0........16.8........17.511.028.5..21.226.87.0....32.7..17.4........10.9
51.563.866.157.874.861.758.9..61.862.963.946.841.456.036.464.337.756.063.957.555.957.346.029.776.880.556.666.819.889.745.7....45.242.853.887.132.743.629.937.265.338.942.133.938.1..70.5..14.354.5....50.119.4
89.393.181.587.893.084.594.8..86.389.383.778.227.885.272.091.658.474.088.076.680.289.782.069.885.791.169.088.868.781.563.0....75.070.444.480.683.580.370.285.785.675.169.575.075.0..85.6..71.452.8....66.269.3
95.393.494.289.589.091.390.6..95.096.796.187.878.496.981.697.455.784.797.183.990.095.083.680.692.392.989.294.864.784.467.4....66.886.064.079.686.279.669.790.085.065.384.573.881.2..92.9..69.559.3....78.260.8
50
human development report2011SammendraG
perceptions about well-being and the environmentWELL-BEINGOverall lifeHumanssatisfactioncauseGlobal warmingthreat(0, least satisfied;global warming10, most satisfied)(% yes)(% seriousa)2006–2010b2006–2010b2006–2010bENVIRONMENTSatisfactionSatisfactionActive inwith government with actionsenvironmentalto reduceto preservegroupemissionstheenvironment(% yes)(% satisfied)(% satisfied)2006–2010b2006–2010b2006–2010bSatisfactionwithair quality(% satisfied)2006–2010bSatisfactionwithwater quality(% satisfied)2006–2010b
HDI rank
565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394
Saudi ArabiaMexicoPanamaSerbiaAntigua and BarbudaMalaysiaTrinidad and TobagoKuwaitLibyaBelarusRussian FederationGrenadaKazakhstanCosta RicaAlbaniaLebanonSaint Kitts and NevisVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic ofBosnia and HerzegovinaGeorgiaUkraineMauritiusFormer Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaJamaicaPeruDominicaSaint LuciaEcuadorBrazilSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesArmeniaColombiaIran, Islamic Republic ofOmanTongaAzerbaijanTurkeyBelizeTunisia
6.36.87.34.5..5.66.76.84.95.55.4..5.57.35.35.0..7.54.74.15.1..4.26.25.6....5.86.8..4.46.45.1....4.25.56.55.15.65.34.04.7....4.76.66.2..6.7..5.85.8..4.65.64.94.74.75.1..
34.670.966.664.1..65.575.833.322.848.748.0..43.880.530.768.2..61.466.440.860.9..54.8..66.5....58.681.3..31.673.161.7....37.355.159.033.060.239.456.554.6....47.529.474.9..72.0..72.472.5..58.648.676.245.147.416.9..
78.694.597.0....71.198.258.864.348.648.9..57.292.2..79.7..97.9..78.268.2......96.0....97.794.9..80.096.177.6....85.286.085.758.668.759.676.392.0....31.7..66.7..92.8..95.295.6..65.583.292.966.758.067.0..
10.66.19.2....27.36.2....5.05.7..8.713.0......5.8..3.65.1......10.7....9.17.2..9.812.59.2....13.012.420.3..2.9..10.015.8....11.6..43.8..12.9..8.611.6..11.411.330.44.111.86.2..
..22.716.5....17.1......20.09.4..14.333.2......27.2..15.23.2......15.5....33.029.6..12.430.6......21.112.9........40.114.7....33.4..28.7..23.3..13.520.1....4.526.8....44.5..
53.346.844.128.1..64.226.369.2..50.618.3..37.459.627.423.7..59.822.138.08.8..39.832.935.5....39.148.2..27.853.555.2....28.141.930.366.759.442.461.753.1....73.0..75.5..39.7..45.545.5..16.715.586.225.728.471.4..
55.578.085.261.9..82.375.855.765.065.157.6..61.686.354.550.5..77.171.267.455.4..73.085.864.7....60.768.2..58.973.766.6....65.472.370.766.771.157.191.769.2....75.180.883.0..74.0..87.772.8..55.462.882.483.262.386.5..
60.467.775.960.2..82.974.067.869.962.652.8..55.788.750.247.3..67.971.766.451.0..69.788.867.8....62.483.1..61.380.258.4....51.064.163.350.359.060.788.069.7....73.371.282.8..70.4..83.974.4..59.760.183.476.158.482.1..
table
8
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT95 Jordan96 Algeria97 Sri Lanka98 Dominican Republic99 Samoa100 Fiji101 China102 Turkmenistan103 Thailand104 Suriname105 El Salvador106 Gabon107 Paraguay108 Bolivia, Plurinational State of109 Maldives110 Mongolia111 Moldova, Republic of112 Philippines113 Egypt114 Occupied Palestinian Territory115 Uzbekistan116 Micronesia, Federated States of
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
51
perceptions about well-being and the environmentWELL-BEINGOverall lifeHumanssatisfactioncauseGlobal warmingthreat(0, least satisfied;global warming10, most satisfied)(% yes)(% seriousa)2006–2010b2006–2010b2006–2010bENVIRONMENTSatisfactionSatisfactionActive inwith government with actionsenvironmentalto reduceto preservegroupemissionstheenvironment(% yes)(% satisfied)(% satisfied)2006–2010b2006–2010b2006–2010bSatisfactionwithair quality(% satisfied)2006–2010bSatisfactionwithwater quality(% satisfied)2006–2010b
HDI rank
table
8
117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141
GuyanaBotswanaSyrian Arab RepublicNamibiaHondurasKiribatiSouth AfricaIndonesiaVanuatuKyrgyzstanTajikistanViet NamNicaraguaMoroccoGuatemalaIraqCape VerdeIndiaGhanaEquatorial GuineaCongoLao People’s Democratic RepublicCambodiaSwazilandBhutan
6.03.64.54.95.9..4.75.5..5.04.45.35.74.76.35.1..5.04.6..3.85.04.1......4.3..5.84.9..4.25.34.64.63.2..4.44.44.84.33.84.8..4.22.83.85.35.04.03.7..4.44.25.14.84.74.43.8....
36.225.653.248.654.1..37.275.5..46.416.771.370.667.474.940.1..49.458.6..58.371.641.4......62.8..32.466.7..70.0..57.266.852.9..65.741.037.559.712.651.2..52.843.134.463.051.948.145.7..58.579.846.931.236.5..64.6....
83.379.950.075.488.9..70.488.1..68.966.768.894.889.094.662.3..83.469.0..75.463.389.6......82.9..71.692.1..89.2..68.294.083.5..65.872.067.588.679.674.2..73.177.382.166.582.474.471.3..80.1....75.653.5..93.9....
27.826.1..17.625.3..26.818.9..15.524.916.814.73.216.9....11.627.8..12.947.98.6......23.7..10.111.9..32.0..14.66.447.1....17.339.624.932.615.9..25.616.7..31.455.431.212.0..19.0....12.2....21.4....
........12.2..34.528.7..5.731.414.921.5..14.7....41.633.9......42.8......17.9..24.945.2......15.7..30.6....15.310.919.3......33.7....22.1..76.8......5.860.814.210.2..26.2....
34.176.150.457.939.3..55.748.2..27.742.867.656.232.639.115.8..45.459.9..27.872.585.5......63.2..21.147.3..69.9..44.243.851.3..30.130.832.242.424.932.1..47.923.436.645.054.090.334.6..38.932.182.345.550.136.644.7....
78.770.155.776.474.4..85.782.1..87.384.062.982.457.982.461.5..79.189.1..65.588.683.1......86.0..77.683.1..59.988.482.981.061.7..80.077.973.987.938.864.2..81.452.476.782.469.078.578.1..80.374.891.167.173.172.079.5....
