Kommunaludvalget 2011-12
KOU Alm.del Bilag 139
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n:ageFoRenhonS eCopUTI aBLSoL TaInSUSIeSCIT
The former fish market in the South harbour is transformed into a Dutch inspired canal town/ Credit: Rishi, Happy Living
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
Copenhagen:SoLUTIonS FoRSUSTaInaBLe CITIeS0406101418222528323638MAYOR’S INTRODUCTIONTURNING THE HARBOUR BLUEMEETING THE RISING DEMAND FOR WATERCYCLING: THE FAST WAY FORWARDTHE GREEN LIGHT ON INTEGRATED TRANSPORTMAKING THE MOST OF WASTETHE FORCE OF PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR WINDKEEPING THE CITY WARM EFFICIENTLYKEEPING OUR COOL UNDER Co2PRESSURECOME AND SEE USOUR SPONSORS
02/03
This catalogue details eight sustainable city solutions from Copenhagen.In developing these solutions we were inspired by other cities around the world.We hope that the lessons we learnt will, in return, be of inspiration to you andyour city.
Cover image: harbourfront housing/ Credit: Rishi, Happy Living
Mayor’s Introduction
Lord Mayor Frank Jensen/ Credit: Jacob Carlsen
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
« ANInTRoDUCTIon»
SUSTaInaBILITy IS no LongeR a ChoICe FoR MoSTSoCIeTIeS: IT’S a MUST. eSpeCIaLLy In oUR CITIeS.heRe we MUST aLL STRIve To BaLanCe The qUaLITyoF peopLe’S LIveS wITh SoUnD eConoMIC anDenvIRonMenTaL DeveLopMenT.It was thought that environmentally friendly development wouldlimit economic growth. However, quite the reverse turns out to betrue. Green growth can, indeed, boost economic development andthe quality of life.It’s not just about green products and services, it also concernsthe more efficient use of our limited resources. This in the long runis the only road to continued growth.Cities, in particular, play an important role in securing sustainabledevelopment. More than half of the world’s population now livesin cities. In fact, cities are responsible for most of the world’s GDPand for about 75% of Co2emissions. Sustainable societies musttherefore start with sustainable cities.However, the business of introducing sustainability into the cityposes very different issues than affecting it in the country as awhole. The patterns of production and consumption, growth andemployment, as well as social patterns are often very differentand require city specific solutions.In our bid to introduce more sustainability into our city,Copenhagen has looked for smart and effective solutions in othercities. We hope that in return, many cities can be inspired by thelessons we have learned.To advance the quest for greater more sustainable cities, wehave explained some of our best solutions in this catalogue. Wehope you enjoy reading these case studies and gain some usefulinformation from them.Here’s to a shared and sustainable future!
04/05
FRanK JenSenLord Mayor ofCopenhagen
harbour Baths
Summer life at one of Copenhagen’s three harbour Baths/ Credit: Kontraframe
ha
RBTheTUoURnRBL SUe
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
THE HARBOUR TURNS BLUE« THE IDEA OF SWIMMING IN COPENHAGEN’S HARBOUR WOULDHAvE BEEN OUT OF THE qUESTION AT ONE TIME. THE WATER WASBADLY POLLUTED FROM THE CITY’S OLD SEWAGE SYSTEM AND LOCALINDUSTRY. THE WHOLE AREA WAS ALSO BECOMING INCREASINGLYNEGLECTED AND RUN DOWN.WE ADDRESSED THE PROBLEM BYInveSTIngIN THECoMpLeTeMoDeRnISaTIonOF THE SEWAGE SYSTEM. THE WATER qUALITYIMPROvED SO MUCH, THE MUNICIPALITY OF COPENHAGEN WAS ABLETO OPEN ApUBLIC haRBoUR BaThIN 2002, WHICH HAS CONTRIBUTEDSIGNIFICANTLY TO THERevITaLISaTIonOF THE CITY CENTRE AREA. »The haRBoUR’S SewagepRoBLeM//•Discharge of wastewater from sewers and industrialcompanies was having a major impact on waterqualityStorm water run-off entered the sewage system and93 overflow channels fed the wastewater into theharbour.De-industrialisation had left Copenhagen Harbour arun down and under-utilised part of the city centre.Copenhagen’s sewage system was in need ofmodernisation.
06/07
The SoLUTIon - a BLUeTRanSFoRMaTIon//THE HARBOUR WAS TRANSFORMED INTO ABLUE PUBLIC SPACE BY:• MODERNISING THE SEWAGE SYSTEM• ADOPTING A CLEANING PROGRAMME• DIvERTING LOCAL RAINWATER• COMMISSIONING A STRONG URBANDESIGN TO CREATE A CITY CENTREBLUE RECREATION SPACE.
•
••
harbour Baths
oUR SoLUTIon In DeTaIL//MoDeRnISIng The Sewage SySTeM –• Rainwater reservoirs with connecting conduits wereconstructed which can store wastewater until there’sspace again in the sewage system.• Physical, biological and chemical cleaning, gasificationof sludge and incineration processes remove nutrientsalts and minimise discharge of heavy metals.• 55 overflow channels were closed and wastewateris only discharged to the harbour during particularlyheavy rainfall.DIveRT LoCaL RaInwaTeR –A pro-active system of localised water channels deal withrainwater locally, diverting it during heavy rain. The rain andwastewater is then stored locally and more slowly releasedinto the sewer when capacity allows it.CReaTIon oF CITy CenTRe BLUe ReCReaTIon SpaCe –Public Harbour baths were opened in the Islands Bryggearea of the harbour in 2002. Two further bathing facilitieshave been opened since, including a new harbour beach,with a fourth facility being added in 2011.DeveLopMenT oF an InnovaTIve aUToMaTICwaRnIng SySTeM –This calculates and monitors the bacteria level in theharbour and identifies whether it’s safe to swim. An on-line forecast is available on the city’s website and to cityresidents as an app on iPhones/Android phones.pLannIng RegULaTIon –• New developments must use separate systemsfor rainwater and stormwater. The utility provideralso operates a reimbursement scheme, wherein alandowner connecting to the sewer system is repaid aconnection charge if the rainwater is derived locally.•In new urban districts a three-tiered sewage system isestablished. One tier for roof water, one for road waterand one for black waste water. The system has alreadyproved very effective against flooding.
gooD URBan DeSIgn –Urban design is fully integratedinto the wastewater management system from consideringstorage tank design to green roofs and pavements.RoBUST anD InTegRaTeD ManageMenT STRUCTURe –Collaboration between partners, including researchers,academics, architects, planners, engineers, municipality andprivate sector organizations led to the creative solution ofa beach park and harbour bath, though the initial goal wasonly to improve the sewage system.Long TeRM ThInKIng –The first Wastewater Management Plan was formulated in1976. Following on from this, the public baths project wasinitiated in 2001. The gradual but significant improvementof water quality in the harbour has been the result of a long-term approach.
