Indfødsretsudvalget 2006-07
IFU Alm.del Bilag 77
Offentligt
388406_0001.png
Self-Inflicted and
Transnational Side Effects
of the Nationality Laws:
The Italian case
in Comparative Perspective
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007
 IFU, Alm.del - 2006-07 - Bilag 77: Materiale fra konferencen "Dansk Indfødsret i europæisk sammenhæng" afholdt torsdag den 14. juni 2007
388406_0002.png
Main Outlines of the Project
•
Comparative perspective: German,
Portuguese and Spanish cases.
•
Historical perspective: from the
Unification of the Italian state in
1861 to 2007.
•
Methodology:
-
review of the policy making
process
-
statistical data on ethnic migrants’
presence (and transfers of
residence)
-
qualitative analysis of the
expectations, strategies, behaviour,
belonging and compliance with
duties.
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007
 IFU, Alm.del - 2006-07 - Bilag 77: Materiale fra konferencen "Dansk Indfødsret i europæisk sammenhæng" afholdt torsdag den 14. juni 2007
388406_0003.png
Summary
1. The Italian case: preliminary result of
empirical research
2. The Italian case in comparative
perspective
3. Analysis of the possible transnational
consequences of the adoption of co-
ethnic criteria in the field of nationality
(by Giovanna Zincone)
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007
 IFU, Alm.del - 2006-07 - Bilag 77: Materiale fra konferencen "Dansk Indfødsret i europæisk sammenhæng" afholdt torsdag den 14. juni 2007
388406_0004.png
Italy’s Net Migration Rate
1955-2001 (ISTAT)
200
175
150
125
100
Valori assoluti in migliaia
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
-125
-150
1
955 1
957 1
959 1
961 1
963 1
965 1
967 1
969 1
971 1
973 1
975 1
977 1
979 1
981 1
983 1
985 1
987 1
989 1
991 1
993 1
995 1
997 1
999 2001
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007
 IFU, Alm.del - 2006-07 - Bilag 77: Materiale fra konferencen "Dansk Indfødsret i europæisk sammenhæng" afholdt torsdag den 14. juni 2007
388406_0005.png
Italian Nationality Laws:
Shaped by Emigration
•
Starting point: 1865 Civil
Code
(articles 4-15)
- ius sanguinis
criterion
- Art. 4: ‘[a] child of a national is a national’
- Ius sanguinis
criterion reasserted
- ambiguity
MAIN REFORMS:
- Art. 7 If not stated otherwise by means of
•
The Emigration Law of
bilalteral international agreements, Italian
January 31, 1901 (Act n° 23 -
national born and resident in a foreign State
articles 33-36)
that consider him/her its national by
ius soli
,
and
keeps the Italian nationality, but, when
•
The Nationality Law of June
coming of age, he/she CAN renounce it.
13, 1912 (Act n° 555)
Not MUST or LOSE it if…
•
Nationality Law of February
- A great (great) nephew of a national is a
5, 1992 (Act n° 91).
national
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007
 IFU, Alm.del - 2006-07 - Bilag 77: Materiale fra konferencen "Dansk Indfødsret i europæisk sammenhæng" afholdt torsdag den 14. juni 2007
388406_0006.png
Newly-Recognized Italians
1998-2005 (Foreign Office)
Country
Recognitions
iure sanguinis
In the Pipeline
%
2005
44.7
21
5.3
4.8
3.5
3.5
3.5
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.7
1.1
0.9
0.1
0.1
96.8
3.2
100
2004
43.7
21.7
4.8
4.9
3.8
3.7
3.7
2.3
2.2
2.3
1.6
1.1
0.9
0.1
0.1
96.9
3.1
100
Argentina
275,275
53,537
Brazil
129,325
129,489
Uruguay
32,371
20
Australia
29,421
38
Canada
21,815
462
France
21,717
62
Chile
21,716
217
United States
13,745
1,147
Per¯
13,454
0
Switzerland
13,446
224
Ecuador
10,283
n.a.
Venezuela
6,692
n.a.
Colombia
5,445
730
United Kingdom
707
27
Germany
657
83
First 15 countries
596,069
206,016
Other countries
19,917
2,639
Total
615,986
208,655
Paraguay just for the year 2005 1.102 recognitions and 1900 still in the pipeline.