53.872.449.881.669.7..53.486.9..82.965.062.368.563.966.844.4..62.772.0..33.582.773.0......51.8..55.069.5..47.4..51.452.634.7..56.467.346.881.826.057.4..59.633.855.853.963.554.555.6..62.452.161.860.762.329.257.0....
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT142 Solomon Islands143 Kenya144 São Tomé and Príncipe145 Pakistan146 Bangladesh147 Timor-Leste148 Angola149 Myanmar150 Cameroon151 Madagascar152 Tanzania, United Republic of153 Papua New Guinea154 Yemen155 Senegal156 Nigeria157 Nepal158 Haiti159 Mauritania160 Lesotho161 Uganda162 Togo163 Comoros164 Zambia165 Djibouti166 Rwanda167 Benin168 Gambia169 Sudan170 Côte d'Ivoire171 Malawi172 Afghanistan173 Zimbabwe174 Ethiopia175 Mali176 Guinea-Bissau177 Eritrea
52
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
perceptions about well-being and the environmentWELL-BEINGOverall lifeHumanssatisfactioncauseGlobal warmingthreat(0, least satisfied;global warming10, most satisfied)(% yes)(% seriousa)2006–2010b2006–2010b2006–2010bENVIRONMENTSatisfactionSatisfactionActive inwith government with actionsenvironmentalto reduceto preservegroupemissionstheenvironment(% yes)(% satisfied)(% satisfied)2006–2010b2006–2010b2006–2010bSatisfactionwithair quality(% satisfied)2006–2010bSatisfactionwithwater quality(% satisfied)2006–2010b
HDI rank
178179180181182183184185186187
GuineaCentral African RepublicSierra LeoneBurkina FasoLiberiaChadMozambiqueBurundiNigerCongo, Democratic Republic of the
4.33.64.14.04.23.74.73.84.14.06.75.94.94.75.0..5.36.55.04.44.4..5.3
39.867.252.152.532.155.053.045.8..47.754.462.352.149.648.2..47.672.849.749.5....53.5
78.477.374.096.371.896.087.891.6....66.3..62.278.469.1..62.894.882.6......67.9
30.8..50.814.343.229.98.416.114.4................8.811.6........
..........12.9..28.125.916.3................39.2........
22.763.529.848.534.456.853.655.758.331.052.440.958.239.937.3..30.846.343.644.545.5..51.6
54.987.072.773.879.457.179.184.990.970.581.767.577.276.769.7..67.171.878.875.776.8..76.5
38.341.236.639.450.734.971.452.163.022.187.267.069.851.862.8..63.274.662.946.652.6..69.2
Human Development Index groupsVery high human developmentHigh human developmentMedium human developmentLow human developmentRegionsArab StatesEast Asia and the PacificEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaLeast developed countriesSmall island developing statesWorld
table
8
NOTESThe typical World Poll survey includes at least 1,000 surveys of randomly selected individuals. In somecountries oversamples are collected in major cities or areas of special interest. Additionally, in somelarge countries, such as China and the Russian Federation, sample sizes of at least 2,000 are collected.Although rare, in some instances the sample size is between 500 and 1,000. Quality control proceduresare used to validate that correct samples are selected and that the correct person is randomly selectedin each household. Gallup’s methodology ensures that the reported data are representative of 95 percentof the world’s adult population (ages 15 and older). For further information, see https://worldview.gallup.com/content/methodology.aspx.a.Very serious and somewhat serious.b.Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.SURVEY QUESTIONSOverall life satisfaction:Please imagine a ladder, with steps numbered from zero at the bottom to ten atthe top. Suppose we say that the top of the ladder represents the best possible life for you, and the bottomof the ladder represents the worst possible life for you. On which step of the ladder would you say youpersonally feel you stand at this time, assuming that the higher the step the better you feel about yourlife, and the lower the step the worse you feel about it? Which step comes closest to the way you feel?
Humans cause global warming:Temperature rise is a part of global warming or climate change. Do youthink rising temperatures are a result of human activities? (Asked of those who said they know somethingor a great deal about global warming and climate change.)Global warming threat:How serious of a threat is global warming to you and your family? (Asked of thosewho said they know something or a great deal about global warming and climate change.)Active in environmental group:Which of these, if any, have you done in the past year? Been active ina group or organization that works to protect the environment.Satisfaction with government to reduce emissions:Do you think the government of this country is doingenough to reduce emissions of gases released by motor vehicles and factories, or not?Satisfaction with actions to preserve the environment:In this country, are you satisfied or dissatisfiedwith the efforts to preserve the environment?Satisfaction with air quality:In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied withthe quality of air?Satisfaction with water quality:In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied withthe quality of water?MAIN DATA SOURCEColumns 1–8:Gallup (2011).
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
53
9
table
Education and healthEDUCATIONGross enrolment ratioAdultliteracyrate(% ages 15and older)Primary educationresourcesPupil–Schoolteacher teachersratiotrained(pupils perto teachteacher)(%)One-year-oldslackingimmunization againstHEALTHMortality
HDI rank
Primary Secondary Tertiary(%)(%)(%)
DTP(%)2009
HIVUnderprevalenceAdultHealth-fiveYouth(per 1,000adjusted life(per(% ages 15–24)people)expectancyaMeasles1,000 live(%)births) Female Male Female Male(years)2009200920092009200920092007
2005–2010b2001–2010b2001–2010b2001–2010b2005–2010b2005–2010b
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Norway2 Australia3 Netherlands4 United States5 New Zealand6 Canada7 Ireland8 Liechtenstein9 Germany10 Sweden11 Switzerland12 Japan13 Hong Kong, China (SAR)14 Iceland15 Korea, Republic of16 Denmark17 Israel18 Belgium19 Austria20 France21 Slovenia22 Finland23 Spain24 Italy25 Luxembourg26 Singapore27 Czech Republic28 United Kingdom29 Greece30 United Arab Emirates31 Cyprus32 Andorra33 Brunei Darussalam34 Estonia35 Slovakia36 Malta37 Qatar38 Hungary39 Poland40 Lithuania41 Portugal42 Bahrain43 Latvia44 Chile45 Argentina46 Croatia47 BarbadosHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT48 Uruguay49 Palau50 Romania51 Cuba52 Seychelles53 Bahamas
........................................99.7..97.798.9..94.7....97.290.097.9..95.399.8..92.494.799.499.599.794.991.499.898.697.798.8..98.3..97.799.891.8..
98.7106.4106.998.2101.298.4104.6108.9103.696.2103.4102.3104.098.3104.398.6111.1103.498.7108.798.497.4107.2103.3100.4..103.5106.4101.2105.4105.489.0106.5100.2102.198.6105.999.797.197.2112.3106.698.7106.4116.795.3..113.6101.499.3103.6106.2103.4
110.4132.7120.893.6126.3102.2118.1105.0101.7102.696.0101.082.1108.397.2118.489.1107.5100.4113.096.8109.0120.8100.596.0..95.199.0101.895.298.480.898.299.392.0100.385.298.898.999.2106.896.492.790.485.995.2..87.995.793.589.6105.093.3
73.582.361.685.983.562.360.634.7..71.551.258.656.674.3100.077.062.566.359.355.387.690.973.467.210.0..60.959.090.830.452.010.317.163.755.832.210.262.571.479.561.251.267.354.869.448.9..64.937.967.1117.8....