The BeneFITS oF oUR CLean haRBoUR//eConoMIC• The revitalisation of the harbour areas has led tobusiness and market regeneration.• Local increase in property prices• Improved potential for investment: there’s now plansfor much improved local transport to the Harbour Bathand beach park• Job creation• Increased liveability means that more families stay inthe city contributing to a positive economic growth.SoCIaL• Residents and others can swim, sail and fish in theharbour waters at the heart of their city.• Almost every resident now lives less than 10 minutesby foot to a green or blue recreation space or park.• The baths have given residents a sense of pride, loyaltyand ownership in the locality• The Harbour development has enabled the widerregeneration of a badly run-down area and turned itinto the most popular summer spot in the city.• The Harbour baths are increasingly seen as an iconiclandmark and so have raised the international standingand tourist attraction of the city.
50%100%increase
to
10%increase
flatsflats indirectadjacent toharbourthe harbourarea
Effect onreal estateprices fromtransformingharbour areasfrom industryto residential.
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
08/09envIRonMenTaL• Reduced risk of urban flooding polluting the harbourthrough better stormwater management• More and diverse flora and fauna is returning to thearea.• The water quality in the harbour continues to improveyear after year• Green roofs also relieve urban heat stress andimprove insulation of buildings, and so help us toreach our carbon reduction targets.• Residents used to drive 10km to a beach, now theycan walk or cycle to the Harbour Baths.1600
1200
1000m3
800
400
0199620002009
Sewage and rain water discharged into the Portof Copenhagen
TURnIng The TIDe In yoURhaRBoUR//What sort of circumstances might other cities be facingthat would make Copenhagen’s experience of the harbourproject relevant?•••A partly or fully de-industrialised harbourA sewage system in need of upgradeA climate that enables outdoor swimminga possibility.
Swimming 5 minutes away from the central city/ Credit: Casper Dalhoff, BIG+JDS
water
MeeTIngThe RISIngDeManDFoRwaTeRgreen roofs on domestic buildings are an important part of climate adaptation/ Credit: Gitte Lotinga
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
MEETING THE RISINGDEMAND FOR WATER« AS COPENHAGEN HAS GROWN, THE CITY FACES THEvERY REALRISK oF DeManD FoR waTeR oUTSTRIppInggRoUnDwaTeR SUppLy.FURTHERMORE, FLASH FLOODINGIS A GROWING RISK DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE. BUT BYADOPTINGInnovaTIve TeChnoLogIeSAND POLICIES ITHAS BEEN POSSIBLE TO PROTECT THE GROUNDWATERRESOURCES ANDLIMIT LoSSeSFROM THE DRINKINGWATER SUPPLY. »ChaLLenge//The main challenge is to maintain a high drinking water quality in the future based on ground water.Due to a lack of water sources within Copenhagen and local pesticide contamination of water sourcesimmediately around the city, water has to be piped in over long distances. The city also faces risinggroundwater levels, leakage of treated water from the water supply pipeline network and a lowuptake of grey water use and re-use.
10/11
The SoLUTIon//A COMBINATION OF SOLUTIONS HAS PROvED SUCCESSFUL, INCLUDING THEUSE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES TO MONITOR AND PREvENT LEAKS; PRICINGMECHANISMS TO REDUCE WASTEFUL CONSUMPTION; AND ENGINEERINGSOLUTIONS TO REDUCE OvERALL WATER DEMAND TO MANAGEABLE LEvELSAND BETTER MANAGEMENT OF STORMWATER.
water
oUR SoLUTIon In MoRe DeTaIL//•Created an evidence base:detailed mapping ofsediments below city, construction of models of ahydrological cycle around the city, and a detailedgroundwater model and 3D mapping down to depthsof 300m have enabled better management of waterresources.Used Information Technology to reduce waste:A newSMART system management allows better regulationof water pressure.Increased water efficiency –an investment in theminimisation of water loss in the city’s infrastructurethrough leak detection technology, regulation ofwater pressure and other mitigation measures. Waterlosses in pipelines are as high as 40 to 50% in somecities, whereas the figure for Copenhagen is nownearer 6 to 7%.Managed rainwater more efficiently:rainwater run-offis stored locally and more slowly let into the sewerswhen capacity allows it. Four types of system areemployed:- EvAPORATION: e.g. green roofs,- RECyCLING: water storage and local reuse for gardenwatering, clothes washing, toilet flushing- PERCOLATION: slow seepage into grounde.g. permeable paving- DELAy: Balancing ponds, paved areas that store waterand move it around before discharging into sewagesystem.- PURIFICATION: A variety of filtration and separationmethods, e.g. sand trap and basins, oil separators,filters and advanced treatment.•Separate systemsfor rainwater and rainwater runoff /storm water are required to be integrated into all newdevelopments.180160140120100198719901995200020052010
•
Financial incentives:encourage businesses andcitizens to reduce run-off into the city foul sewernetwork with up to 3,000 Euros available to residentsfor collecting and reusing rainwater, and consumercharges of 5 euros per cubic metre of water to reducewasteful use of drinking water.awareness raising campaigns:reduce individualconsumption, with a target to cut consumption percapita from 110 litres per day to 100 litres per day.(From a high of 170 litres/day/person in 1987).