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007
 IFU, Alm.del - 2006-07 - Bilag 77: Materiale fra konferencen "Dansk Indfødsret i europæisk sammenhæng" afholdt torsdag den 14. juni 2007
388406_0007.png
Italian Roots
•
80-90%
Destination
•
5-10% to Italy
•
55-60% stayed
•
30-40% another country
Do not speak/understand
Italian
No knowlegde of Italian
culture/history
80-90% EU (Spain - the UK)
10-20% USA
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007
 IFU, Alm.del - 2006-07 - Bilag 77: Materiale fra konferencen "Dansk Indfødsret i europæisk sammenhæng" afholdt torsdag den 14. juni 2007
388406_0008.png
Self-Inflicted and Transnational
Side Effects
S-I
•
Strong devaluation of the Italian citizenship
•
Instrumental and opportunistic use
•
Unforeseen burden on Italian welfare
•
Perverse combination with external voting
rights legislation
T
•
Affect national governance of inflows and
labor market within EU
•
Welfare shopping
•
Tourist visa to U.S. other non-EU and
overstay
•
Overlapping polities, blurred membership,
dual allegiance, potential international
tensions
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007
 IFU, Alm.del - 2006-07 - Bilag 77: Materiale fra konferencen "Dansk Indfødsret i europæisk sammenhæng" afholdt torsdag den 14. juni 2007
388406_0009.png
The Italian case compared
•
Portugal and Spain:
Partially similar historical
background (emigration)
-
Nationality laws as a means to
keep ties with émigrés
-
Even broader co-ethnic
preferences (colonies)
BUT
-
Recent reforms:
restrictive trends
-
-
Public debate:
Pro-co-ethnic arguments
still strong
•
Germany:
Late unification
Nation-building process also
by means of ius sanguinis
-
A past as a country of
emigration
-
Few reforms of nationality
law (1913 – 2000)
BUT
-
1990s to 2000: progressive
abandon of co-ethnic
preferences
-
The
Aussiedler
lesson
-
Public debate: from Pro- to
Anti-co-etnhic
-
-
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007
 IFU, Alm.del - 2006-07 - Bilag 77: Materiale fra konferencen "Dansk Indfødsret i europæisk sammenhæng" afholdt torsdag den 14. juni 2007
388406_0010.png
Examples of transnational consequences
(By. G. Zincone: full version available at www.fieri.it)
•
Green
for the State which adopts co-ethnic
criteria
•
Blue
for States where people who retain or
reacquire the nationality reside
•
Black
for States connected to
Green
by special
agreements and treaties concerning entry and
possibly residence, work permits access to
political and social rights
•
Blue-Green
for minorities residing in Blue
States, which have also retained or reacquired
Green nationality.
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007
 IFU, Alm.del - 2006-07 - Bilag 77: Materiale fra konferencen "Dansk Indfødsret i europæisk sammenhæng" afholdt torsdag den 14. juni 2007
388406_0011.png
What are the side effects?
(by G. Zincone)
•
Blue-Green
people become a privileged minority in their own
state, i.e. in the
Blue
states, since they can enjoy all the rights of
Green
citizens in the
Green
country.
•
Blue-Green
people become a privileged minority in comparison
with other citizens of
Blue
States since they can enjoy the rights
Green
citizens enjoy in
Black
countries.
•
Black
countries such as EU partners, the US and Canada are
probably unwilling to extend the privileges assigned to
Green
citizens to these
Blue-Green
citizens.
•
Rules on entry, residence, access to the labour market from
Blue
countries to
Black
countries can be circumvented and
undermined. Depending on the kind of transferability of welfare
rights, the social budget of
Black
countries could also be forced
to cope with unforeseen and unwanted expenses.
•
If
Black
countries reserve local voting rights only to citizens of
Green
countries,
Blue-Green
citizens will also enjoy this right.
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007
 IFU, Alm.del - 2006-07 - Bilag 77: Materiale fra konferencen "Dansk Indfødsret i europæisk sammenhæng" afholdt torsdag den 14. juni 2007
388406_0012.png
Self inflicted side effects
(by G. Zincone)
•
Green
countries are likely to face the same problems
they can potentially or actually export to
Black
countries, sometimes to a greater extent. They may be
the main and almost sole recipient of co-ethnic flows.
For this reason some
Green
States have already started
to look for some remedy.
•
A disentanglement between civil society, between social
and economic membership, on the one hand, and the
State, and public membership on the other hand, is
likely to be the consequence of co-ethic preferences.
Especially if
Green
states also adopt restrictive criteria
for access to nationality for documented resident
immigrants, as often occurs. Active members of society
residing in the country are not citizens, and as in many
of
Green
countries they do not even enjoy local voting
rights.
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007
 IFU, Alm.del - 2006-07 - Bilag 77: Materiale fra konferencen "Dansk Indfødsret i europæisk sammenhæng" afholdt torsdag den 14. juni 2007
388406_0013.png
Self-Inflicted and
Transnational Side Effects
of the Nationality Laws:
The Italian case
in Comparative Perspective
Guido Tintori - FIERI -
Copenhagen, June 14, 2007