......13.914.6..15.86.513.09.3..18.115.9..22.4..13.111.111.418.717.213.612.610.311.917.418.518.310.315.614.210.311.912.215.710.511.210.59.612.811.2..10.424.616.314.814.115.012.515.89.413.815.8
........................95.1........................94.3......100.0..100.084.1......48.9..................58.1......100.099.491.1
88358207..7252..46117117141441317181115127111242536475513414
864811711..43106..87164617105229452141813215118112451441266253432
354866424343..3544544334433463744767711676412891451113151261212
50455678575357..53474342..434665455950545456434157426358446641448277744448997695548710559886080841109078108126
837975134868797..99747486..651091077810510211713112494779576138951068481941052341847669229197274123127284116160153136156229219120227202
<0.10.1<0.10.2<0.10.10.1..<0.1<0.10.1<0.1..0.1<0.10.1<0.1<0.10.20.1<0.1<0.10.1<0.10.1<0.1<0.10.10.1........0.2<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.10.2..0.10.10.2<0.11.10.2..<0.10.1..3.1
<0.10.10.10.3<0.10.10.1..0.1<0.10.2<0.1..0.1<0.10.10.1<0.10.30.2<0.10.10.2<0.10.1<0.1<0.10.20.1........0.3<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.1<0.10.3..0.20.20.3<0.10.90.3..0.10.1..1.4
73747370737373..73747576..74717273727273717274747373707272687074666667726766676371666470676867676465696365
54
human development report2011SammendraG
education and healthEDUCATIONGross enrolment ratioAdultliteracyrate(% ages 15and older)Primary educationresourcesPupil–Schoolteacher teachersratiotrained(pupils perto teachteacher)(%)One-year-oldslackingimmunization againstHEALTHMortality
HDI rank
Primary Secondary Tertiary(%)(%)(%)
DTP(%)2009
HIVUnderprevalenceAdultHealth-fiveYouth(per 1,000(per(% ages 15–24)adjusted lifepeople)expectancyaMeasles1,000 live(%)births) Female Male Female Male(years)2009200920092009200920092007
2005–2010b2001–2010b2001–2010b2001–2010b2005–2010b2005–2010b
5455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394
MontenegroBulgariaSaudi ArabiaMexicoPanamaSerbiaAntigua and BarbudaMalaysiaTrinidad and TobagoKuwaitLibyaBelarusRussian FederationGrenadaKazakhstanCosta RicaAlbaniaLebanonSaint Kitts and NevisVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic ofBosnia and HerzegovinaGeorgiaUkraineMauritiusFormer Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaJamaicaPeruDominicaSaint LuciaEcuadorBrazilSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesArmeniaColombiaIran, Islamic Republic ofOmanTongaAzerbaijanTurkeyBelizeTunisia
..98.386.193.493.697.899.092.598.793.988.999.799.6..99.796.195.989.6..95.297.899.799.787.997.186.489.6....84.290.0..99.593.285.086.699.099.590.8..77.692.272.690.688.298.8..94.099.693.594.684.187.794.690.798.497.598.595.4
106.1101.598.9116.6109.097.799.894.6104.294.8110.399.096.8107.2108.8109.9118.9103.295.7103.2108.9107.897.5100.088.993.3109.1112.396.7117.5127.5106.998.5120.2102.883.9111.895.199.3121.9108.296.8107.796.9106.2100.394.2112.7..91.1113.8115.0134.399.4107.2111.0110.193.6110.1
102.187.696.890.272.791.5110.568.788.889.993.590.184.899.198.596.172.482.196.382.191.287.594.587.283.291.289.1105.595.875.4100.8109.193.194.683.191.3102.799.482.075.690.288.296.587.076.876.180.978.2..77.075.463.653.166.881.383.792.288.682.5
..53.632.827.945.149.814.736.511.618.955.777.077.253.539.525.319.352.518.478.237.025.881.125.940.624.234.53.516.042.434.4..50.137.036.526.46.419.138.411.234.440.730.6..33.37.415.424.5..45.012.324.6..36.538.3—52.738.328.7
..17.311.428.123.616.216.214.617.68.6..15.017.417.116.218.420.213.914.314.5..8.915.621.616.427.720.916.120.019.223.017.019.329.320.311.822.311.1..22.617.0..23.023.125.231.726.017.2..16.016.032.6..26.524.212.730.415.733.7
....91.595.691.594.257.1..88.0100.0..99.9..68.8..87.6....61.686.3..94.699.9100.0......57.887.677.9..79.677.5100.098.4100.0..99.9..42.5....99.3..83.6..97.8......100.093.2......74.1100.0....
862111651510224212142261171012101410715251178121274312731828134113955815251513
1442515515632121119347117717614129113411451313333251242151661212545914261012
9102117237126351019121215291115121518142915171131211020242112221931121934201821253215322518194514261769235113291733
85861028882901589512050101117144143185698885909267971489979131961039096102110103809085233134731297011110582149167157872121391241282629813270141134130
1612051861571451841971752256617532439124843211512616618519614523539521914422412319218817320520424616614415713522113420212919513527517219826314238027021728132116820397305309240
..<0.1..0.10.30.1..<0.10.7....0.10.3..0.20.1..<0.1......<0.10.30.2..0.70.1....0.2....<0.10.1<0.1<0.1..0.1<0.11.8<0.1..<0.1<0.10.7..0.1......0.40.33.50.10.1<0.1<0.10.1<0.1
..<0.1..0.20.40.1..0.11....<0.10.2..0.10.2..0.1......<0.10.20.3..10.2....0.2....<0.10.2<0.1<0.1..<0.1<0.10.7<0.1..0.1<0.10.3..0.1......0.60.41.40.20.1<0.1<0.10.1<0.1
6566626767656664626964626061566964626466676460636664676666646463616661656359666066636263636162665562616152645864586162
table
9
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT95 Jordan96 Algeria97 Sri Lanka98 Dominican Republic99 Samoa100 Fiji101 China102 Turkmenistan103 Thailand104 Suriname105 El Salvador106 Gabon107 Paraguay108 Bolivia, Plurinational State of109 Maldives110 Mongolia111 Moldova, Republic of112 Philippines
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
55
education and healthEDUCATIONGross enrolment ratioAdultliteracyrate(% ages 15and older)Primary educationresourcesPupil–Schoolteacher teachersratiotrained(pupils perto teachteacher)(%)One-year-oldslackingimmunization againstHEALTHMortality
HDI rank
Primary Secondary Tertiary(%)(%)(%)
DTP(%)2009
HIVUnderprevalenceAdultHealth-fiveYouth(per 1,000(per(% ages 15–24)adjusted lifepeople)expectancyaMeasles1,000 live(%)births) Female Male Female Male(years)2009200920092009200920092007
2005–2010b2001–2010b2001–2010b2001–2010b2005–2010b2005–2010b
table
9
113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141
EgyptOccupied Palestinian TerritoryUzbekistanMicronesia, Federated States ofGuyanaBotswanaSyrian Arab RepublicNamibiaHondurasKiribatiSouth AfricaIndonesiaVanuatuKyrgyzstanTajikistanViet NamNicaraguaMoroccoGuatemalaIraqCape VerdeIndiaGhanaEquatorial GuineaCongoLao People’s Democratic RepublicCambodiaSwazilandBhutan
66.494.699.3....84.184.288.583.6..88.792.282.099.299.792.878.056.174.578.184.862.866.693.3..72.777.686.952.8..87.088.855.555.950.670.092.070.764.572.960.162.449.760.859.148.757.589.773.256.974.270.9..70.741.746.570.255.373.7
101.178.991.8110.3103.0109.4122.2112.1116.0116.5101.2120.8108.195.2102.2104.1116.9107.4113.6102.598.1116.9105.283.2119.5111.8116.5107.9109.1107.3112.7130.485.195.1112.5127.7115.8113.8160.4104.954.985.483.789.5114.9..104.4104.4121.6115.2119.4112.954.5150.7121.984.774.073.6119.3
67.287.1103.590.5103.481.574.764.764.584.893.979.547.384.184.466.967.955.856.651.581.560.057.226.243.143.940.453.361.734.859.551.033.142.351.223.053.141.531.527.4..45.730.130.543.5..24.545.027.441.345.8..30.526.736.355.738.026.329.5
28.545.79.8..11.27.6..8.918.7....23.54.850.819.89.718.012.917.715.514.913.58.6..6.413.47.04.46.6..4.14.45.27.915.22.810.79.03.61.4..10.28.010.15.6..3.83.64.15.35.2..3.54.85.84.6..8.4—
27.228.017.116.625.625.217.830.133.325.030.716.623.824.022.719.529.226.629.417.023.9..33.127.264.430.549.132.427.7..46.826.239.745.829.1..28.446.347.953.735.8..34.746.331.9..39.133.849.341.330.260.534.168.344.936.638.442.1..