100Target numberof litres of waterused per day,per Copenhagencitizen.
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26%Average watersavings 6 yearsafter installingindividual watermeter.
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Water consumption in Copenhagen 1987-2010, litres/person/day
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
The BeneFITS oF InnovaTIon//•ENvIRONMENTAL: water losses reduced to 6 to 7%;energy consumption from water services reducedand long-term need for energy intensive solutionslike desalination avoided; no chemical treatment ofdrinking water, and a low demand for bottled water.SOCIAL: new recreational areas created from diversionof stormwater; strong engagement with citizens totake individual action in the best interest of the city asa whole.ECONOMIC: reduced long term costs through:- Lower energy use,- Less frequent need to fully replace existing pipenetwork- Better monitoring and repair- Lower risk of rainwater floodinglocal businesses achieve reduced production coststhrough greater water efficiency.
SavIng eveRy DRop InyoUR CITy//What sort of circumstances might other cities be facingthat would make Copenhagen’s experience of saving thecity’s water relevant?•••Shortage of clean water suppliesHigh level of water loss from potable water systemRisk of rainwater flooding.
12/13
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one of the many joys of water/ Credit: Thorkild Christensen
Cycling
The fastest way of getting around in Copenhagen is by bike/ Credit: Mikal Schlosser
:gTnS yIaLF aCDye w RChaTwRoF
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
CYCLING: THE FAST WAY FORWARD« CYCLING HAS ALWAYS BEEN A DANISH TRADITION, BUT COPENHAGENHAS GONE ONE STEP FURTHER AND MADE CYCLINGInTegRaL ToURBan pLannIng anD DeSIgn.IN FACT, IT HAS A TARGET TO INCREASECYCLING’S ‘TRAFFIC MODAL SHARE TO WORK AND EDUCATION’ FROM36% In 2007 To 50% By 2015.AS A RESULT, DESPITE DANES ENjOYINGSOME OF THE HIGHEST AvERAGE LEvELS OF WEALTH IN THE WORLD,THE MAjORITY CHOOSELow-expenSe, BUT qUICK anD ConvenIenTCyCLIng,AS THEIR PREFERRED WAY OF GETTING AROUND. »14/15
Two wheeLS veRSUS FoUR -The ChaLLenge//While Copenhagen is largely flat and enjoys a relativelydense, compact design, the climate is not necessarily thebest for cycling. Winter temperatures fall as low as -15oCand there’s a high annual rainfall approximately 600 mm.The first bike lane was constructed as early as 1896 (thecontroversy then was that bike lanes conflicted withroad space for horses!) but by the early 1980s transportinfrastructure did not make cycling a priority andgrowing car usage threatened to deter bike users. Thefirst integrated cycling lane plan was written in the early1980s and has been developed ever since. Recent researchcontinues to identify key target groups who could beconverted to cycling/cycling more often, if cycling weremade:•••MORE CONvENIENTFASTERSAFER
peDaL poweR - oUR SoLUTIon//CYCLING INFRASTRUCTURE WAS MADECENTRAL TO OUR URBAN PLANNINGAND DESIGN AND WE INvESTED HEAvILYIN DEDICATED, UNINTERRUPTED CYCLELANES AND EASY TRANSFER TO PUBLICTRANSPORT SERvICES.
20hkm/Top speed inCopenhagenGreenwaves
oUR SoLUTIon In MoRe DeTaIL//•New designated cycle lanes were introduced alongexisting roads to separate cyclists from other roadusers and so maximise safety. By 2010 there were369km of cycle lanes including two dedicated cyclebridges, providing safe pathways along desired routesinto the centre of the city.Obstacles were removed from existing cycle lanes androutes were made more direct to key destinations, toreduce travel time.‘Greenwaves’ prioritise cycles along the primary routes,so that cycles travelling at 20km/hr can travel non-stopinto the city.
•
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Cycling
109,586tonnes
1995 - 2010reduction in C02emissions.
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To add convenience, bikes were integrated intothe wider transport network, so passengers couldeasily transfer between cycling and public transport.Carriages on trains were upgraded to accommodatecycles, including travel at peak times.42km of ‘Greenways’ were installed in suburbanareas to provide safer, more direct neighbourhoodroutes away from main roads and through parks andrecreational spaces.Cycle lane bike counters reinforce messages thatcyclists matter and simultaneously provide real-timedata to municipalities.A ‘Cycling Embassy’ teaches safe cycling to childrenwho take this learning from the classroom to the citystreets.Public information and traffic systems are used to makecar, lorry and van drivers more aware of cyclists andreduce collisions.A new type of family bicycle has been developed tocarry children safely along with a new public city bikethat has been developed which is free of charge forlocals and tourists.
geT yoUR CITy on ITS BIKe//0.8
1.05
1.21
What sort of circumstances might other cities be facingthat would make Copenhagen’s experience of cyclingrelevant?•Ability to control strategic road planning anddetermine which mode (cycle / bus / car) should havepriority along key city routes.Compact, dense city design so that cycle commutingis within most people’s range.Good weather is not necessary – Copenhagen’swinters are very cold!US$ 9,561,204US$ 9,561,203
•
199520002009Distancetraveledeach day inCopenhagen bybicycle, mio. km.
••
•
•
US$ 956,120
•
US$ 1,912,240
US$ 2,868,361
US$ 19,122,407
43,025,607us$
•
air pollutionClimate changenoise
accidentsInfrastructure wearCongestion
Total avoidedexternal costs.
The BeneFITS oF a CITyThaT CyCLeS//•ENvIRONMENTAL: reduced noise, air pollution and Co2emissions (90,000 tonne reduction annually).SOCIAL: healthier citizens reduce health care costs atan estimated rate of US$1 per km cycled.- 88% of people cycle because it is the fastest andmost convenient way to get to workECONOMIC: Cycling provides a low-cost form oftransport and by reducing journey times andcongestion, increases economic productivity.
Estimated avoided external costs (US$) of shift from vehicle tobicycle. Data from City of Copenhagen accumulated 1995-2010.36%55%
22%32%29%33%
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7.4%
7%
6%
•
Proportion of journeys to workby bicycle in European capitals.