..100.0100.0..63.797.4..95.636.485.487.4..100.065.788.399.672.7100.0....86.5..47.645.389.096.999.594.091.5..96.848.185.258.4....98.961.8..100.0......51.273.7..100.057.689.414.657.4..100.093.971.8..59.7100.0..
3..29242017214311832574218351346679436541925215628271020221536341458184136173611171911317216197
5..514361924118381848111312831429749244185240261020113023132636942422159214141153216211527828418338
21303639355716483046623916376124263840442866691451285988737936847887525616171154581086866931384887117841289810414194111118103108119110
130..1391612243249535713417347914315916216010712287151145111169253355320251190560194119282104189222154353188409198311221180218365159227262573348278229477271258246246275456496
215..220183286372159540237325521234200327183173210126280292272250402373409289350674256170358161225246233377275420273456274237266377234278315676539338284580326304385296291528691
<0.1..<0.1..0.811.8..5.80.2..13.6<0.1..0.1<0.10.10.10.10.3....0.11.352.60.20.115.6<0.1..4.1..<0.1<0.1..1.60.33.90.13.90.8..0.72.90.11.30.314.24.82.2<0.18.91.91.90.72.41.31.56.8
<0.1..<0.1..0.65.2..2.30.3..4.50.1..0.1<0.10.10.10.10.5....0.10.51.91.20.10.16.50.1..1.8..0.1<0.1..0.60.31.60.11.70.3..0.31.20.20.60.45.42.30.9<0.14.20.81.30.30.90.50.73.1
60..596253496352625848606157576464626054615650464854534255594853555653455045524556545142555451404251564048435051504744
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT142 Solomon Islands143 Kenya144 São Tomé and Príncipe145 Pakistan146 Bangladesh147 Timor-Leste148 Angola149 Myanmar150 Cameroon151 Madagascar152 Tanzania, United Republic of153 Papua New Guinea154 Yemen155 Senegal156 Nigeria157 Nepal158 Haiti159 Mauritania160 Lesotho161 Uganda162 Togo163 Comoros164 Zambia165 Djibouti166 Rwanda167 Benin168 Gambia169 Sudan170 Côte d'Ivoire171 Malawi
56
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
education and healthEDUCATIONGross enrolment ratioAdultliteracyrate(% ages 15and older)Primary educationresourcesPupil–Schoolteacher teachersratiotrained(pupils perto teachteacher)(%)One-year-oldslackingimmunization againstHEALTHMortality
HDI rank
Primary Secondary Tertiary(%)(%)(%)
DTP(%)2009
HIVUnderprevalenceAdultHealth-fiveYouth(per 1,000(per(% ages 15–24)adjusted lifepeople)expectancyaMeasles1,000 live(%)births) Female Male Female Male(years)2009200920092009200920092007
2005–2010b2001–2010b2001–2010b2001–2010b2005–2010b2005–2010b
172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187
AfghanistanZimbabweEthiopiaMaliGuinea-BissauEritreaGuineaCentral African RepublicSierra LeoneBurkina FasoLiberiaChadMozambiqueBurundiNigerCongo, Democratic Republic of the
..91.929.826.252.266.639.555.240.928.759.133.655.166.628.766.8100.0..............93.281.959.872.993.598.091.062.861.659.2..80.9
103.9..102.597.2119.748.389.891.385.179.290.689.7115.7146.666.690.3..90.3127.793.092.932.6100.1102.7110.3113.396.595.0112.398.5116.8109.8100.299.695.1106.9
43.8..34.441.635.931.837.012.426.521.4..24.125.521.213.336.7..78.2153.462.995.67.779.599.790.469.735.066.576.990.790.755.935.335.676.968.4
3.6..3.66.02.92.09.22.52.03.4..2.01.52.71.46.0..15.9......—..72.949.320.56.225.824.957.142.713.15.95.751.627.6
42.8..57.950.162.238.543.784.3..47.824.360.958.551.438.637.3......22.46.235.5..0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
....84.650.0..92.273.1....86.140.234.675.991.296.793.4......74.2....................91.777.176.0......
172721263214346251836772483023771186911561926167482730212418
242425292454938292536772392724261187610751828189472532232618
199901041911935514217119216611220914216616019933354442180356194411749261922691291205758
35257437921836917933747036326233738443440722433112638651303483502806010613128713910311899173355282155137
44067244535743124947446141444338941255742422944220742911244857382255114223204346198168281181245430357207211
..6.9..0.520.40.92.21.50.80.72.58.62.10.5............0.6............................
..3.3..0.20.80.20.410.60.50.313.110.2............0.4............................
3639504242554742354348404243444559527355754558table
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIESKorea, Democratic People’s Rep. ofMarshall IslandsMonacoNauruSan MarinoSomaliaTuvaluHuman Development Index groupsVery high human developmentHigh human developmentMedium human developmentLow human developmentRegionsArab StatesEast Asia and the PacificEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaLeast developed countriesSmall island developing statesWorld
72646148596462655645496161
9
NOTESa.Based on methods described in the statistical annex of WHO (2007). Estimates for 2007 have beenrevised to take into account the Global Burden of Disease estimates for 2004 and may not be entirelycomparable with those for 2002 published in WHO (2004).b.Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.DEFINITIONSAdult literacy rate:Percentage of the population ages 15 and older who can, with understanding, bothread and write a short simple statement on their everyday life.Gross enrolment ratio:Total enrolment in a given level of education (primary, secondary or tertiary),regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population for the same levelof education.Pupil–teacher ratio:Average number of pupils (students) per teacher in primary education in a givenschool year.School teachers trained to teach:Percentage of primary school teachers who have received the mini-mum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching at the primary level ofeducation.
One-year-olds lacking immunization against DTP:Percentage of one-year-olds who have not receivedthree doses of the combined diphtheria, tetanus toxoid and pertussis (DTP) vaccine.One-year-olds lacking immunization against measles:Percentage of one-year-olds who have notreceived at least one dose of a measles vaccine.Under-five mortality:Probability of dying between birth and exactly age 5, expressed per 1,000 live births.Adult mortality:Probability that a 15-year-old person will die before reaching age 60, expressed per1,000 adults.HIV prevalence:Percentage of the population ages 15–24 who are infected with HIV.Health-adjusted life expectancy at birth:Average number of years that a person can expect to live in“full health” taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and injury.MAIN DATA SOURCESColumns 1–6:UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2011).Columns 7, 8, 10, 11 and 14:WHO (2010a).Columns 9, 12 and 13:UNICEF (2011).