Why people choose to bikein Copenhagen.
It is convenient
It is fast
It is healthy
Copenhagen
amsterdam
Stockholm
It is cheap
Berlin
helsinki
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
16/17
More than half of the people living in Copenhagen use their bike every day/ Credit: Troels Heien, Monoline
Transport
TRanSpoRT:The gReenLIghTThe Copenhagen Metro has been awarded best in the world/ Credit: Jakob Boserup
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
GIvING INTEGRATED PUBLICTRANSPORT THE GREEN LIGHT« LIKE MANY OTHER CITIES, ECONOMIC GROWTH IN COPENHAGEN HASBROUGHT WITH IT INCREASED TRAFFIC CONGESTION. HOWEvER, BYINvESTING IN ANeFFICIenT, ReLIaBLe anD hIghLy InTegRaTeDPUBLICTRANSPORT NETWORK, IT HAS BEEN POSSIBLE TO DELIvER SOME OFTHEhIgheST LeveLS oF MoBILITy In The woRLD.ALONGSIDE TRAFFIC,CONGESTION AND POLLUTION HAvE BEEN REDUCED TO LEvELS THATAREexTReMeLy LowBY THE STANDARDS OF MAjOR INTERNATIONALCITIES. THE NUMBER OF CAR TRIPS WITHIN THE CENTRAL PART OFCOPENHAGEN FELL FROM 351,000 IN 1970 TO 284,900 IN 2010. »The ChaLLenge oF The CaR//Without a decent alternative, people who can afford a carwill drive it. Between 1970 and 2010 the number of dailycar trips across the municipality border rose from 392,000to 535,700 and across the whole of Denmark there has beenan increase in cars from 408,000 to 2 million between 1961and 2010. The Co2emissions from road transport rose alongwith the increased traffic to around 500,000 tonnes in 2005.Without concerted action Copenhagen could have facedthe traffic congestion and pollution problems that haveblighted many other cities.Attempts to convince people to use public transport werehindered by:• A massive improvement in travel time for car-trafficdue to investments in road-infrastructure• Unreliable and inconvenient public transport due tolack of investments in infrastructure• Relocating work places away from the inner city torural and suburban areas - often far from train stationsand with high accessibility for cars• Lack of integration between transport systems andoperators• Inflexibility of funding mechanisms to create newservices
18/19
InTegRaTIon - oUR SoLUTIon//OUR SOLUTION WAS TO DEvELOPPHYSICAL AND vIRTUAL (INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY) INTEGRATION BETWEENBUS, TRAIN AND THE METRO SERvICESTO ENABLE PASSENGERS TO MOvESEAMLESSLY BETWEEN DIFFERENT MODES.
An integrated transport system between bus, train & metro.
Transport
oUR SoLUTIon In MoRe DeTaIL//•Integrated ticketing: one ticket is valid on bus, trainand metro across all 3 public transport operators.Transfer between each mode is free.SMS ticketing: novel use of information technologyenables passengers to simply text where they are andwhere they’re going to, and receive a text reply whichserves as their travel ticket. This speeds up journeytimes, reduces queuing and cuts operational costs.60% of tickets for one journey are now bought bySMS and it is expected that paper based tickets willbe entirely replaced within a few years.The formation of a special purpose company unitingthe train, Metro, bus and telephone companies hasenabled SMS to be easily adopted by customers, asfares are paid through telephone bills.
The BeneFITS oF InTegRaTeDTRanSpoRT//•ENvIRONMENTAL: by improving the integration of thesystem there has been an increase in the proportionof total trips made by public transport and a fall inprivate car usage. For every person using the Metroinstead of travelling alone by car, carbon dioxideemissions drop by 83%.SOCIAL: the ability to change more easily betweenmodes, and for cycling to be better adapted withthe public transport system has enabled faster,safer, healthier and less stressful journeys. Peopleuse public transport and cycling because it is thefastest, cheapest and most convenient way to travel,contributing to Copenhagen’s reputation as one of themost livable cities in the world.ECONOMIC: a successful integrated public transportsystem and reduced congestion make Copenhagena good place to do business, with fast and reliablejourney times for both passengers and freight.
60%The percentageof people payingfor publictransport in thecity by SMS.
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••Development of an online Journey Planner - an easyway to plan your journey from A to B across all thedifferent transport modes.Bus stops are integrated into Metro stops and otherpublic transport facilities to enable easy transfers.Bus priority signaling systems: using radio and GPStechnology enables traffic controllers to keep lightsgreen if buses are approaching and have broughtimproved accessibility and speed for buses.Fully integrated Real Time Information is providedto the public by traffic control, which can be viewedonline or from mobile devices.Legislation was introduced to stop competitive publictransport operators charging different prices.Significant cycle parking facilities have beenintroduced in each metro and train station and cyclesare permitted to be taken on the trains themselves.
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InTegRaTeD TRanSpoRTIn yoUR CITy//What sort of circumstances might other cities be facingthat would make Copenhagen’s experience of integratedtransport relevant?••••High demand for travelConcern about traffic congestionMultiple public transport operatorsMayoral ownership and/or strong regulatory controlof key transport systems to enable their development
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Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
Hours lost per day due to trafficcongestion - a number that wouldbe considerably higher without theintegrated transport solution.