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
57
10
table
Population and economyPOPULATIONAverage annualgrowth(%)1990/1995 2010/2015Urbana(% oftotal)2011ECONOMYForeignNet officialPublicGDPdirectdevelopmentexpenditureTotalMedian Dependency per investment assistance Remittanceonexpenditureageratiocapita net inflows receivedinflowseducation on health(years)(%)(PPP $) (% of GDP)(% of GDP)(% of GDP) (% of GDP) (% of GDP)2010201120092009200920092006–2009b2009
HDI rank
Total(millions)20112030
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Norway2 Australia3 Netherlands4 United States5 New Zealand6 Canada7 Ireland8 Liechtenstein9 Germany10 Sweden11 Switzerland12 Japan13 Hong Kong, China (SAR)14 Iceland15 Korea, Republic of16 Denmark17 Israel18 Belgium19 Austria20 France21 Slovenia22 Finland23 Spain24 Italy25 Luxembourg26 Singapore27 Czech Republic28 United Kingdom29 Greece30 United Arab Emirates31 Cyprus32 Andorra33 Brunei Darussalam34 Estonia35 Slovakia36 Malta37 Qatar38 Hungary39 Poland40 Lithuania41 Portugal42 Bahrain43 Latvia44 Chile45 Argentina46 Croatia47 BarbadosHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT48 Uruguay49 Palau50 Romania51 Cuba52 Seychelles53 Bahamas54 Montenegro55 Bulgaria
4.9c5.6cd27.8d22.616.717.3313.1 361.74.45.234.339.84.55.40.00.082.279.59.410.47.78.1126.5 120.27.18.50.30.448.450.35.65.97.69.810.811.28.48.663.168.52.02.15.45.646.550.060.860.90.50.65.26.010.510.862.469.311.411.67.910.51.11.30.10.10.40.51.31.35.55.50.40.41.92.410.09.638.337.83.33.110.710.31.31.72.22.117.319.540.846.84.44.20.30.33.40.021.411.30.10.30.67.43.60.020.311.00.10.40.66.5
0.5c1.2d0.71.01.61.10.41.30.70.61.00.41.21.00.80.43.40.30.70.40.40.50.30.01.32.90.00.31.05.22.24.12.8–1.70.41.01.1–0.10.2–0.40.42.5–1.31.81.30.70.30.72.7–0.50.61.01.81.1–1.1
0.7c1.3d0.30.91.00.91.10.8–0.20.60.4–0.11.01.20.40.31.70.30.20.50.20.30.60.21.41.10.30.60.22.21.11.51.7–0.10.20.32.9–0.20.0–0.40.02.1–0.40.90.9–0.20.20.30.8–0.20.00.31.10.1–0.7
79.8c89.3d83.382.686.280.762.314.374.084.873.767.0100.093.583.387.191.997.467.885.949.585.4e77.668.685.4100.073.679.861.784.470.587.676.169.554.994.895.968.560.967.161.388.767.789.292.658.045.192.684.358.075.255.984.361.571.7
38.736.940.736.936.639.934.7..44.340.741.444.741.834.837.940.630.141.241.839.941.742.040.143.238.937.639.439.841.430.134.2..28.939.736.939.531.639.838.039.341.030.140.232.130.441.537.533.7..38.538.4..30.935.941.6
50.748.649.850.150.944.550.0..51.554.247.457.932.149.238.153.361.052.747.954.944.352.147.653.146.135.641.652.050.121.041.4..41.949.137.641.417.745.840.044.949.628.846.845.454.747.640.256.6..43.342.0..41.346.446.3
56,21439,53940,67645,98928,99337,80840,697..36,33837,37745,22432,41843,22936,79527,10037,72027,65636,31338,81833,67427,13335,26532,15032,43083,82050,63325,58135,15529,61757,74430,848....19,69322,88224,81491,37920,31218,90517,30824,920..16,43714,31114,53819,986..13,189..14,278..19,587..13,08613,870
3.02.44.21.0–1.01.511.1..1.22.85.60.224.90.50.20.92.0–8.22.32.3–1.20.00.41.4372.69.21.43.40.7..23.6....9.20.011.2..2.23.20.61.21.20.47.81.34.78.34.0..3.9..32.5..32.09.4
......................................................................0.3f..........0.5f..0.10.00.3–0.10.227.9..0.2f3.5..1.8..
0.20.40.50.00.5..0.3..0.30.20.50.00.20.20.30.30.62.20.90.60.60.40.70.13.0..0.60.30.6..0.6....1.71.90.6..1.71.93.11.5..2.30.00.22.33.20.3..3.1..1.6....3.2
9.78.510.816.29.710.99.7..11.39.911.38.3..8.26.511.27.611.811.011.79.19.79.79.57.83.97.69.310.62.86.07.53.07.08.57.52.57.37.16.611.34.56.58.29.57.86.87.411.25.411.84.07.29.37.4
9.78.510.816.29.710.99.7..11.39.911.38.3..8.26.511.27.611.811.011.79.19.79.79.57.83.97.69.310.62.86.07.53.07.08.57.52.57.37.16.611.34.56.58.29.57.86.87.411.25.411.84.07.29.37.4
58
human development report2011SammendraG
population and economyPOPULATIONAverage annualgrowth(%)1990/1995 2010/2015Urbana(% oftotal)2011ECONOMYForeignNet officialPublicGDPdirectdevelopmentexpenditureTotalMedian Dependency per investment assistance Remittanceonexpenditureageratiocapita net inflows receivedinflowseducation on health(years)(%)(PPP $) (% of GDP)(% of GDP)(% of GDP) (% of GDP) (% of GDP)201020112009200920092009f
HDI rank
Total(millions)20112030
2006–2009b
2009
565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394
Saudi Arabia28.1Mexico114.8Panama3.6Serbia9.9Antigua and Barbuda0.1Malaysia28.9Trinidad and Tobago1.3Kuwait2.8Libya6.4Belarus9.6Russian Federation142.8Grenada0.1Kazakhstan16.2Costa Rica4.7Albania3.2Lebanon4.3Saint Kitts and Nevis0.1Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of29.4Bosnia and Herzegovina3.8Georgia4.3Ukraine45.2Mauritius1.3Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia2.1Jamaica2.8Peru29.4Dominica0.1Saint Lucia0.2Ecuador14.7Brazil196.7Saint Vincent and the Grenadines0.1Armenia3.1Colombia46.9Iran, Islamic Republic of74.8Oman2.8Tonga0.1Azerbaijan9.3Turkey73.6Belize0.3Tunisia10.6
38.5135.44.59.50.137.31.44.07.88.9136.40.118.95.73.34.70.137.03.53.840.51.42.02.835.50.10.217.9220.50.13.156.984.43.60.110.886.70.412.2
2.71.82.11.32.02.60.7–5.01.90.00.10.8–0.72.4–0.93.21.12.3–5.1–1.5–0.21.40.60.81.90.11.32.11.60.1–1.91.91.73.60.21.51.72.91.75.02.21.01.90.81.31.2h2.70.91.41.43.12.42.32.51.0–0.12.31.84.42.22.1
2.11.11.5–0.11.01.60.32.40.8–0.3–0.10.41.01.40.30.71.21.5–0.2–0.6–0.50.50.10.41.10.01.01.30.80.00.31.31.01.90.41.21.12.01.01.91.40.81.20.50.80.4h1.20.50.90.61.91.71.61.31.5–0.71.71.72.81.10.5
82.378.175.556.430.473.014.298.478.175.273.239.758.864.952.987.432.693.649.252.869.141.9g59.452.177.367.428.167.686.949.864.375.471.373.323.552.170.152.767.778.667.114.369.820.152.347.8h50.034.469.864.886.462.167.041.362.547.749.143.574.436.322.8
25.926.627.337.6..26.030.828.225.938.337.925.029.028.430.029.1..26.139.437.339.332.435.927.025.6..27.425.529.127.932.126.827.125.321.329.528.321.828.920.726.230.725.120.926.434.524.534.227.623.221.623.121.724.625.435.222.224.418.124.220.8
49.554.154.746.7..53.438.341.354.140.239.152.646.445.146.946.3..53.640.844.642.539.841.457.455.7..47.757.047.349.145.251.938.942.476.438.047.362.343.469.045.849.958.873.851.537.949.041.353.162.464.962.167.745.046.838.763.257.481.049.866.2
23,48014,25813,05711,89318,77814,01225,572..16,50213,04018,9328,36211,51011,1068,71613,07014,52712,3238,5784,7746,31812,83811,1597,6338,6298,8839,6058,26810,3679,1545,2798,95911,558..4,4669,63813,6686,6288,2735,5978,1724,7728,4334,4054,5266,8287,2427,995..6,62914,4194,5234,4195,4763,5222,8543,5425,673..2,8753,088
2.81.77.24.511.40.73.3..2.73.83.014.511.84.68.113.924.5–1.01.46.14.23.02.74.53.713.316.50.61.618.98.93.10.94.84.71.11.47.04.09.52.01.04.40.62.01.66.81.9..2.00.31.42.47.614.82.41.23.6..2.3..