96,634
20/21
75,942Morning peak (hour)Daily level
38,234
4,006Copenhagen Municipality
8,952greater Copenhagen area
10,787Capital Region area
Metro, train and bus meet at Flintholm Station/ Credit: Metroselskabet/Lene Bente Skytthe
waste
ngKIaMSToe MeThSTwaoFone bag of garbage provides 3.5 hours of electricity and 4 hours of heating for a household/ Credit: Amagerforbrændingen
TEDN INTEGRACE AING IN PLAARS,« BY P U T TR MANY YEOvEn 2%OGRAMMEPRSLeSS ThaSENDASTEGEN NOWF OF THE WOPENHACHALLANDFILL.DEUSE IS MAF WA S T E TOOUMY ’SAND MAxIMOR THE CITE C YC L E DIS RE AT FE N E R AT E HTO GO F WA S T ERK. »NG NETWOE AT IDISTRICT H
The waSTe ChaLLenge//Our waste management problems used to be similar tothose of most other major cities:••In 1988, over 40% of the city’s waste was sent to landfill.There was concern that incinerating waste within thecity boundaries would create dangerous air pollution.
pRooF oF oUR SUCCeSS//
waste tolandfill
1988
an InTegRaTeD SoLUTIon//OUR REMEDy UTILISED NATIONAL REGULATIONSTO BUILD AN INTEGRATED SOLUTION: A SUITE OFSTRATEGIES, POLICIES AND INvESTMENTS THAT:• INCREASE DIvERSION OF RESIDUAL WASTE FROMLANDFILL TOWARDS CO-PRODUCING HEAT ANDPOWER BASED ON INCINERATION• IMPROvE RECyCLING SEPARATIONwaste tolandfill
2009
In 2009 we sent only 1.8% of 827,000 tonnes of waste tolandfill — 20 times less than in 1988.
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
oUR SoLUTIon In MoRe DeTaIL//•Treating waste as a resource- setting a fixed price for recyclables collection- volume based charges for residual waste- experimentation with collection of plastic at ahousehold level.National regulation means that waste sent to landfillincurs a tax of US$10/tonne, while waste sent toincineration incurs a tax of US$8.50/tonne.
The BeneFITS oF an InTegRaTeDwaSTe ManageMenTappRoaCh//•ENvIRONMENTAL: Reduced Co2emissions through:- improved reuse and recycling- combined heat and power generation feeding thedistrict heating network- centrally located waste facilities- advanced organic waste treatment.SOCIAL: The public now perceives waste as a resourceto provide heat and power to homes and businessesand so they comply with the waste managementsystem to process their waste in the most efficient andpractical manner.ECONOMIC: waste is now treated as a resource,avoiding millions of euros of landfill taxes fromthe European Union, providing energy security andsuppressing a rise in residential and business energybills at a time of rising fossil fuel prices.
22/23
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••It is now illegal in Denmark to send combustible wasteto landfill, when it could be incinerated.Focusing on changing public attitudes by supplyinginformation on recycling and linking waste andclimate change.Improving possibilities for reuse and recyclingincluding easy and logical source separationEnsuring the generation of heat from waste is acentral energy supply to the city’s district heatingscheme.A pilot plant for the treatment of 800kg/hour ofunsorted household waste has been developedas part of the REnescience project. The plant wascommissioned in December 2009 and separates theorganic and inorganic fractions in the form of biogasor bioethanol. These bio fuels can be used for theproduction of power and heat in accordance withmarket demand. Metals and glass are separatedfrom the inorganic fraction of the waste forrecycling. REnescience is a cooperation betweenDong Energy and the local waste incineration plantAmagerforbrænding.Maturing and upscaling of the REnesciencetechnology, including design, construction andoperation of larger waste refineries is being planned.A suggested liberalisation will set pricing free andintroduce competition for waste.
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ReCyCLIng waSTe In yoUR CITy//What sort of circumstances might other cities be facingthat would make Copenhagen’s experience of recyclingwaste relevant?••Significant waste volumesThe ability to regulate or influence some or allparts of the waste management system: collection,separation, or treatmentCapacity, or potential capacity, to use heat orelectricity generated from waste.
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tonnes
77.4
tonnes
94.6
tonnes
35.0
tonnes
56.7
CoalFuel oilnatural gaswasteincineration
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Co2emissions from energy production, tonnes C02/GJ
wind power
The FoRCeoF pUBLICSUppoRTFoRwInDpoweR« DESPITE UNExCEPTIONAL WIND RESOURCES,22% oF DenMaRK’SToTaL eLeCTRICaL ConSUMpTIon IS pRoDUCeD FRoM wInDTURBIneS,THE HIGHEST RATE IN THE WORLD*. IN COPENHAGENARenewaBLe eneRgy InFRaSTRUCTUReHAS BEEN INTRODUCEDTHROUGH A UNIqUE PARTNERSHIP BASED ON LOCAL OWNERSHIP. »*BaSeD on 2005 FIgUReS.
The Copenhagen wind turbines at Middelgrunden are owned by citizens/ Credit: Rishi, Happy Living
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
THE FORCE OF PUBLICSUPPORT FOR WIND POWERThe ChaLLengeS To wInD//Like every city, Copenhagen faces challenges to windpower:•••Limited space to implement wind energy on a largescale within an urban environment.Wind turbines are expensive to build.Public resistance to the perceived visual and noiseimpact of wind turbines in the landscape.
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The SoLUTIon -LoCaL owneRShIp//OUR SOLUTION WAS TO ENCOURAGEPOPULAR SUPPORT FOR WIND-POWER BYCREATING A COMMUNITY-OWNED FACILITY,AND USING LOCAL SKILLS.
oUR SoLUTIon In DeTaIL//•COMMUNITy OWNERSHIP – the first wind farm atMiddelgrunden, created a Wind Turbine Cooperativehalf-owned by the city owned utility company, withhalf the shares sold to 8,650 members of the localcommunity. Each of the shares represents productionof 1000 kWh/year and was sold for 4,250 DKK(US$809).PUBLIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGN – demonstration toursof on-shore wind turbines helped convince locals thatthere would be no noise impact from the project.HIGHLy EFFICIENT TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION –specially designed foundations were developed tocope with the ice during severe winters. Optimisationof factors such as tidal movements, wave resistance,ice loads, fatigue strength and robust submarinecables were also incorporated.GRID REINFORCEMENT – the ability of the power gridto accept and balance increased levels of intermittentenergy from wind turbines.LESSONS LEARNED from each successful wind farmare used to inform subsequent schemes, highlightinghow replicable the model is.NATIONALLy SET TARGETS – the Danish Government setan aim to turn 50% of Danish electricity productioninto wind power by 2030, such targets driverenewable energy innovation.
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The time takento construct twowind turbines.