0.00.00.31.40.60.10.0..0.10.2..8.30.30.43.01.81.10.02.48.60.61.82.21.30.410.14.70.40.05.55.90.50.00.1f12.40.60.22.0f1.33.00.21.70.316.12.50.00.20.03.7f1.40.81.14.42.49.44.30.20.525.3f0.642.0
0.12.50.712.62.20.60.5..0.00.70.48.60.11.811.021.97.40.012.26.64.52.54.115.81.86.12.94.40.35.18.81.80.30.1f27.93.00.25.95.014.31.58.07.425.15.41.0..0.60.116.50.14.36.20.34.822.412.33.817.6....
5.06.58.39.95.14.85.73.33.95.85.47.44.510.56.98.16.06.010.910.17.05.76.95.14.66.48.16.19.05.64.76.45.53.06.25.86.74.96.29.35.84.05.97.03.44.62.34.37.66.43.57.15.08.04.711.93.85.0..5.213.8
5.06.58.39.95.14.85.73.33.95.85.47.44.510.56.98.16.06.010.910.17.05.76.95.14.66.48.16.19.05.64.76.45.53.06.25.86.74.96.29.35.84.05.97.03.44.62.34.37.66.43.57.15.08.04.711.93.85.0..5.213.8
table
10
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT95 Jordan96 Algeria97 Sri Lanka98 Dominican Republic99 Samoa100 Fiji101 China102 Turkmenistan103 Thailand104 Suriname105 El Salvador106 Gabon107 Paraguay108 Bolivia, Plurinational State of109 Maldives110 Mongolia111 Moldova, Republic of112 Philippines113 Egypt114 Occupied Palestinian Territory115 Uzbekistan116 Micronesia, Federated States of
6.38.436.043.521.023.110.112.10.20.20.91.0h1,347.6 1,393.1h5.16.269.573.30.50.66.27.11.52.16.68.710.113.40.30.42.83.53.53.194.9 126.382.5 106.54.26.827.833.40.10.1
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
59
population and economyPOPULATIONAverage annualgrowth(%)1990/1995 2010/2015Urbana(% oftotal)2011ECONOMYForeignNet officialPublicGDPdirectdevelopmentexpenditureTotalMedian Dependency per investment assistance Remittanceonexpenditureageratiocapita net inflows receivedinflowseducation on health(years)(%)(PPP $) (% of GDP)(% of GDP)(% of GDP) (% of GDP) (% of GDP)2010201120092009200920092006–2009b2009
HDI rank
Total(millions)20112030
117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141
GuyanaBotswanaSyrian Arab RepublicNamibiaHondurasKiribatiSouth AfricaIndonesiaVanuatuKyrgyzstanTajikistanViet NamNicaraguaMoroccoGuatemalaIraqCape VerdeIndiaGhanaEquatorial GuineaCongoLao People’s Democratic RepublicCambodiaSwazilandBhutan
0.80.82.02.320.827.92.33.07.810.70.10.150.554.7242.3 279.70.20.45.46.77.09.088.8 101.55.97.232.337.514.822.732.755.30.50.61,241.5 1,523.525.036.50.71.14.16.26.37.814.317.41.21.50.70.90.641.60.2176.7150.51.219.648.320.021.346.27.024.812.8162.530.510.13.52.234.56.20.813.50.910.99.11.844.620.215.432.412.884.715.81.50.865.90.2234.4181.92.030.854.328.835.381.910.241.320.0257.839.912.55.22.659.88.71.224.51.317.614.62.866.929.828.253.317.6118.526.82.3
0.12.72.83.12.61.52.41.62.80.91.72.02.41.72.33.12.52.02.83.42.72.73.22.2–1.52.83.11.92.62.22.83.21.42.73.03.22.54.72.92.42.52.02.81.83.32.22.42.52.2–4.93.43.12.63.21.08.42.23.32.52.0
0.21.11.71.72.01.50.51.02.41.11.51.01.41.02.53.10.91.32.32.72.21.31.21.41.52.52.72.01.81.32.92.70.82.12.83.12.23.02.62.51.71.32.21.03.12.02.53.01.92.92.72.72.42.23.23.12.22.13.02.1
28.761.856.238.652.244.062.244.626.034.526.431.057.658.849.966.161.830.352.239.962.534.320.421.335.518.922.563.036.228.628.659.434.359.230.626.912.632.442.750.519.253.641.727.613.544.128.335.976.319.242.558.940.851.320.322.938.816.836.630.2
23.822.921.121.221.0..24.927.820.623.820.428.222.126.318.918.322.825.120.520.319.621.522.919.524.619.918.519.321.724.216.616.628.219.318.217.520.417.417.818.521.421.519.820.315.719.718.916.721.418.717.917.819.719.216.916.619.318.716.319.0
58.257.267.165.968.3..53.047.870.852.366.641.362.749.883.485.658.154.473.372.579.460.354.370.550.774.782.177.464.754.495.395.143.878.684.992.271.387.185.086.165.866.673.770.3103.574.683.098.463.583.687.484.876.780.196.093.973.679.297.680.2
3,24013,3844,7306,4103,8422,43210,2784,1994,4382,2831,9722,9532,6414,4944,7203,5483,6443,2961,55231,7794,2382,2551,9154,9985,1132,5471,5731,8202,6091,4168055,812..2,2051,0041,3622,2812,4701,8172,2031,1551,1511,9291,4681,2178501,1831,4302,3191,1361,5081,4152,2101,7017941,321..9341,1851,071
7.12.12.75.33.51.71.90.95.34.10.38.47.12.21.61.67.72.56.415.721.75.45.42.22.917.90.53.91.50.8..2.9..1.56.31.95.40.51.63.30.30.6–1.34.03.81.81.75.59.22.31.45.44.91.61.31.31.10.81.21.7
8.52.50.53.63.315.60.40.216.57.18.34.413.11.01.04.513.10.26.10.54.17.27.72.09.642.96.115.81.71.39.50.4..2.95.213.75.32.08.01.06.7..9.46.411.417.59.511.114.518.010.318.54.610.616.645.7f14.113.411.017.6
12.50.72.60.117.66.40.31.31.021.735.17.412.56.910.80.1f9.43.60.4..0.10.63.43.1..0.45.71.0f5.411.8..0.1f..0.70.10.10.24.410.65.523.821.20.126.24.710.72.10.33.11.83.610.95.50.80.0....0.94.55.6
8.110.32.95.96.012.28.52.44.06.85.37.29.55.57.13.93.94.26.93.93.04.15.96.35.55.44.37.12.63.412.34.62.05.64.15.13.15.65.75.85.86.12.58.28.25.93.44.87.09.04.26.07.35.16.27.4..4.35.66.1
8.110.32.95.96.012.28.52.44.06.85.37.29.55.57.13.93.94.26.93.93.04.15.96.35.55.44.37.12.63.412.34.62.05.64.15.13.15.65.75.85.86.12.58.28.25.93.44.87.09.04.26.07.35.16.27.4..4.35.66.1
table
10
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT142 Solomon Islands143 Kenya144 São Tomé and Príncipe145 Pakistan146 Bangladesh147 Timor-Leste148 Angola149 Myanmar150 Cameroon151 Madagascar152 Tanzania, United Republic of153 Papua New Guinea154 Yemen155 Senegal156 Nigeria157 Nepal158 Haiti159 Mauritania160 Lesotho161 Uganda162 Togo163 Comoros164 Zambia165 Djibouti166 Rwanda167 Benin168 Gambia169 Sudan170 Côte d'Ivoire171 Malawi172 Afghanistan173 Zimbabwe174 Ethiopia175 Mali176 Guinea-Bissau
60
Human Development report2011SammenDraG
population and economyPOPULATIONAverage annualgrowth(%)1990/1995 2010/2015Urbana(% oftotal)2011ECONOMYForeignNet officialPublicGDPdirectdevelopmentexpenditureTotalMedian Dependency per investment assistance Remittanceonexpenditureageratiocapita net inflows receivedinflowseducation on health(years)(%)(PPP $) (% of GDP)(% of GDP)(% of GDP) (% of GDP) (% of GDP)2010201120092009200920092006–2009b2009
HDI rank
Total(millions)20112030
177178179180181182183184185186187
EritreaGuineaCentral African RepublicSierra LeoneBurkina FasoLiberiaChadMozambiqueBurundiNigerCongo, Democratic Republic of the
5.410.24.56.017.04.111.523.98.616.167.824.50.10.00.00.09.60.01,129.5972.93,545.51,259.7
8.415.96.48.529.16.518.435.911.430.8106.026.20.10.00.00.016.40.01,218.51,082.54,087.61,857.2
0.35.52.5–0.42.7–0.33.03.21.73.33.81.61.51.31.71.2–0.20.50.71.11.62.82.41.30.31.72.12.7T2.7T1.51.5T
2.92.52.02.13.02.62.62.21.93.52.60.41.60.00.60.62.60.20.50.81.02.22.00.60.21.11.42.4T2.2T1.11.1T
22.135.939.238.826.548.228.239.211.317.235.960.372.1100.0100.094.137.950.978.375.741.333.956.746.164.679.832.037.7T29.7T52.050.8T
19.018.319.418.417.118.217.117.820.215.516.732.9........17.5..39.330.528.919.823.232.334.927.524.618.6T19.7T26.629.2T
78.985.678.981.490.686.293.189.568.2104.995.047.4........91.2..49.946.748.177.761.941.543.353.055.783.5T76.3T59.052.2T
5811,0487578081,1873961,300885392690319..............35,76812,8615,0771,6718,2566,22714,24410,7393,3682,1811,3795,24110,715
0.01.22.13.82.124.96.89.00.013.79.0..............1.82.52.22.73.21.93.42.12.13.73.23.92.3
7.85.811.923.013.578.39.220.841.28.923.9..32.1............0.30.58.71.90.4..0.41.49.912.03.72.2
..1.6..2.41.26.2..1.12.11.7................0.31.22.25.12.71.41.41.54.52.25.26.70.7
2.25.74.313.16.413.27.05.713.16.19.5..16.53.9..7.1..9.911.96.54.65.05.04.46.47.74.06.45.45.610.2
2.25.74.313.16.413.27.05.713.16.19.5..16.53.9..7.1..9.911.26.74.55.15.34.36.37.64.16.25.67.06.0
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIESKorea, Democratic People’s Rep. ofMarshall IslandsMonacoNauruSan MarinoSomaliaTuvaluHuman Development Index groupsVery high human developmentHigh human developmentMedium human developmentLow human developmentRegionsArab StatesEast Asia and the PacificEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaLeast developed countriesSmall island developing statesWorld
360.7 496.91,978.5 2,135.3480.5 491.3591.2 696.01,728.5 2,141.8877.6T1,353.8T851.1T1,256.8T53.263.8T6,974.0 8,321.4T
table
10
NOTESa.Because data are based on national definitions of what constitutes a city or metropolitan area, cross-country comparison should be made with caution.b.Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.c.Includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands.d.Includes Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Norfolk Island.e.Includes Åland Islands.f.Refers to an earlier year than that specified.g.Includes Agalega, Rodrigues and Saint Brandon.h.Includes Taiwan Province of China and excludes Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and MacaoSpecial Administrative Region.DEFINITIONSTotal population:De facto population in a country, area or region as of 1 July.Average annual population growth:Average annual exponential growth rate for the period indicated.Urban population:De facto population living in areas classified as urban according to the criteria usedby each area or country as of 1 July.Median age:Age that divides the population distribution into two equal parts—that is, 50 percent ofthe population is above that age and 50 percent is below it.Dependency ratio:Ratio of the sum of the population ages 0–14 and that ages 65 and older to thepopulation ages 15–64.
GDP per capita:Gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in purchasing power parity international dollarterms, divided by midyear population.Foreign direct investment net inflows:Sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-termcapital and short-term capital, expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP).Net official development assistance received:Disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (netof repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies to promote economic development and welfarein countries and territories in part I of the Development Assistance Committee list of aid recipients,expressed as a percentage of the recipient country’s gross national income (GNI).Remittance inflows:Earnings and material resources transferred by international migrants or refugeesto recipients in their country of origin or countries in which the migrant formerly resided, expressed asa percentage of the receiving country’s GDP.Public expenditure on education:Total public expenditure (current and capital) on education, expressedas a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP).Total expenditure on health:The sum of public and private health expenditure. It includes the provisionof health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities and emergencyaid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation.MAIN DATA SOURCESColumns 1–4, 6 and 7:UNDESA (2011).Column 5:UNDESA (2010).Columns 8–13:World Bank (2011a).
STATISTICAL TAbLeS
61
Begrebsforklaring og forkortelser
Grupper med meget højt HDI, højt HDI, middelhøjt HDI og lavt HDIKlassificering af et land ud fra dets placering i indekset for menneskelig udvikling (HDI). Et land tilhører kategorien “Meget højtudvikletland” hvis dets HDI er i den øvre kvartil, kategorien “Højtudviklet land” hvis værdien ligger mellem 51–75 percentilen, kategorien“Mellemudviklet land” hvis dets HDI-værdi er i 26–50 percentilen og kategorien ”Lavtudviklet land” hvis dets HDI er i den lavestekvartil. I tidligere rapporter har man anvendt absolutte og ikke relative tærskelværdier.
Indekset for menneskelig udvikling (HDI –Human Development Index)En sammensat metode til at måle resultaterne i de tre grundpiller, der er en forudsætning for menneskelig udvikling: Et langt og sundtliv, adgang til uddannelse og en god levestandard. For at gøre det lettere at sammenligne sættes gennemsnitsværdien af resultaterneinden for disse tre grundpiller på en skala fra 0 til 1, hvor 0 er dårligst og 1 er bedst. Værdierne aggregeres ved hjælp af geometriskgennemsnit.
HDI justeret for ulighed (IHDI –Inequality-adjusted HDI)IHDI måler det gennemsnitlige niveau af menneskelig udvikling i et samfund, når der er taget højde for eventuelle uligheder. Hvis derer fuldstændig lighed er HDI-værdien og IHDI-værdien ens. Jo større forskel der er på tallene des mere ulighed.
Indeks for ulighed mellem kønnene (GII –Gender Inequality Index)En målemetode som opfanger ulighed mellem kønnene indenfor områderne reproduktiv sundhed, medbestemmelse og arbejdstyrke.Værdierne ligger mellem 0 (fuldstændig lighed) og 1 (absolut ulighed).
Flerdimensionelt fattigdomsindeks (MPI –Multidimensional Poverty Index)En metode hvormed man kan måle alvorlige brister inden for områderne sundhed, uddannelse og levestandard, og som kombinererantallet af fattige med graden af deres fattigdom.