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wind power
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Based on the Copenhagen Climate Plan, the cityowned utility company plans to build more than100 new wind turbines before 2025. Locally basedcooperatives will be able to invest in the turbines.The main part of the new turbines will be basedoutside Copenhagen, either land based or sea based.However, a decision to build some of the turbines inCopenhagen has been politically approved.A recent survey among the citizens of Copenhagenindicates wide spread popular support for windturbines in the city.
$447,483$354,609
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Revenue per full time employeeexport per full time employeeRevenue and export of the windmill-sector (US$)
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The BeneFITS oF wInD poweR//•ENvIRONMENTAL: Significant contribution toachieving carbon reduction goals: for example,energy production at the Middelgrunden wind farm isestimated to be 89 million kWh of electricity annually.The project eliminates 258 tonnes of sulphur dioxideemissions, 231 tonnes of nitrogen oxide emissions,76,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions and 4,900tonnes of dust and clink every year.SOCIAL: Community engagement in delivery ofclimate change objectives. Jobs were created. Thewind industry employs more than 25,000 people inDenmark.ECONOMIC:– The City of Copenhagen made a profit out of the saleof its’ first successful wind farm. Revenue has nowbeen recycled back into city projects.– Green Economy – through creating strong localdemand, the Danish wind turbine industry has growninto a multi-billion dollar industry, achieving growthrates of over 30% per year, with over 350 companiesproducing turbine towers, blades, generators,gear boxes and control systems. Almost half theworld’s wind turbines are now produced by Danishmanufacturers.– Low running costs – Wind turbines have low runningcosts following initial investment and expenditure.28,40025,00021,008
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Employment in the windmill sector
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The RIghT CLIMaTe FoR wInD//What sort of circumstances might other cities be facingthat would make Copenhagen’s experience of community-owned wind power relevant?•Average wind speeds of at least 5 metres per second– usually seen as the minimum for wind power to becommercially viable.Mayoral power to create or support a community-owned solution.
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Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
Below: Reduced Co2emissions and produced windmillenergy in Copenhagen 2001-2010
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332,862tonnes
3,503,811gj
432,569apartments
Reduced Co2emissions
Production ofwind energy inCopenhagen
Number ofapartments theelectricity canpower for oneyear
wind turbines are an integrated part of the Copenhagen skyline/ Credit: Rishi, Happy Living
heating
KeepIngThe CITywaRMe F F I C I e n T Ly
98 per cent of households are connected to the district heating grid/Credit: Becky
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
KEEPING THE CITY WARM EFFICIENTLY« OUR DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM IS AMONG THEwoRLD’S LaRgeSTanD MoST SUCCeSSFUL.IT SUPPLIES98%OF THE CITY AND 500,000INHABITANTS WITH RELIABLE AND AFFORDABLE HEATING. DISTRICTHEATING IS ONE OF THE MOST CARBON EFFICIENT WAYS TO PRODUCEAND SUPPLY ENERGY LOCALLY, CUTTING OUT MUCH OF THE WASTEASSOCIATED WITH CENTRALIzED POWER GENERATION. BY INTEGRATINGRENEWABLE FUELS SUCH AS BIOMASS TO REPLACE FOSSIL FUELS IN THESYSTEM,FURTheR eMISSIonS ReDUCTIonSHAvE BEEN ACHIEvED. »28/29
The ChaLLenge oFrisingenergY prices//The district heating system was first established in the mid1920s, but it was more intensively developed as a way toprotect citizens and the economy from the dramatic rise infossil fuel prices in the 1970s - a time when the city faced:• Over dependency on increasingly scarce and expensivefossil fuels• Air quality concerns caused by coal burning within acity environment• Low efficiency of energy distribution in existing districtheating network
oUR SoLUTIon//THE SOLUTION WAS TO REDUCE THECITY’S RELIANCE ON FOSSIL FUELS BYMAxIMISING ENERGY GENERATED FROMWASTE.Technologies such as Combined Heat and Power(CHP) to capture and re-use heat energy that isotherwise lost in the electricity generation process.Our district heating network distributes this heatenergy efficiently around the city. The integration ofrenewable fuels, such as biomass, further reduces thecarbon intensity of the network.
98%The percentageof Copenhagenserved by theDistrict HeatingSystem.
heating
oUR SoLUTIon In DeTaIL//Development of a district heating systemthat uses heatgenerated from waste-to-energy plants; along with CHPtechnology, initially fuelled by coal, natural gas, and oil.Step-by-Step expansion of the network– district heatingdoes not necessarily require an overhaul of existing energysystems. It can be implemented over a significant periodof time. A steam network was originally established tosupply hospitals and industry, and once a steam pipewas established, offices, institution and dwelling housesnearby were also connected.Regular rehabilitation of the systemover time to maintainan efficient network and provide the best value toresidential and business customers.De-carbonising the district heating system:•Renewable energy supply: The use of mixed fuel, suchas natural gas, oil, straw and wood pellets in CHPunits allows the highly efficient use of the energy inthe fuels (up to 94%), and so results in lower carbondioxide emissions. Biomass is planned to replacecoal and provide 100% renewable energy from theCHP plants, one plant has been converted to 100%biomass and the conversion of 3 additional plants isplanned.Developing technology to burn straw with optimumfire protection.The goal of the city is in the short term to convert allremaining coal-fired CHP to biomass.As a long term strategy the City of Copenhagen isnow testing the use of geothermal energy in thedistrict heating network.Nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide and fly ash areremoved from the flue gases before being releasedinto the atmosphere and used to produce high qualityby-products such as gypsum, concrete blocks andinsulating material.Optimise the operational efficiencies of the network,such as seasonal reductions to the temperature of theheat supply - low temperature district heating.There are also plans to have biogasas an operationalpart of the town gas grid as a result of extracting gas fromsludge waste water treatment processes.
100%Level ofrenewableenergy nowprovidedthrough biomassinstead of coalat the AmagerCHP plant.