Note:Der findes yderligere information om indeksene i den fulde rapport fra 2010, kapitel 5, og i de tekniske noter i dette års fulderapport. Rapporten kan downloades her: www.hdr.undp.org
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Human Development report2011SammenDraG
Oversættelse af nøglebegreber
I oversættelsen af det engelske sammendrag af Human Development Report 2011 har vigenerelt anvendt følgende forståelse af centrale ord og begreber:AccountabilityAdaptationCapabilitiesClimate Deal FlowsClimate resilienceCurrency transaction taxDegradationDeforestationDeprivationDisadvantagedEnvironmental sustainabilityEmpowermentEquityHuman developmentIntrinsicLivelihoodMitigationSpecial drawing rightsTransformative changeAnsvarlighedTilpasningEvnerLokale klimafinansieringsløsningerModstandsdygtighed overforklimaforandringerSkat på valutatransaktionerForringelserSkovrydningAfsavnDårligt stilledeMiljømæssig bæredygtighedIndflydelse på eget liv /empowermentSocial retfærdighedMenneskelig udviklingIboendeLivsgrundlagReduktion af CO2Specielle trækningsrettighederAt skabe varig forandring
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Human Development report2011SammenDraG
Globale, regionale og nationale

Human Development Reports

Globale Human Development Reports:UNDP’s årligeHuman Development Report(HDR) er blevet udgivet siden 1990som en videnskabelig ua ængig og empirisk baseret analyse af udviklingstemaer, -tendenser, -fremskridt og –politikker.Materialer fra tidligere års rapporter er tilgængelige på www.hdr.undp.org, herunder de fulde tekster og sammendragoversat til de store FN-sprog, sammendrag af konsultationer og netværksdiskussioner, tidsskri etHuman DevelopmentReport Seriessamt HDR-nyhedsmeldinger og andet oplysningsmateriale. Statistiske indikatorer og andre dataværktøjer,interaktive kort, landebaserede faktaark og andre informative ressourcer relateret til rapporten er også gratis tilgængeligepå UNDP’s HDR hjemmeside.Regionale Human Development Reports:I løbet af de sidste to årtier er mere end 40 redaktionelt ua ængige HumanDevelopment Reports med regionalt fokus blevet produceret med støtte fra UNDP’s regionale kontorer. Med analyser ogpolitiske anbefalinger, som o e har været provokerende, har disse rapporter undersøgt centrale problemstillinger, somf.eks. civile frihedsrettigheder og kvinders ind ydelse på deres egne liv (empowerment) i de arabiske stater, korruption iAsien og stillehavsområdet, behandling af Romaer og andre minoriteter i Centraleuropa og den ulige fordeling af rigdomi Latinamerika.Nationale Human Development Reports:Siden den førsteHuman Development Reportudkom i 1992 er nationale rapporterblevet produceret i 140 lande af lokale redaktioner med støtte fra UNDP. Disse rapporter, som der til dato er udgivet mereend 650 af, lægger et menneskeligt udviklings perspektiv på nationale politiske problemer gennem lokalt ledede konsulta-tioner og forskning. NationaleHuman Development Reportsfokuserer typisk på køn, etnicitet eller forskelle mellem land-og byområder i forsøget på at identi cere ulighed, måle fremskridt og identi cere varsler om potentiel kon ikt. Fordirapporterne tager udgangspunkt i nationale behov og perspektiver har mange af dem ha stor ind ydelse på nationalepolitikker, herunder strategier for opnåelse af 2015 Målene og andre prioriteter for menneskelig udvikling.Mere information om nationale og regionaleHuman Development Reportser tilgængelig påwww.hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr, hvor man også kan nde relateret undervisningsmateriale og andre ressourcer.

Human Development Reports

1990-2010201020092007/8200620052004200320022001200019991998199719961995e Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human DevelopmentOvercoming Barriers: Human Mobility and DevelopmentFighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided WorldBeyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water CrisisInternational Cooperation at a Crossroad: Aid, Trade and Security in an Unequal WorldCultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse WorldMillennium Development Goals: A Compact among Nations to End Human PovertyDeepening Democracy in a Fragmented WorldMaking New Technologies Work for Human DevelopmentHuman Rights and Human DevelopmentGlobalization with a Human FaceConsumption for Human DevelopmentHuman Development to Eradicate PovertyEconomic Growth and Human DevelopmentGender and Human Development
For more information visit:www.hdr.undp.org
Den store udviklingsudfordring i det 21. århundrede bliver at sikre nuværende og fremtidige generationer rettenDen store udviklingsudfordring i det 21. århundrede bliver at sikre nuværende og fremtidige generationer rettentil at leve et sundt, langt og fyldestgørende liv. Human Development Report 2011 er et vægtigt bidrag til dentil at leve et sundt, langt og fyldestgørende liv. Human Development Report 2011 er et vægtigt bidrag til denglobale dialog på dette felt. Rapporten viser, hvordan bæredygtighed og social retfærdighed er uløseligt forbun-globale dialog på dette felt. Rapporten viser, hvordan bæredygtighed og social retfærdighed er uløseligt forbun-det og gensidig selvforstærkende. Miljøforringelser forværrer sociale uligheder ved at ramme de menneskerdet og gensidig selvforstærkende. Miljøforringelser forværrer sociale uligheder ved at ramme de menneskerhårdest, der i forvejen er dårligst stillede, og samtidig er uligheder i menneskelig udvikling med til at forværrehårdest, der i forvejen er dårligst stillede, og samtidig er uligheder i menneskelig udvikling med til at forværremiljøødelæggelser. Yderligere fremskridt i imenneskelig udvikling for verdens fattige og underprivilegeredemiljøødelæggelser. Yderligere fremskridt menneskelig udvikling for verdens fattige og underprivilegeredekræver derfor robuste globale tiltag, der kan reducere miljømæssige risici og uligheder på samme tid. Rapportenkræver derfor robuste globale tiltag, der kan reducere miljømæssige risici og uligheder på samme tid. Rapportengiver konkrete forslag til hvordan.giver konkrete forslag til hvordan.Rapporten argumenterer for, at bæredygtighed bør gribes an som et spørgsmål om at sikre grundlæggendeRapporten argumenterer for, at bæredygtighed bør gribes an som et spørgsmål om at sikre grundlæggendesocial retfærdighed for både nulevende og fremtidige generationer ved at adressere sundhed, uddannelse,social retfærdighed for både nulevende og fremtidige generationer ved at adressere sundhed, uddannelse,indkomst og ulighed mellem kønnene sammen med global handling inden for energiproduktion og beskyttelse afindkomst og ulighed mellem kønnene sammen med global handling inden for energiproduktion og beskyttelse aføkosystemer.økosystemer.Endelig giver rapporten konkrete forslag til, hvordan finansieringsbehovet kan dækkes og påviser, at størreEndelig giver rapporten konkrete forslag til, hvordan finansieringsbehovet kan dækkes og påviser, at størreansvarlighed, bred politisk inddragelse og demokratiske processer på lokalt, nationalt og internationalt plan eransvarlighed, bred politisk inddragelse og demokratiske processer på lokalt, nationalt og internationalt plan erafgørende for at sikre resultater inden for bæredygtig udvikling og social retfærdighed.afgørende for at sikre resultater inden for bæredygtig udvikling og social retfærdighed.Vi har et fælles ansvar over for de mindst privilegerede i verden –– både dag og i fremtiden - - og vi skal sikre, atVi har et fælles ansvar over for de mindst privilegerede i verden både i i dag og i fremtiden og vi skal sikre, atnutiden ikke bliver fremtidens fjende. Rapporten hjælper os til at finde vej.nutiden ikke bliver fremtidens fjende. Rapporten hjælper os til at finde vej.
Den fulde Human Development Report 2011 kan downloades her:www.hdr.undp.orgDen fulde Human Development Report 2011 kan downloades her:www.hdr.undp.org