The BeneFITS oF DISTRICTheaTIng//ENvIRONMENTAL:• The District Heating system achieves lower carbondioxide emissions than the individual gas (40% lower)and oil (50% lower) boilers it replaced.• Overall carbon dioxide emissions resulting from theconsumption of heat and electricity have droppedfrom 3,460,000 tonnes in 1995 to 2,541,000 tonnes in2005.• Cogeneration of heat and electricity useapproximately 30% less fuel to produce the sameamount of heat and power in separate heat andpower plants.• Around 40% of the waste incinerated from the cityis turned into electricity and heat. Combined withan extensive programme of waste management,prevention, separation and recycling, only 1.8% ofwaste in Copenhagen is deposited in landfills.• Conversion to biomass fuelled district heating isfurther decarbonising the energy supply.SOCIAL:• 750 jobs were created in developing the gridinfrastructure required for the district heating system.ECONOMIC• With high fuel efficiencies of up to 94% bysimultaneously generating heat and power the powerplants need much less fuel per kWh generated. Incomparison, conventional power plants have anefficiency as low as 30-40%.• District heating costs around 45% less than oilheating and approximately 56% less than natural gasfor a home of 130m2and an average consumptionof 18 MWh/year (based on 2009 figures). Districtheating is therefore considered price competitive forhousehold consumers.• District heating can be a competitive solution in newurban development areas, compared to alternativeslike individual solar heating or individual heat pumps.
60,000tonnesReduction ofCo2emissionsthrough wasteincineration.
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Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
why SwITCh onTo DISTRICT heaTIng?//What sort of circumstances might other cities be facing that would makeCopenhagen’s experience of district heating relevant?•••High heat demand in a concentrated areaAbility to co-locate centralised (low carbon) generation capacity close todemandDistrict heating network in need of modernization / optimisation, extensionand / or decarbonisation.
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6%
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23%5%
39%11%10%
Renewable wastenon-renewable wastepelletsStrawCoalFuel oil and gasoilnatural gas
Fuel sources for the districtheating network
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Supply of heat and electricity fromthe incineration of waste (number ofhouseholds)heatelectricity
Cooling
KEEPING COOL UNDERCO2PRESSURE« THE INCREASED DEMAND FOR AIR CONDITIONING AND COOLINGHAS LED TO HIGHER ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN MANY CITIES. INOUR EFFORT TO PROvIDE LOW CARBON COOLING, WE’ vE BUILT THEFIRST Two DISTRICT CooLIng neTwoRKS.THEY ARE BASED ON FREECOOLING FROM SEA WATER ABSTRACTION, ALONG WITH RUNNINGSURPLUS HEAT FROM THE DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK, THROUGHABSORPTION COOLING AND TRADITIONAL COMPRESSION CHILLERS.THE PROjECT IS ExPECTED TOSave US 14,000 TonneS oF CaRBonDIoxIDe peR yeaR.»
The ChaLLenge we FaCeD//Peak summer temperatures in Copenhagen can hit as highas 35�C and are expected to rise by 2 to 3% by 2050 - withaverage daily temperatures also rising. And so the demandfor traditional air conditioning is increasing. The problemsare:•••Traditional air conditioning systems/compressor basedchillers are expensive.Traditional cooling systems are noisy and utilise a lotof space.Dependency on electricity based cooling appliancescould create unsustainable electricity demand andover reliance on fossil fuels.There is currently excess surplus heat within thedistrict heating system during summer months whendemand is low.
how we MeT The ChaLLenge//OUR SOLUTION WAS TO DEvELOPA ‘DISTRICT COOLING’ SYSTEM TOCOMPLEMENT THE HIGHLY SUCCESSFULDISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM. DISTRICTCOOLING IS THE CENTRALISEDPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OFCHILLED WATER. IT IS DISTRIBUTED vIAUNDERGROUND INSULATED PIPELINES TOCOMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGSTO COOL THE INDOOR AIR.
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KeepIngCooLUnDeR C02pReSSUReCredit: Rishi, Happy Living
Cooling
oUR SoLUTIon In MoRe DeTaIL//•Identification of co-located buildings- with coolingrequirements to ensure there was an adequatedemand for a district cooling network.Building a new cooling station– with a capacityof 15MW and utilizing a combination of existingresources: seawater from the Port of Copenhagen inperiods where the seawater is sufficiently cold, andsurplus heat from the district heating network duringperiods of low heat demand.Cooling: our solution– the use of excess heat fromthe district heating system during the summermonths (this also helps balance the district heatingsystem)
The BeneFITS oF oUR newCooLIng SySTeM//•ENvIRONMENTAL:- Carbon dioxide reduction of 67%, compared totraditional cooling. The annual sulphur dioxide andnitrogen oxide savings are 62% and 69% respectively.- Potential to negate or, at least, reduce the urbanheat island effect .- Demand for electricity is reduced becauseelectrically operated chillers are replaced by freecooling and heat operated chillers and DistrictCooling.- Excess heat, noise and chemicals from or usedin compressions chillers are avoided in individualbuildings.SOCIAL:- Zero noise, in contrast to conventional coolingmethods- Removes many of the health risks associated withcooling towers e.g. Legionnaire’s disease.- Increased energy security from a centralised supplywith improved resilience built in.- Back up provision available.ECONOMIC:- Reduction in expenditure for energy imports.- Cooling contracts with different organisationsand institutions can be replicable, allowing easytransferability.- Free up commercial, retail and parking spaces asconventional cooling systems and fan coils on roofsare replaced by underground infrastructure.
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••Integration of different principles of cooling– theplant was designed around three different methodsof cooling making it very flexible and highly energy-efficient, depending on the temperature of theseawater:- Free Cooling– Seawater temperature is below 5.5degrees Celsius and cooling demand low (less than2400 kW). All cooling demands are covered by freecooling heat exchangers.- Combined operation– Seawater temperature isbetween 5.5oC and 11.5oC. Heat exchangers are usedfor pre-cooling of the cooled water, before it is fullycooled by chillers to the desired temperature.- Chiller cooling– Seawater temperature is above11.5oC. The seawater is too warm to be used forfree cooling so absorption and compression chillersprovide all cooling. Free cooling heat exchanges arebypassed completely.Created multiple connections to a network– DistrictCooling works on the same principles as districtheating. Chilled water is produced centrally andcarried to the end customers through a systemof pipes. Networks can be built adjoining districtheating pipework, or can be laid where no existingnetwork is in place.Commercial development of network- are based onprofitable business cases.
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Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
The ConDITIonS FoR ChangIngaIR ConDITIonIng//•Client demand- a customer base is a keyrequirement. Organisations with existing coolingsystems of more than 150kW are likely to beinterested in district cooling, as it becomes bothfinancially feasible and attractive. A sufficientsupply of customers in the vicinity of a plant isrequired to maximise the plant’s total coolingcapacity.Suitable mix of buildings for developing network– the district cooling network can be retrofittedin existing buildings (often overcoming issues ofexternal units in the historic urban landscape), aswell as being incorporated into new buildings.available Coolth- a source of either surplus heat,e.g. from CHP or cooling provided by seawater.Legal framework– the District Cooling Act 2008allows municipalities that fully or partly owndistrict heating companies to create and rundistrict cooling networks.
70%Reduction of Co2emissions.
80%Reductionof electricityconsumption.Does notinfluence thearchitecturalimpression ofthe city.
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Effects of district cooling compared to traditionalcooling methods.
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The district cooling system distributes chilled water to cool the indoor air of buildings
Come and See Us
We hope you were as inspired by our sustainable solutionsas we often are by other cities and their solutions.The City of Copenhagen is pleased to provide moreinformation about the solutions.More information is available at:www.kk.dk/englishincluding photo-downloads for the press.Please mail remaining questions regarding the solutions,processes and their results to:[email protected]
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
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Co
MeSeanDeUS
partners
Copenhagen CLeanTeChCLUSTeR (CCC)Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster (CCC) is the largest cluster organisationin Denmark and acts as the one-stop entry to Danish cleantech. Basedon Denmark’s long tradition in the field of cleantech technologiesand renewable energy, CCC is among the leading and most renownedcleantech clusters in the world, creating superior value for companies,research institutions and public authorities by tying cleantechtechnologies and communities together across sectors, value chains andborders.A unique group of partners are behind Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster,including a large number of companies like vestas, Novozymes, DongEnergy and universities like Risø DTU, DTU, and the University ofCopenhagen.Further information: www.cphcleantech.comContact: [email protected]Tel: +45 3322 0222
eneRgyToURSOffers high-level delegations of commercial decision makers, technicians,politicians and journalists a unique opportunity to come and experienceDanish cleantech and climate solutions. EnergyTours will create aprogram consisting of site visits and business meetings tailored to yourcurrent needs and challenges, helping you solve the problems of thefuture. Furthermore, EnergyTours offers to take care of all the logistics –from local transportation to accommodation and translation. ExperienceDanish technology live!Web: www.energytours.dkEmail: [email protected]Tel. +45 7210 0179
CLIMaTe ConSoRTIUM DenMaRKA public-private partnership set up in June 2008 to strengtheninternational awareness of Danish competencies and solutions in theareas of energy, climate adaptation and environment. As the officialfocal point for all business-related cleantech activities in Denmark, theConsortium works to promote solutions for sustainable growth locallyand globally. The Consortium is owned by the Branding Denmark Fund,the Confederation of Danish Industry, the Danish Energy Association,the Danish Agriculture & Food Council and the Danish Wind IndustryAssociation.Web: www.climateconsortium.comEmail: [email protected]Tel.: +45 7210 0179
MInISTRy oF FoReIgn aFFaIRS oFDenMaRK - The TRaDe CoUnCILThrough the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ Embassies, Consulates Generaland Trade Commissions, the Trade Council is present in all significantexport markets throughout the world. The Trade Council’s global networkof 250 advisers with local expertise stands ready to serve Danish tradeand industry. The Trade Council, advises Danish companies on export,internationalization, and innovation as well as foreign companiesconsidering establishing in Denmark.Web: www.eksportraadet.um.dkEmail: [email protected]Tel.: +45 33 92 05 00
Copenhagen:Solutions For Sustainable Cities
Foreningen afRådgivende IngeniørerFRI
FRI (The DanISh aSSoCIaTIon oFConSULTIng engIneeRS)A trade association of Danish consulting firms providing consultingservices, planning and project management on a technical-scientificbasis. In addition, member firms provide services in economic as well asnon-technical fields with delivery of the relevant systems involved.Total turnover in the industry amounts to DKK 11 bn (€1,5 bn) inDenmark.FRI’s member firms provide independent consulting services on marketterms. FRI represents the majority of businesses in the industry. FRI’smember firms employ about 12,000 people in Denmark and over 9,000abroad.Web: www.frinet.dk/fri/englishEmail: [email protected]Tel.: +45 35 25 37 37
DanISh waTeR FoRUM - yoUR gaTewayTo waTeR KnowLeDge!Danish Water Forum is a network of Danish water organizations aimingat highlighting Danish water expertise and knowledge and facilitatingconcerted actions. The competencies and high standards of its membersmake DWF an excellent entry point to the Danish water sector and itsservices within all aspects of water industry, technology, science andmanagement. DWF represents:••••Contractors and manufacturersWater companies and consultantsResearch institutionsGovernment authorities and NGOs
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DWF is open to all Danish organizations within water and related sectorssuch as environment, agriculture, and health.Web: www.danishwaterforum.dkEmail: [email protected]Tel.: +45 4516 9038
DanISh InDUSTRIThe confederation of Danish Industry (DI) is a private organisationcurrently funded, owned and managed entirely by 10.000 companieswithin manufacturing, trade and service industry. DI member companiesconstantly develop more efficient cleantech products and services andoffers today environmental friendly solutions to most of the global climatechallenges world wide. DI is strategic partner in various internationalcleantech partnerships including Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster.

Harry

Technical Consultants13 Fitzroy StreetLondon, W1T 4BQ+44 [0] 20 7636 1531www.arup.comIssue Marketing20 Hanson StreetLondon, W1W6UF+44 [0] 777 589 1006www.harrybarlow.com
Copenhagen: Solutions For Sustainable CitiesCITY OF COPENHAGENCity Hall1599 København v–[email protected]www.kk.dk/english